- Fukuyama , Francis . 1992 . The End of History and the Lust Man New York : The Free Press . (
- S. N. Eisenstadt, “The Breakdown of Communist Regimes and the Vicissitudes of Modernity,” Daedalus, Vol. 121, No. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 21–22.
- Although Kim Jong II has not yet been inaugurated as either president of North Korea or general secretary of the Korean Workers' Party, he reached the top of the North Korean power ladder after Kim II Sung's death and is believed to rule the country. In this context, we can say that Kim Jong II's regime has already been established.
- Aidan Foster-Carter, “North Korea after Kim II Sung: Controlled Collapse?” (London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1994), especially see Chapter 9.
- Lee , Jong-seok . 1995 . Understanding Modern North Korea: Ideology. System, and Leadership (in Korean) 331 – 34 . Seoul : Yoksa Pipyongsa . Hyun-Joon Chon, “Structure of the Power Elite of North Korea,”Korean Journal of National Unification, special edition, 1994, p. 52; (pp.
- Andrain , Charles F. 1988 . Political Change in the Third World Boston : Unwin Hyman . (
- Ibid., pp. 9–11.
- Hans-Jurgen , Wagener , ed. 1993 . The Political Economy of Transformation 3 Heidelberg : Physica-Verlag . ed., (p.
- Charles F. Andrain, op. cit., p. 11.
- Foster-Carter , Aidan . April 1992 . Korea's Coming Reunification: Another East Asian Superpower? April , London : The Economist Intelligence Unit . A good example is (
- These are official daily newspapers of the Korean Workers' Party, the Korean People's Army, and the League of Socialist Working Youth of Korea, respectively.
- Pyongyang Times, January 2, 1995.
- Kim II Sung, for example, said that “we may encounter unexpected incidents and undergo trials and tribulations in the course of advancing socialism because the road to socialism is an untrodden path.” Pyongyang Times. January 2, 1990.
- In Kim Jong Il's words, “to maintain socialism and lead it to victory, we must intensify ideological work. Only when we have solidly armed the popular masses with socialist ideology and strengthened the ideological bulwark of socialism can we consolidate and develop socialism and firmly defend it from any storm.” Kim Jong II, “Giving Priority to Ideological Work Is Essential for Accomplishing Socialism,” Pyongyang Times, June 19, 1995.
- Pyongyang Times, February 27, 1993.
- The Research Institute for National Unification, External Environment for Unification and South-North Korean Relations: 1992–1993 (in Korean) (December 1993), p. 57.
- An informed Korean-resident in Japan, Lee Myung-wha, who stayed in North Korea during April to December 1991 to conduct research on economic cooperation between North Korea and Japan, agreed with this point in a seminar held at the Research Institute for National Unification on June 19, 1993.
- Myoung-do , Kang . 1995 . Pyongyang Dreams Exile in Korean) (Seoul : The Joong-ang Daily News Co. . (pp. 255–72.
- Pyongyang Times, February 21, 1993.
- Segye Times, April 28, 1993.
- For a detailed description, see Edwin J. Feulner, ed., Orwell's Nightmare: Human Rights in North Korea, The Heritage Lectures 394, an Asian Studies Center Symposium (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 1992); Young-man Kim, North Korea's Detention Camps for Political Prisoners, Institute of Inter-Korean Affairs, 1993, pp. 9–21.
- Kim , Sung-chull . 1994 . A Study of Bureaucratic Corruption in North Korea (in Korean) Seoul : RINU . (
- Pyongyang Times, January 2, 1993.
- Bank of Korea, Estimate of North Korea's GNP, various years (in Korean). Statistics hereafter are from the same source unless otherwise noted.
- KOTRA, North Korea's Foreign Trade Trend, 1991 (December 1992), pp. 7–11.
- Valentin I. Moiseyev, “USSR-North Korea Economic Cooperation,” paper presented at Korea Development Institute Symposium, Seoul, October 1, 1991.
- AERA, July 14, 1992; The Economist, July 17, 1993. In some industrial sectors, the rate of factory operation is believed to be not more than 30 percent. Kang Myong-do's testimony at the Research Institute for National Unification, August 1, 1995.
- Hankook Ilbo. June 28, 1993.
- Dong-A Ilbo, July 23, 1993.
- Kaminski , Bartlomiej . 1991 . The Collapse of State Socialism: The Case of Poland 17 Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Kelman , Mark . 1987 . A Guide to Critical Legal Studies 263 Cambridge : Harvard University Press . (p., quoted in Kaminski, p. 114.
- Oleg Davidov, “Political Change in North Korea and Its Foreign Policy Implications,” paper presented at the First International Conference, Research Institute for National Unification, Hotel Shilla, Seoul, October 27–28, 1991.
- President Vaclav Havel's new year's address, New York Times, January 2, 1990, quoted in Kaminski, p. 3.
- Joong-ang Ilbo, July 28, 1993.
- Kaminski, op. cir., pp. 24–25.
- Dietrich Rueschemeyer, “The Development of Civil Society after Authoritarian Rule,” paper presented at the Research Institute for National Unification, July 20, 1993, p. 7.
Korean Journal of Defense Analysis
Volume 7, 1995 - Issue 2