- Newsreview (Seoul, Korea), July 6, 1996, p. 22.
- Andrew Pollack, New York Times, September 19, 1996.
- Kornai , Janos . 1992 . The Socialist System Princeton : Princeton University Press . See (
- Chung , Joseph S. and Matles Savada , Andrea . 1994 . “The Economy,” . In North Korea: A Country Study Washington : Library of Congress . See (ed.), (Eui-gak Hwang, The Korean Economies: A Comparison of North and South (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); Marcus Noland, “The North Korean Economy,” in Robert G. Warne et al., Economic and Regional Cooperation in Northeast Asia, Vol. 6 (Washington: Korean Economic Institute, 1996), pp. 127–78.
- Arrogoni , Guy R. 1994 . “National Security,” . In North Korea: A Country Study Edited by: Andrea , Matles Savada . 241 Washington : Library of Congress .
- Eric Croddy, “The Political Economy of the DPRK,” Junes Intelligence Review, June 1996, p. 275.
- James Lilley, “Statement of Ambassador James R. Lilley before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs,” Hearing testimony presented before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, September 12, 1996, p. 3.
- Not attributed, “Is Food Situation in North Korea So Serious?” Vantage Point, February 1996, p. 18.
- Young-Ho Park, “Political Change in North Korea: Is There Any Possibility for System Transformation?” Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Winter 1995), p. 225.
- 1993 . The Korean Economies: A Comparison of North and South 194 Oxford : Claredon Press . According to some estimates, factories and enterprises that were established with Soviet assistance contributed a significant portion of North Korea's production. In 1990, they produced: 65% of electricity, 40% of iron ore, up to 40% of rolled steel, 100% of aluminum, 60% of oil products, 20% of textiles, 100% of the enameled wire, 90% of batteries and micro-electric motors and 33% of ball bearings (Marina Ye Trigubenko, “Economic Characteristics and Prospect for Development: With Emphasis on Agriculture,” in Han S. Park (ed.), North Korea: Ideology, Politics and Economy (Englewood Cliff Prentice Hall. 1996), p. 158); Eui-gak Hwang, (p.
- Nicholas Eberstadt, et al., “The Collapse of Soviet and Russian Trade with the DPRK, 1989–1993: Impacts and Implications,” Korean Journal of National Unification, Vol. 4 (1995), pp. 97, 98.
- Ibid.
- First, three-hour meeting with Kim Il Sung in his residence, June 28, 1992. Mr. Charles Vollmers, Vice President, Booz-Allen and Hamilton, and Kim, Yong-sun, Secretary, Central Committee, Korean Workers Party, were present.
- Yong-Sup Han, “China's Leverages over North Korea,” Korea and World Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Summer 1994), pp. 246, 247.
- Croddy, pp. 272, 273.
- Croddy, p. 272.
- The economy contracted by 3.7%. 5.2%, 7.6%, 4.3%, 1.7% and 4.5% in 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively. See, Suk-Suh Choo, “North Korea's Political System: Its Current Status and Possibility of Change,” Vantage Point, Vol. 29, No. 8 (August 1996), p. 31.
- “North Korea's Economy shrinks for the 6th year in a row,” Washington Times, June 19, 1996, p. 14.
- Economic Planning Board (Republic of Korea), Economic Handbook on North Korea (in Korean) (Seoul: Economic Planning Board, 1994), p. 38; Unattributed, “Is there any Hope for the Slumping North Korean Economy?” Vantage Point, Vol. 28, No. 11 (November 1995), p. 9.
- Unattributed, “Pyongyang's Agricultural Policies Step Back,” Vantage Point, Vol. 29, No. 8 (March 1995), p. 21.
- United Nations, UN Consolidated Inter-agency Appeal for Flood-related Emergency Humanitarian Assistance to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK): 1 July 1996–31 March 1997, Department of Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations, June 1996, pp. 1, 2.
- Unattributed, “Japan Says Floods Will Halve North Korean Rice Harvest,” Reuters (October 4, 1995).
- United Nations, p. 2.
- Unattributed, “North Koreans Survive on Grain Pittance and Grass-WFP,” Reuters (July 30, 1996).
- United Nations, p. 12.
- “North Korea flood death toll rises to 116,” Reuters, August 6, 1996.
- “UN-North Korea,” Associated Press, July 29, 1996.
- Stanley Roth, “Prepared Statement by Stanley O. Roth, Director of Research and Studies, U.S. Institute of Peace,” Hearing testimony presented before the Subcommittee on Asia and Pacific Affairs, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, September 12, 1996, p. 6.
- Unattributed, “President Kim Young Sam Outlines Three Major Principles for Korea's Unification,” Korea Update, August 1996.
- Yang , Sung-chul . 1994 . The North and South Korean Political Systems: A Comparative Analysis 676 – 79 . Boulder : Westview Press .
- Chong-Sik Lee, “Evolution of the Korean Workers' Party and the Rise of Kim Chong-il,” Asian Survey, Vol. 22 (1982): pp. 435–47.
