- Barnhart , Michael A. 1987 . Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919–1941 Ithaca : Cornell University Press . For one reading of that “national strategy,” see (
- Merrill , John . 1989 . Korea: The Peninsular Origins of the War Newark, DE : University of Delaware Press . For an excellent account of this period, see (
- For obvious reasons, quantifying the DPRK's economic performance is a problematic task. One of the best efforts to date is Fujio Goto, “Indexes of North Korean Industrial Output 1944–1975.” KSU Economic and Business Review (Kyoto), No. 9, 1982.
- As many as 200,000 in the mid-1950s. Chinese forces were finally withdrawn in 1958.
- Sadae: “serving the great.” By no coincidence, one of the terms of greatest opprobrium in the North Korean lexicon is sadaejuui—meaning ”sadae-ism,” but officially translated as “flunkeyism.”
- Scalapino , Robert A. and Lee , Chong-sik . 1973 . Communism in Korea 983 Berkeley, CA : University of California Press . For these rumors, see (p.
- For estimates of the growth of North Korean military manpower, see Nicholas Eberstadt and Judith Banister, “Military Buildup in the DPRK: Some New Indications from North Korean Data,” Asian Survey, November 1991.
- For estimates, see Soo-young Choi, “Foreign Trade of North Korea, 1946–1988: Structure and Performance,” unpublished PhD dissertation, Northeastern University, 1991.
- Eberstadt and Banister.
- Maretzki , Hans . 1991 . Kimismus in Nordkorea: Analyse des lezten DDR-Botschafters in Pyoengyang [Kim-ism in North Korea: Analysis of the last GDR Ambassador to Pyongyang] Boeblingen, Germany : Anita Tykve Verlag . See, for example, (and Marina Trigubenko, “Industrial Policy in the DPRK,” paper presented to the KDI-Korea Economic Daily conference on the North Korean economy, September 30–October 1, 1991.
- These estimates are based upon analysis of officially reported Soviet trade data. For more details, see Nicholas Eberstadt, Marc Rubin, and Albina Tretyakova, “The Collapse of Soviet and Russian Trade with the DPRK, 1989–1993: Impact and Implications,” Korean Journal of National Reunification, Vol. 4 (1995).
- For more information, see ibid.
- The DPRK joined at the same time. But this was a face-saving retreat from its position that Korea should only have its one true representative accepted into that forum.
- For more details, see Nicholas Eberstadt et al., “China's Trade with the DPRK, 1990–1994: Pyongyang's Thrifty New Patron,” Korean and World Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 4 (1995/96).
- Henderson , Gregory . 1968 . Korea, The Politics of the Vortex Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Leading an early observer of post-partition South Korea to speak of “the politics of the vortex.” See (
- Woo , Jung-en . 1991 . Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialization New York : Columbia University Press . For an excellent analysis of this “strategy,” see (esp. chap. 3.
- Krueger , Anne O. 1979 . The Developmental Role of the Foreign Sector and Aid Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Some of these latter arrangements are described in broad terms in (
- Cole , David C. and Lyman , Princeton N. 1971 . Korean Development: The Interplay of Politics and Economics 170 – 72 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . In the apt phrase of (pp. See their
- Han , Sungjoo . 1974 . The Failure of Democracy in South Korea Berkeley, CA : University of California Press . A vivid account of this denouement can be found in (chap. 2.
- Young Park , Joon . 1985 . Korea's Return lo Asia: South Korean Foreign Policy, 1965–1975 36 Seoul : Jin Heong Press . US. News and World Report, November 20, 1961, cited in (p.
- Eberstadt , Nicholas . 1995 . Korea Approaches Reunification Armonk, NY : M. E. Sharpe . For more detail, see (chap. 1.
- Kim , Chong-yum . 1994 . Policymaking on the Front Lines: Memoirs of a Korean Practitioner, 1945–1979 Washington, DC : World Bank . For an insider's view, see (chap. 7.
- 1995 . Industrialization and the State: The Korean Heavy and Chemical Industry Drive Cambridge : Harvard University Press . As concluded, for example, by Joseph Stern et al., (
- 1993 . Korea in the World Economy 212 Washington, DC : Institute for International Economics . Data from Il Sakong, (p.
- Dae-kyu , Yoon . 1990 . Law and Political Authority in South Korea Boulder, CO : Westview Press . For a critical examination and review, see (
- For one interpretation, see Nicholas Eberstadt, “Taiwan and South Korea: The ‘Democratization’ of Outlier States,” World Affairs, Vol. 155 (1992).
- I.e., “Northern Policy”—deliberately choosing the German words for official communiques, for the intended analogy to Ostpolitik.
- For an exposition of this policy by a scholar, and sometime government official, who had been involved in it, see Kim Hak-joon, “The Republic of Korea's Northern Policy: Origin, Development, and Prospects,” Japan Review of International Affairs, Vol. 5 (1991), special issue.
- In 1994, new South Korean direct foreign investment (DFI) in China reportedly approached $1.7 billion. China reportedly has more South Korean DFI than any other country. Bilateral trade turnover in 1995, for its part, is anticipated to exceed $15 billion; each country is the other's sixth-largest trade partner. See FBIS: East Asia Daily Report, March 17, 1995, p. 51, and August 22, 1995, p. 29.
- Soon , Cho . 1994 . The Dynamics of Korean Economic Development Washington : Institute for International Economics . For a measured and penetrating criticism of those arrangements, see (
Korean Journal of Defense Analysis
Volume 8, 1996 - Issue 1