- 1999 . Japan's Economic Power and Security: Japan and North Korea 108 – 12 . London : Routledge . Full details of Japan's sanctions and reaction to the missile test are explained in, Christopher W. Hughes
- Eberstadt , Nicholas . 1999 . “ Avoiding the Apocalypse: The Future of the Two Koreas ” . In The End of North Korea 61 – 67 . Washington DC : American Enterprise Institute . Marcus Noland, (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, 2000.
- Michael J. Green, “North Korean Regime Crisis: US Perspectives and Responses,” Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Winter 1997), pp. 7–25.
- Moon , Chung-In and Steinberg , David I. , eds. 1999 . Kim Dae-jung Government and Sunshine Policy: Promises and Challenges Seoul : Yonsei University Press . eds., (
- 1996 . Militarization and Demilitarization in Contemporary Japan 13 – 25 . London : Routledge . Remilitarization is used in this context to describe the erosion of anti-militaristic principles and constraints upon Japanese security policy, not just in terms of the procurement of military hardware, but also, and perhaps even more importantly, the gradual change in the normative and strategic culture surrounding conceptions of the relationship between military power and security. For the background to this definition of remilitarization, see Glenn D. Hook
- Christopher W. Hughes, “The North Korean Nuclear Crisis and Japanese Security,” Survival, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer 1996), pp. 79–103.
- Cha , Victor D. 1999 . Alignment Despite Antagonism; The United States-Korea-Japan Security Triangle 48 – 50 . Stanford, California : Stanford University Press . Ralph A. Cossa, “Preface,” in Ralph A. Cossa, ed., US-Korea-Japan Relations: Building Toward a 'Virtual Alliance' (Washington DC: CSIS Press, 1999), p. xvii.
- Perry , William J. 1999 . Review of United States Policy Toward North Korea; Findings and Recommendations Washington DC : October 12 . available at http://www.state.gov/regions/cap/991012_northkorea_rpt.html, pp. 6–8.
- 1999 . Negotiating on the Edge: North Korean Negotiating Behavior Washington DC : United States Institute of Peace Press . Further conclusions regarding the most efficacious approach to negotiating with North Korea are presented in Scott Snyder, (
- Victor D. Cha, “The Rationale for 'Enhanced' Engagement of North Korea: After the Perry Process,” Asian Survey, Vol. 39, No. 6 (June 1999), pp. 862–63.
- William J. Perry, p. 4. The rachi jiken refer to seven separate cases of the alleged abduction by North Korea of up to ten Japanese citizens from the Sea of Japan (East Sea) and Yellow Sea coastlines of Japan between 1977 and 1980. The Japanese government itself admits that the evidence connecting North Korea to these believed abductions is purely circumstantial, and the North Korean government has predictably refused to discuss its possible involvement in kidnapping and terrorism in bilateral talks with Japan (Interview with Councillor-level MOFA official, Tokyo, January 8, 1998). In 1997, however, accusations concerning North Korea's involvement in the abduction of a thirteen-year-old schoolgirl from Niigata Prefecture resurfaced, and were given prominence by the Modern Korea Research Institute and sections of the mass media openly hostile to North Korea. The result of pressure from these quarters has been to further the blacken the reputation of North Korea among the Japanese public, already damaged prior to the missile test of 1998 by accusations over its involvement in narcotics smuggling into Japan. It also created momentum for the formation of an all-party Japanese Diet members' group concerned with bringing about a resolution to the rachi jiken, and forced the MOFA to make North Korean reciprocity on the rachi jiken a major bilateral issue and the starting point for the reinitiation of normalization talks.
- William J. Perry, p. 5 (author's italics).
- Hughes, Japan's Economic Power and Security, pp. 56–61, 80–88, 162–84.
- Odagawa , Kyo . 1998 . Kitnchosen: Sono Jissho to Kiseki 247 – 71 . Tokyo : Kobunsha . “Nitcho Kosho no Ayumi o Tadoru,” in Hajime Izumi, ed.
- For examples of such criticisms, see Hughes, Japan's Economic Power and Security, pp. 208–209.
- Hideya Kurata, “Kitachosen no Dando Missairu Kyoi to Nichibeikan Kankei: Aratana Chiiki Anpo no Bunmyaku,” Kokusni Mondai, No. 468, 1999, pp. 62–66.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan-Republic of Korea joint Declaration: A New Japan-Republic of Korea Partnership Toward the Twenty-First Century, October 8, 1998.
- Daily Yomiuri, August 9, 1999, p. 1.
- G8 Communique Koln 1999, available at http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/summit/1999/communique.html p. 5; Chairman's Statement: The Sixth ASEAN Regional Forum, Singapore, July 26, 1999.
- Boeicho [JDA], Boei Hakusho 2000 (Tokyo, Okurasho Insatsukyoku, 2000), p. 193.
- Jiyuminshuto Kiki Kanri Purojekuto Chimu, Chukan Hokoku, June 3, 1999.
- Mainichi Shimbun, August 1, 1999, p. 1.
- For more detail on the debate surrounding definitions of pre-emptive strikes, see Asagumo Shimbunsha, Boei Handobukku 2000 (Tokyo: Asagumo Shimbunsha, 2000), p. 551; Boeicho [JDA], Boei Hakusho 1999 (Tokyo: Okurasho Insatsukyoku, 1999), pp. 91–92.
- Most national newspapers in mid-1999, and especially in August as fears of another missile test heightened, ran extensive stories concerned with reports based on information from US sources that North Korea was re-deploying or refuelling its Taepodong-1 missiles. Indeed, the mood of growing paranoia over the Northern threat can be judged from the fact that a best-selling novel of 1998–99, written by Iku Aso and entitled Sensen Fukoku (Declaration of War), dealt with a North Korean guerrilla attack on Japanese nuclear power stations.
- Interview with Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs and member of the TCOG, MOFA, Tokyo, December 7, 1999.
- For one disparaging view of such Japanese arguments, see Michael J. Green, “US-Japan Relations: Still in the Eye of a Hurricane,” in Ralph E. Cossa and Rebecca Goodgame Ebinger, eds., Comparative Connections: A Quarterly E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations, Vol. 1, No. 2 (October 1999), p. 14.
- Interview with a Director General-level JDA official, Tokyo, December 9, 1999.
- For one Western alarmist media view of Japan's military policy in 1998, see “Smoke Alarms,” Newsweek, March 29, 1999, pp. 54–59; Discussions of antimilitaristic norms in Japan are contained in: Thomas U. Berger, “From Sword to Chrysanthemum: Japan's Culture of Anti-Militarism,” International Security, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Spring 1993).
Korean Journal of Defense Analysis
Volume 12, 2000 - Issue 2