278
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The question is not whether to promote or not to promote, but rather when to promote

&
Pages 2-21 | Published online: 04 Feb 2013

References

  • Alvarez , M. and Asugman , G. 2006 . Explorers versus planners. A study of Turkish tourists . Annals of Tourism Research , 33 ( 2 ) : 319 – 338 . doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2005.12.001
  • Andrews , R.L. and Currim , I.S. 2003 . Recovering and profiling the true segmentation structure in markets: An empirical investigation . International Journal of Research in Marketing , 20 ( 2 ) : 177 – 192 . doi: 10.1016/S0167-8116(03)00017-X
  • Anon . 2001 . The Klein Karoo National Arts Festival – information and statistics . Available at: http://www.home.mweb.co.za: [Accessed 10 February 2011] .
  • Armstrong , G. and Kotler , P. 2005 . Marketing: An introduction , 581 Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Bargeman , B. and Van Der Peol , H. 2006 . The role of routines in the vacation decision-making process of Dutch vacationers . Tourism Management , 27 ( 1 ) : 707 – 720 . doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2005.04.002
  • Becken , S. and Gnoth , J. 2004 . Tourist consumption systems among overseas visitors: reporting on American, German and Australian visitors to New Zealand . Tourism management , 25 ( 1 ) : 375 – 385 . doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00133-X
  • Bieger , T. and Laesser , C. 2001 . “ Segmenting travel on the sourcing of information ” . In Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure , Edited by: Woodside , A. , Crouch , G. , Manzanec , J. , Opperman , M. and Sakai , M. 153 – 210 . Wallingford : CABI .
  • Bowdin , G. , McDonnel , I. , Allen , J. and O'Toole , W. 2001 . Events management , Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann .
  • Bothma , C.H. and Burgess , S.M. 2007 . International marketing , 512 Cape Town : Oxford University Press Southern Africa .
  • Bronner , F. and De Hoog , R. 1985 . A recipe for mixing decision ingredients . European Research , 13 ( July ) : 109 – 115 .
  • Chen , J.S. and Gursoy , D. 2000 . Cross-cultural comparison of the information sources used by first-time and repeat travellers and its marketing implications . International Journal of Hospitality Management , 19 ( 2 ) : 119 – 203 . doi: 10.1016/S0278-4319(00)00013-X
  • Clark , L.A. and Watson , D. 1995 . Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development . Psychological Assessment , 7 ( 3 ) : 309 – 319 . doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
  • Cohen , E. 1972 . Towards a sociology of international tourism . Social Research , 39 ( 1 ) : 164 – 182 .
  • Cole , S.T. and Illum , S.F. 2009 . Examining the mediating role of festival visitors’ satisfaction in the relationship between service quality and behavioural intentions . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 12 ( 2 ) : 160 – 173 . doi: 10.1177/1356766706062156
  • Cook , R.A. , Yale , L.J. and Marqua , J.J. 2010 . Tourism. The business of travel , 4th ed , Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Education, Inc .
  • Decrop , A. and Snelders , D. 2005 . A grounded typology of vacation decision-making . Tourism Management , 26 ( 1 ) : 121 – 130 . doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.011
  • Dibb , S. and Simkin , L. 2001 . Marketing segmentation: Diagnosing and treating the barriers . Industrial Marketing Management , 30 ( 8 ) : 609 – 625 . doi: 10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00127-3
  • Engel , J.F. , Blackwell , R.D. , and Miniard , P.W. 1995 . Consumer behaviour , 8th ed . Fort Worth , TX : Dryden .
  • Erasmus , L.J.J. , Saayman , M. , Saayman , A. , Kruger , M. , Viviers , P. , Slabbert , E. , and Oberholzer , S. 2010 . The socio-economic impact of visitors to the ABSA KKNK in Oudtshoorn 2010 . Potchefstroom . (Unpublished) .
  • Field , A. 2005 . Discovering statistics using SPSS , 2nd ed , London and Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE Publications .
  • Fodness , D. and Murray , B. 1997 . Tourists information search . Annals of Tourism Research , 24 : 503 – 523 . doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00009-1
  • Fodness , D. and Murray , B. 1998 . A typology of tourist information search strategies . Journal of Travel Research , 37 ( 2 ) : 108 – 119 . doi: 10.1177/004728759803700202
  • Fodness , D. and Murray , B. 1999 . A model of tourist information search behaviour . Journal of Travel Research , 37 ( 1 ) : 220 – 230 . doi: 10.1177/004728759903700302
  • Frisby , W. and Getz , D. 1989 . Festival management: A case study perspective . Journal of Travel Research , 28 ( 1 ) : 7 – 11 .
