Chitinases production: A robust enzyme and its industrial applications

References

• Aam BB, Heggset EB, Norberg AL, Sørlie M, Vårum KM, Eijsink VG. 2010. Production of chitooligosaccharides and their potential applications in medicine. Mar Drugs. 8(5):1482–1517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams DJ. 2004. Fungal cell wall chitinases and glucanases. Microbiology (Reading). 150(Pt 7):2029–2035.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adrangi S, Faramarzi MA. 2013. From bacteria to human: a journey into the world of chitinases. Biotechnol Adv. 31(8):1786–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aerts JM, Hollak CE, Van Breemen M, Maas M, Groener JE, Boot RG. 2005. Identification and use of biomarkers in Gaucher disease and other lysosomal storage diseases. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 94(447):43–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agapov E, Battaile JT, Tidwell R, Hachem R, Patterson GA, Pierce RA, Atkinson JJ, Holtzman MJ. 2009. Macrophage chitinase 1 stratifies chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 41(4):379–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aida FM, Al-Nusarie S, Taghreed S. 2014. Production, optimization, characterization and antifungal activity of chitinase produced by Aspergillus terrus. Afr J Biotechnol. 13(14):1567–1578.
   Google Scholar
• Alipour M, Suntres ZE, Lafrenie RM, Omri A. 2010. Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors and biofilms by co-encapsulation of bismuth–ethanedithiol with tobramycin in liposomes. J Antimicrob. 65(4):684–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allonsius CN, Vandenheuvel D, Oerlemans EF, Petrova MI, Donders GG, Cos P, Delputte P, Lebeer S. 2019. Inhibition of Candida albicans morphogenesis by chitinase from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Sci Rep. 9(1):1–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anitha A, Sowmya S, Kumar PS, Deepthi S, Chennazhi KP, Ehrlich H, Tsurkan M, Jayakumar R. 2014. Chitin and chitosan in selected biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci. 39(9):1644–1667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annamalai N, Giji S, Arumugam M, Balasubramanian T. 2010. Purification and characterization of chitinase from Micrococcus sp. AG84 isolated from marine environment. Afr J Microbiol Res. 4(24):2822–2827.
   Google Scholar
• Arimori T, Kawamoto N, Shinya S, Okazaki N, Nakazawa M, Miyatake K, Fukamizo T, Ueda M, Tamada T. 2013. Crystal structures of the catalytic domain of a novel glycohydrolase family 23 chitinase from Ralstonia sp. A-471 reveals a unique arrangement of the catalytic residues for inverting chitin hydrolysis. J Biol Chem. 288(26):18696–18706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson AI. 1993. The two faces of Bacillus thuringiensis: insecticidal proteins and post-exponential survival. Mol Microbiol. 7(4):489–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora N, Ahmad T, Rajagopal R, Bhatnagar RK. 2003. A constitutively expressed 36 kDa exochitinase from Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 307(3):620–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmani KL, Bouacem K, Ouelhadj A, Yahiaoui M, Bechami S, Mechri S, Jabeur F, Menguellet KT, Jaouadi B. 2020. Biochemical and molecular characterization of an acido-thermostable endo-chitinase from Bacillus altitudinis KA15 for industrial degradation of chitinous waste. Carbohydr Res. 495:108089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babashpour S, Aminzadeh S, Farrokhi N, Karkhane A, Haghbeen K. 2012. Characterization of a chitinase (Chit62) from Serratia marcescens B4A and its efficacy as a bioshield against plant fungal pathogens. Biochem Genet. 50(9-10):722–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baek JM, Howell CR, Kenerley CM. 1999. The role of an extracellular chitinase from Trichoderma virens Gv29-8 in the biocontrol of Rhizoctonia solani. Curr Genet. 35(1):41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baloyi MA, Laing MD, Yobo KS. 2012. Use of mixed cultures of biocontrol agents to control sheep nematodes. Vet Parasitol. 184(2-4):367–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargagli E, