Field Evaluation of the Performance and Heterogeneity of a Zero-valent Iron-based Permeable Reactive Barrier for Groundwater Remediation

References

• Liu, D.H.F., and Liptak, B.G., Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution. Lewis Publishers, New York. USA (2000).
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council (NRC), Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup.National Academy Press, Washington DC. USA (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Gillham, R.W., and O’Hannesin, S.F., Enhanced Degradation of Halogenated Aliphatics by Zero-Valent Iron. Ground Water. Volume 32, No 6, pp958–967. National Ground Water Association. USA (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Arnold, W.A., and Roberts, A.L., Pathways and Kinetics of Chlorinated Ethylene and Chlorinated Acetylene Reaction with Fe(0) Particles. Environ. Sci. Technol., Volume 34, No 9, pp1794–1805. American Chemical Society. USA (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Scherer, M.M., Balko, B.A., and Tratnyek, P.G., The Role of Oxides in Reduction Reactions at the Metal-Water Interface. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions at the Mineral-Water Interface. Chapter 15, pp301–322. American Chemical Society. USA (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, T.L., Scherer, M.M., and Tratnyek, P.G., Kinetics of Halogenated Organic Compounds Degradation by Iron Metal. Environ. Sci. Technol., Volume 30, No 8, pp2634–2640. American Chemical Society. USA (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Lien, H.L., and Zhang, W.X., Nanoscale Iron Particles for Complete Reduction of Chlorinated Ethenes. Colloids and Surface A, Volume 191, pp97–105. Elsevier. USA (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Wilkin, R.T., Puls, R.W., and Sewell, G.W., Long-term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers using Zero-valent Iron: An Evaluation at Two Sites. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington DC. USA (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Roh, Y., and Elless, M.P., Characterization of Corrosion Products in the Permeable Reactive Barriers. Environ. Geol., Volume 40, No 1–2, pp184–194. Springer- Verlag. (2000)
   Google Scholar
• Orth, W.S., and Gillham, R.W., Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene in Aqueous Solution using Fe0. Environ. Sci. Technol., Volume 30, No 1, pp66–71, American Chemical Society. USA (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Andrea, P.D., Lai, K.C.K., Kjeldsen, P., and Lo, I.M.C., Effect of Groundwater norganics on the Reductive Dechlorination of TCE by Zero-valent Iron., J. of Water Air Soil Pollut. Volume 162, pp401–420. SpringerLink. USA (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Su, C., and Puls, R.W., Kinetics of Trichloroethene Reduction by Zerovalent Iron and Tin: Pretreatment Effect, Apparent Activation Energy, and Intermediate Products. Environ. Sci. Technol., Volume 33, No 1, pp163–168. American Chemical Society. USA (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Lai, K.C.K., and Lo, I.M.C., Effects of Seepage Velocity and Temperature on the Dechlorination of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. J. of Environ. Eng. ASCE, Volume 133, No 9, pp859–868, American Society of Civil Engineers. (2007).
   Google Scholar
• McMahon, P.B., Dennehy, K.F., and Sandstrom, M.W., Hydraulic and Geochemcial Performance of a Permeable Reactive Barrier Containing Zero-valent Iron, Denver Federal Center. Ground Water. Volume 37, No 37, pp396–404. National Ground Water Association. (1999)
   Google Scholar
• Elder, C.R., Benson, C.H., and Eykholt, G.R., Effects of Heterogeneity on Influent and Effluent Concentrations from Horizontal Permeable Reactive Barriers. Wat. Resour. Res., Volume 38, No 8. American Geophysical Union. USA (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Bouwer, H.; Rice, R.C., Slug Test for Determining Hydraulic Conductivity of Unconfined Aquifers with Completely or Partially Penetrating Wells. Wat. Resour. Res., Volume 12, No 3, pp423–428. American Geophysical Union. USA (1976).
   Google Scholar
• APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition. American Public Health Association. New York. USA (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Garabedian, S.P., LeBlanc, D.R., Gelhar, L.W., and Celia, M.A., Large-scale Natural Gradient Tracer Test in Sand and Gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts 2. Analysis of Spatial Moments for a Nonreactive Tracer. Wat. Resour. Res., Volume 27, No 5, pp911–924. American Geophysical Union. USA (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Toride, N., Leij, F.J., and van Genuchten, M.Th., The CXTFIT Code for Estimating Transport Parameters from Laboratory or Field Tracer Experiments Version 2.1. United States Salinity Laboratory Agricultural Research Service. California. USA (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Liang, L.Y., Korte, N., Gu, B., Puls, R., and Reeter, C., Geochemical and Microbial Reactions Affecting the Long-term Performance of In Situ ‘Iron Barriers. Adv. Environ. Res., Volume 4, No 4, pp273–286. Elsevier (2000).
   Google Scholar
• ETI, Bench-scale Treatability Report of the EnviroMetal Process at the Vapokon Site, Fyn, Denmark. EnviroMetal Tecnhologies Incorporated. Canada (1998)
   Google Scholar
• Helland, B.R., Alvarez, P.J.J., and Schnoor, J.L., Reductive Dechlorination of Carbon Tetrachloride with Elemental Iron. J. Hazard. Mater., Volume 41, pp205- 216. Elsevier Science & Technology. USA (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Yabusaki, S., Cantrell, K., Sass, B., and Steefel, C., Multicomponent Reactive Transport in an In Situ Zero-valent Iron Cell. Environ. Sci. Technol., Volume 35, No 7, pp1493–1503. American Chemical Society. USA (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Deng, B., Hu, S., Whitworth, T.M., and Lee, R., Trichloroethylene Reduction on Zerovalent Iron: Probing Reactive versus Nonreactive Sites. Innovative Strategies for the Remediation of Chlorinated Solvents and DNAPLs in the Subsurfaces. pp181–205. American Chemical Society. USA (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Reardon, E.J., Anaerobic Corrosion of Granular Iron: Measurement and Interpretation of Hydrogen Evolution Rates. Environ. Sci. Technol., Volume 29, No 12, pp2936–2945. American Chemical Society. USA (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, S.M., Reduction of Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Media: I. Involvement of Sulfur in Iron Catalysis. Chemosphere. Volume 40, No 12, pp1357–1363. Elsevier (2000).
   Google Scholar