References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn., American Psychiatric Association, Washington D.C.: 1994
   Google Scholar
• Gittelman R, Mannuzza S, Shenker R, Bonagura N. Hyperactive boys almost grown up, I: psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42:937–947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria, I: an 8-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29: 546–557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K. The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 2002; 111: 279–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 1215–1220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayal K, Taylor E, Beecham J, Byrne P. Pathways to care in children at risk of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181: 43–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayal K, Goodman R, Ford T. Barriers to the identification of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006; 47: 744–750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuman RJ, Sitdhiraksa N, Reich W, Ji TH, Joyner CA, Sun LW, Todd RD. Estimation of prevalence of DSM-IV and latent class-defined ADHD subtypes in a population-based sample of child and adolescent twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2005; 8: 392–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffer D, Fisher P, Lucas CP, Dulcan MK, Schwab-Stone ME. NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version IV (NIMH DISCIV): description differences from the previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnosis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 39: 28–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde LA. ADHD in Brazil: The DSM-IV criteria in a culturally different population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 1131–1133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erşan EE, Doğan O, Doğan S, Sümer H. The distribution of symptoms of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in school age children in Turkey. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 13: 354–361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantwell DP. Attention deficit disorder: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35: 978–987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown RT, Freeman WS, Perrin JM, Stein MT, Amler RW, Feldman HM, Pierce K, Wolraich ML. Prevalence and assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in primary care settings. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, AK, Lemay JF. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update. Adv Ther 2003; 20: 305–318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Moulton JL. Persistence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder into adulthood: what have we learned from the prospective follow-up studies? J Atten Disord 2003; 7: 93–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polanczyk G, Jensen P. Epidemiologic Considerations in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review and Update. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008; 17: 245–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland AS, Skipper B, Rabiner DL, Umbach DM, Stallone L, Campbell RA, Hough RL, Naftel AJ, Sandler DP. The shifting subtypes of ADHD: classification depends on how symptom reports are combined. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2008; 36: 731–743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, Biederman J. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry 2003; 2: 104–113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timimi S, Taylor E. ADHD is best understood as a cultural construct. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184: 8–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 942–948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid R. Assessment of ADHD with culturally different groups: the use of behavioral rating scales. Sch Psychol Rev 1995; 24: 537–560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston R. Cultural issues in diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 1591–1594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde LA, Szobot C, Polanczyk G, Schmitz M, Martins S, Tramontina S. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a Diverse Culture: Do Research and Clinical Findings Support the Notion of a Cultural Construct for the Disorder? Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 1436–1441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland AS, Umbach DM, Catoe KE, Stallone L, Long S, Rabiner D, Naftel AJ, Panke D, Faulk R, Sandler DP. Studying the epidemiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: screening method and pilot results. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 46: 931–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skounti M, Philalithis A, Mpitzaraki K, Vamvoukas M, Galanakis E. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in schoolchildren in Crete. Acta Paediatr 2006; 95: 658–663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClellan J, Bresnahan MA, Echeverria D, Knox SS, Susser E. Approaches to psychiatric assessment in epidemiological studies of children. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009; 63: i4–i14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erol N, Simsek Z, Oner O, Munir K. Epidemiology of attention problems among Turkish children and adolescents: a national study. J Atten Disord 2008; 11: 538–545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemeshow S, Hosmer DW, Klar J, Lwanga SK. Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies. The World Health Organization and John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY: 1990
   Google Scholar
• Turgay A. Turgay's DSM-IV based ADHD and disruptive behaviour disorders screening scale, Integrative Therapy Institute Publication, Toronto-Ontario, Canada: 1997
   Google Scholar
• Ercan ES, Amado S, Somer O. Dikkat Eksikligi hiperaktivite Bozuklugu ve Yikici Davranis Bozukluklari icin bir test bataryasi gelistirme calismasi. Cocuk ve Genclik Ruh Sagligi Dergisi (Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health) 2001; 8: 132–144
   Google Scholar
• Shaffer D, Fisher PW, Lucas CP. Respondent based interviews. In: Shaffer D, Lucas CP, Richters JE (eds) Diagnostic assessment in child and adolescent psychopathology. Guilford Press, 1999: 3–34
   Google Scholar
• Jensen PS, Watanabe HK, Richters JE, Roper M, Hibbs ED, Salzberg AD, Liu S. Scales, diagnoses, and child psychopathology: II. Comparing the CBCL and the DISC against external validators. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996; 24: 151–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsis EM, McKay KE, Schulz KP, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM. Parent-teacher concordance for DSM-IV attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a clinic-referred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 39: 308–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana RS, Vasconcelos MM, Werner J Jr, Góes FV, Liberal EF. ADHD prevalence in four Brazilian public schools. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2007; 65: 134–137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardo E, Servera M, Llobera J. Estimation of the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among the standard population on the island of Majorca. Rev Neurol 2007; 44: 10–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez R, Harvey J, Quick C, Scharer I, Harris G. DSM-IVAD/HD: confirmatory factor models, prevalence, and gender and age differences based on parent and teacher ratings of Australian primary school children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999; 40: 265–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuddas A, Marzocchi GM, Oosterlaan J, Cavolina P, Ancilletta B, Sergeant J. Factor structure and cultural factors of disruptive behaviour disorders symptoms in Italian children. Eur Psychiatry 2006; 21: 410–418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adewuya AO, Famuyiwa OO. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among Nigerian primary school children prevalence and co-morbid conditions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 16: 10–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montiel-Nava C, Peña JA, López M, Salas M, Zurga JR, Montiel-Barbero I, Pirela D, Cardozo JJ. Estimations of the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Marabino children. Rev Neurol 2002; 35: 1019–1024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolraich ML, Hannah JN, Baumgaertel A, Feurer ID. Examination of DSM-IV criteria for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a county-wide sample. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1998; 19: 162–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skounti M, Philalithis A, Galanakis E. Variations in prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder worldwide. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166: 117–123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde LA. Is there a need to reformulate attention deficit hyperactivity disorder criteria in future nosologic classifications? Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008; 17: 405–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çakaloz B, Pekcanlar Akay A., Böber E. Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ve eşlik eden karşıt olma karşı gelme bozukluğu olan prepubertal erkek çocuklarda plazma kortizol düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 2005; 15: 158–164
   Google Scholar
• Chhabildas N, Pennington BF, Willcutt EG. A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2001; 29: 529–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg JT, Blaskey LG, Huang-Pollock CL, Rappley MD. Neuropsychological executive functions and DSM-IV ADHD subtypes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 59–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo BSC, Rey JM. The validity of the DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005; 39: 344–353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB, Lavori PW, Beardslee WR, Wunder J, Schwartz CE, Roth J, Biederman J. The disruptive behavioral disorder in children and adolescents: comorbidity and clinical course. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1992; 31: 204–209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar