- Dupuy , Trevor N. , Johnson , Curt and Hayes , Grace P. 1986 . Dictionary of Military Terms 177 New York : H.W. Wilson Company . p.
- ROK Ministry of National Defense, Defense White Paper 1999 (Seoul, 1999), ch. 3.
- ROK Ministry of National Defense, Defense White Paper 1996 (Seoul, 1996), ch. 3.
- Lee Tea Ha and Shim Jin Seop, “Trend of North Korea's Psychological Warfare toward South Korea,” Policy Studies of Defense Psywar, Vol. 3 (Seoul: JCS, 1999), p. 120.
- 1997 . Unification: North Korea Handbook 363 – 68 . Seoul : Institute for Peace Affairs . Institute for Peace Affairs
- ROK Ministry of National Defense, Defense White Paper 1997 (Seoul, 1997).
- Ibid.
- 2003 . North Korea's Recent Psywar Seoul : JCS . Joint Chief of Staffs, (
- 1997 . DPRK Psywar 89 – 96 . Kaeryong : ROKAHQ . Army Headquarters
- Joint Chief of Staffs, North Korea's Recent Psywar.
- Lee Youn-kyu, Analysis on North Korea's Psywar toward South Korea, M.A. dissertation, Korea National Defense University, 2000, pp. 60–61.
- 1997 . DPRK Psywar 31 – 33 . Kaeryong : ROKAHQ . Army Headquarters
- 1998 . 99 Guidelines of Psywar 31 Seoul : JCS . Joint Chiefs of Staff, “North Korea's Psywar: Analysis on its visual display,” in '
- The IAEA indicated that it could not certify North Korea's compliance with the inspection agreement, and North Korea announced that it had begun removing the 8,000 fuel rods from the 5-megawatt reactor without allowing international inspectors to take test samples.
- “Two Koreas End Propaganda Broadcasts,” Radio Free Asia, June 16, 2004, available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/2004/06/16/138734 (accessed on June 5, 2005).
- Posters posted by the Korean Central News Agency in January 2003 can be found at the UCLA Asia Institute's Web site. Available at http://international.ucla.edu/asia/nk/nkp1.asp (accessed on July 15).
- In his January 20, 2005 inaugural speech, Bush declared, “It is the policy of the United States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world.” Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/01/20050120-1.html.
- In the prepared statement at confirmation hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on January 18, 2005, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice hinted Washington's target-list of tyrants amidst an otherwise bland statement in her Senate testimony. She announced, “…in our world there remain outposts of tyranny…in Cuba, and Burma and North Korea, and Iran and Belarus, and Zimbabwe.” Available at http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/press/release/2005/011905ris.html.
- Assistant Secretary Christopher Hill made a speech at the Korea Press Center to KUJAS on Feb. 18, 2005, saying, “What we need to do is to coordinate our approaches and make sure that North Korea does not try to exploit any differences among any of the partners in the six-party process.” Available at http://usembassy.state.gov/posts/ks1/wwwh0143.html.
- Three-principle agreement includes national independence, opposition to war, and independent unification for a new national power.
- South Korea is quarreling with Japan over Dokdo Island, new history textbooks and Prime Minister Koizumi's shrine visit, as well as with China over territorial disputes.
- The fact that North and South Korea agreed on the removal of all forms of propaganda materials along the DMZ blocked ways to wage psychological warfare toward South Korea. Both sides promised to stop by June 15, 2004 all distracting propaganda, including broadcasts and brochures, and not to resume similar activities.
- It was late 1986 when North Korea brought Hangeul DOS from China and later began to produce its own software products in 1988. North Korea developed its new program Changdeok in September 1990, and Dangun in 1996. North Korea developed software such as Baegeum, Samcheonri and Seomgwang that are currently exported to abroad. North Korea has established an Achim-Panda Computer, a joint corporation, in September 2002 and produced over 130,000 assembled 586 computers and 100,000 monitors every year.
- “Interview with President Jo Nam Ho,” Chosun Shinbo, March 15, 2003.
- Jeong Sangyong, “North Korea, undertaking diverse IT projects,” Yonhap News, May 29, 2003.
- Jeong Junyoung, “Kim Il Sung University, intensifies IT elite education,” Yonhap News, Jan. 4, 2004.
- “North Korea, searching for economic rehabilitation through IT evolution,” Kyoto Tongshin, May 12, 2004.
- Feb. 23 2004 . Weekly North Korean Report Feb. 23 , Seoul : MOU . Ministry of Unification, “North Korea, education of experts in the 3Ts,” (
- “North Korea takes baby steps for the Internet,” Korea Herald, September 1, 2005, p. 4.
- Lee Sung-seop, “North Korea, Intensifying Psychological Warfare,” Yonhap News, Feb. 25, 2003.
- Kim Kui-kun, “Internet for an anti-America and anti-War struggle,” Yonhap News, July 24, 2003.
- Kim Sang-hwan, “Minminjeon, campaign for unification will be continued,” Yonhap News, Aug. 25, 2003.
- Choi Sun-young, “North Korea Website DPRKOREA Renewed,” Yonhap News, Aug. 18, 2004.
- Lee Yu, “North Korean IT industry, great success last year,” Yonhap News, Jan. 6, 2004.
- Jeong Jun-young, “Uriminzokkiri, belongs to North Korea propaganda department,” Yonhap News, April 23, 2005.
- Joint Chief of Staffs, North Korea's Recent Psywar
- Kim Sang-hwan, “Pro-DPRK Internet Websites,” Yonhap News, Jan. 26, 2004.
- Joint Chief of Staffs, North Korea's Recent Psywar
- Park Young-su, North Korean delegate, warned South Korea to turn Seoul into a “sea of fire” at the height of the first nuclear crisis in March, 1994. In 2003, North Korea repeated it, saying that area occupied by the United States would be a “sea of fire” when it declared its intention to withdraw from the NPT treaty.
- Cheon Seung-hyun, “Revised Law to allow free Internet Access between North and South Submitted,” Yonhap News, July 14, 2004.
- RI Korea and Korean Click conducted a survey on Korean people aged from seven to 65 in March 2004. The “8th report on the Internet Usage” assumed, based on their survey result, that 2,708 people in South Korea uses the Internet.
- 1984 . On War 75 Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press . Carl von Clausewitz
Korean Journal of Defense Analysis
Volume 17, 2005 - Issue 2