- Mark Clippinger, “Kim Jong-il in the North Korean Mass Media: A Study of Semi-esoteric Communication,” Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 3 (March 1981), p. 302.
- Sung-Chul Yang, p. 676.
- Pan-Suk Kim, “Government and Politics,” in Andrea Matles Savada, North Korea: A Country Study (Washington: Library of Congress), p. 183.
- Unattributed, “The Theory of Socio-Political Organism,” Vantage Point, Vol. 19, No. 3 (March 1996), p. 37.
- Park , Han S. 1996 . “The Nature and Evolution of Juche Ideology,” . In North Korea: Ideology, Politics and Economy Edited by: Park , Han S. 15 Englewood Cliffs : Prentice Hall . (ed.), (p.
- Ibid., p. 13.
- Chan-Yong Bang, “Chuch'esasangkwa yuirchitoch'ekyeui bonchikwa hankye,” Vol. 2, [The essence and limitations of the juche ideology and the single leadership system], (in Korean) unpublished report (1995), p. 24.
- Jong-il , Kim . 1988 . “The Workers' Party of Korea is a Juche-type Revolutionary Party which Inherited the Glorious Tradition of the DIU,” . In On Enhancing the Party's Leading Role Edited by: Kim , Jong-il . 94 Pyongyang : Pyongyang Foreign Publishing House . 95.
- Han S. Park, p. 16.
- Ibid., p. 15
- Pei , Minxin . 1994 . From Reform to Revolution: The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union 21 Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
- Noland , Marcus . 1995 . “The North Korean Economy,” . In Economic and Regional Cooperation Edited by: Robert Warne , W. Washington : Korean Economic Institute of America . pp. 160, 161. See also Jeffrey Sachs and Wing-Thye Woo, “Structural Factors in the Economic Reforms of China, Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union,” Economic Policy, Vol. 18 (1994), pp. 401–22; Martin Raiser, “Lessons for Whom, from Whom? The Transition from Socialism in China and Central Eastern Europe Compared,” Communist Economies and Economic Transformation, Vol. 7, No. 2 (June 1995), pp. 133–57.
- Unattributed, “Gradual Economic Integration of South-North Korea Superior to Shock Therapy,” Korea Times, March 14, 1996.
- Johnson , Chalmers . 1970 . “Comparing Communist Nations,” . In Change in Communist Systems Edited by: Chalmers , Johnson . 17 Palo Alto : Stanford University Press . (ed.), (p.
- Campbell , Robert . 1991 . The Socialist Economies in Transition 167 Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
- 1996 . White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 78 – 80 . Seoul, Korea : Korea Institute for National Unification . Unattributed, “Human Rights Violation through Discrimination by Degree of Loyalty,” in Tae Hwan Ok (ed.), (pp.
- Stephen Linton, “North Korea Under the Son,” Washington Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Spring 1996), p. 7.
- Unattributed, “Let Us Continuously Bring Glory to the Great Comrade Kim Il Sung's Cause under the Party Leadership,” Rodong Shinmun, July 8, 1996.
- Scalapino , Robert . 1992 . The Lust Leninist: The Uncertain Future of Asia's Communist States 55 Washington : Center for Strategic and International Studies .
- Jae-Jean Suh, “North Korea in 1996: Economic, Political and Social Conditions and Prospects for Kim Jong-il Regime,” a paper presented at “North Korea's Human Rights” Conference, cosponsored by Center for Asian Studies, The American University; Center for Strategic and International Studies; and Korea [Research] Institute for National Unification, March 28–29, 1996, p. 7; Masao Okonogi, a professor of political science and Korea expert at Tokyo's Keio University, agrees that “the ceremony has been put off. The economy needs to improve for him to be officially inaugurated.” Quoted in Shim Jae Hoon and Sebastian Moffet, “Cult Classic,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 18 July 1996, p. 14.
- Unattributed, “Seoul Says North Korea using Terror Politics,” Reuters, July 25, 1996.
- “Kim Jong-il Believes He Can Conquer South Korea in One Week,” Vantage Point, Vol. 19, No. 6 (June 1996), pp. 28, 29.
- Koh , B. C. 1988 . “Political Institutionalization in Asian Communist Societies: China, North Korea and Vietnam,” . In Asian Communism: Continuity and Transition Edited by: Robert , Scalapino and Dalchoong , Kim . 89 Berkeley : UC Berkeley .
- Choon-sik Yoo, “Seoul's Boycotts Trade Visit to ‘Rude’ North. Korea,” Reuters, September 10, 1996.
- Marcus Noland and L. Gordon Flake, “Assessment of the Rajin-Sonbong International Investment and Business Forum,” September 13–15, 1996, Unpublished Report presented at the Thirteenth KEI-IIE Round Table Luncheon Discussions, October 2, 1996, pp. 7, 8.
- Pei, From Reform to Revolution, p. 26.
- Roth, p. 4.
Korean Journal of Defense Analysis
Volume 9, 1997 - Issue 1