  • Funk , D.C. and Bruun , T.J. 2007 . The role of socio-psychological and cultural-education motives in marketing international sport tourism: A cross-cultural perspective . Tourism Management , 28 : 806 – 819 . doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.05.011
  • Galloway , G. , Mitchell , R. , Getz , D. , Crouch , G. and Ong , B. 2008 . Sensation seeking and the prediction of attitudes and behaviours of wine tourists . Tourism Management , 29 : 950 – 966 . doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.11.006
  • Getz , D. 1997 . Event management and event tourism , Elmsford , NY : Cognizant Communication Corp .
  • George , R. 2001 . Marketing South African tourism and hospitality , Cape Town : Oxford University Press .
  • Goossens , C. 2000 . Tourism information and pleasure motivation . Annals of Tourism Research , 27 ( 2 ) : 301 – 321 . doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00067-5
  • Gursoy , D. and Gavear , E. 2003 . International leisure tourists’ involvement profile . Annals of Tourism Research , 30 ( 4 ) : 906 – 926 . doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00059-8
  • Gursoy , D. and McCleary , K.W. 2004 . An integrated model of tourists’ information search behaviour . Annals of Tourism Research , 32 ( 2 ) : 353 – 373 . doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.004
  • Hall , C.M. 1997 . Hallmark tourist events: Impacts, management and planning , Chichester : Wiley .
  • Hauptfleisch , T. 2001 . The eventification of Afrikaans culture – Some thoughts on the Klein Karoo Nationale Kunstefees (KKNK) . South African Travel Journal , 15 : 169 – 177 . doi: 10.1080/10137548.2001.9687731
  • Israel , G.D. 2009 . Determining sample size . Retrieved 22 March 2010 from: http://www.edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/pd/pd00600.pdf
  • Jackson , M.J. and O'Sullivan , D. 2002 . Festival tourism: A contributor to sustainable local economic development? . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 10 ( 4 ) : 325 – 342 . doi: 10.1080/09669580208667171
  • Jang , S. and Ham , S. 2009 . A double-hurdle analysis of travel expenditure: Baby boomer seniors versus older seniors . Tourism Management , 30 : 372 – 380 . doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.08.005
  • Kim , H. , Cheng , C.K. and O'Leary , J.T. 2007 . Understanding participation patterns and trends in tourism cultural attractions . Tourism Management , 28 : 1366 – 1371 . doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.09.023
  • Kitshoff , H. 2004 . Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees (KKNK) – Outshoorn, 3–11 April 2004 . South African Travel Journal , 18 : 237 – 241 . doi: 10.1080/10137548.2004.9687789
  • Koc , E. and Altinay , G. 2007 . An analysis of seasonality in monthly per person tourist spending in Turkish inbound tourism form a market segmentation perspective . Tourism Management , 28 ( 1 ) : 227 – 237 . doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.01.003
  • Kyle , G.T. , Kerstetter , D.L. and Guadagnolo , F.B. 2002 . Market segmentation using participant involvement profiles . Journal of Park and Recreational Administration , 20 ( 1 ) : 1 – 21 .
  • Kruger , M. 2010 . A critical evaluation of market segmentation at national arts festivals in South Africa . PhD Diss.,Tourism Management . North West University : Potchefstroom .
  • Kruger , M. and Saayman , M. 2012 . When do festinos decide to attend an arts festival? An analysis of Innibos Arts Festival . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 29 : 147 – 162 . doi: 10.1080/10548408.2012.648538
  • Lawton , L.J. 2001 . A profile of older adult eco-tourists in Australia . Journal of hospitality and leisure marketing , 9 ( 1/2 ) : 113 – 132 .
  • Lee , C. and Lee , C.L. 2009 . Cross-cultural comparison of the image of Guam perceived by Korean and Japanese leisure travellers: Importance-performance analysis . Tourism Management , 30 ( 6 ) : 1 – 10 . doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.11.013
  • Mahoney , E.M. 1983 . Marketing parks and recreation: The need for a new approach . Unpublished paper on file at Michigan State University .
  • March , R. and Woodside , A.G. 2005 . Testing theory of planned versus realised tourism behaviour . Annals of Tourism Research , 32 ( 4 ) : 905 – 924 . doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.012
  • McIntosh , R.W. and Goeldner , C.R. 1990 . Tourism principles, practices, philosophies , 6th ed , New York : Wiley .
  • Mok , C. and Iverson , T.J. 2000 . Expenditure-based segmentation: Taiwanese tourists to Guam . Tourism Management , 21 ( 3 ) : 299 – 305 . doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00060-6
  • Page , S.J. and Connell , J. 2009 . Tourism: A modern synthesis , 3rd ed , Andover : South-Western Cengage Learning .
  • Pallant , J. 2007 . SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using SPSS version 15 , 3rd ed , New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Saayman , M. 2004 . An introduction to sports tourism and event management , 2nd ed , Potchefstroom : Leisure consultants and publications .
  • Schmidt , J.B. and Spreng , R.A. 1996 . A proposed model of external consumer information search . Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , 24 ( 3 ) : 246 – 256 . doi: 10.1177/0092070396243005
  • Schul , P. and Crompton , J. 1983 . Search behaviour of international vacationers: Travel specific lifestyle and socio-demographic variables . Journal of Travel Research , 22 ( 4 ) : 25 – 30 . doi: 10.1177/004728758302200206
  • Slabbert , E. , Kruger , M. , Saayman , M. and Saayman , A. 2010 'n Markprofiel en ekonomiese impak van Aardklop Nasionale Kunstefees . North West University : Potchefstroom . Unpublished Report .
  • Snepenger , D. 1987 . Segmenting the vacation market by novelty-seeking role . Journal of Travel Research , 26 ( 2 ) : 8 – 14 . doi: 10.1177/004728758702600203
  • Snepenger , D. and Snepenger , M. 1993 . “ Information search by pleasure travellers ” . In Encyclopedia of hospitality and tourism , Edited by: Kahn , M.A. , Olsen , M.D. and Var , T. 830 – 835 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
  • Spencer , D.M. and Holecek , D.F. 2007 . Basic characteristics of the fall tourism market . Tourism Management , 28 : 491 – 504 . doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.03.005
  • SPSS Inc . 2007 . SPSS® 16.0 for Windows, Release 16.0.0, Copyright© by SPSS inc ., Chicago , IL : www.spss.com .
  • Stern , H. 1962 . The significance of impulse buying today . Journal of Marketing , 26 ( 2 ) : 59 – 62 . doi: 10.2307/1248439
  • Steyn , H.S. 2000 . Practical significance of the difference in means . South African Journal of Industrial Psychology , 26 ( 3 ) : 1 – 3 .
  • Tassiopoulos , D. 2000 . Event management: A professional and developmental approach , Lansdowne : Juta Education .
  • Tassiopoulos , D. and Haydam , N. 2008 . Golf tourists in South Africa: A demand-side study of a niche market in sports tourism . Tourism Management , 29 : 870 – 882 . doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.10.005
  • Tkaczynski , A. , Rundle-Thiele , S.R. and Beaumont , N. 2009 . Segmentation: A tourism stakeholder view . Tourism Management , 30 ( 2 ) : 169 – 175 . doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.05.010
  • Van Der Wagen , L. 2005 . Event Management for Tourism, Cultural, Business and Sporting Events , 2nd ed , Frenchs Forest , NSW : Pearson Hospitality Press .
  • van Raaij , W.F. and Crotts , J.C. 1994 . “ Introduction: The economic psychology of travel and tourism ” . In Economic psychology of travel and tourism , Edited by: Crotts , J.C. and van Raaij , W.F. 1 – 19 . New York : The Haworth Press .
  • van Zyl , C. and Strydom , J.W. 2007 . The use of game theory to determine the optimum market position of selected arts festivals in South Africa . South African Business Review , 11 ( 3 ) : 121 – 143 .
  • Vogt , C. and Fesenmaier , D. 1998 . Expanding the functional information search model . Annals of Tourism Research , 25 : 551 – 578 . doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00010-3
  • Vogt , C.A. and Stewart , S.I. 1998 . Affective and cognitive effects of information use over the course of a vacation . Journal of Leisure Research , 30 ( 4 ) : 498 – 520 .
  • Walker , J.R. and Walker , J.T. 2011 . Tourism: Concepts and Practices . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Witt , S.F. and Moutinho , L. 1995 . Tourism marketing and management handbook , London : Prentice Hall .
  • Xia , J. , Evans , F.H. , Spilsbury , K. , Ciesielski , V. , Arrowsmith , C. and Wright , G. 2009 . Market segments based on the dominant movement patterns of tourists . Tourism Management , 31 ( 4 ) : 1 – 6 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.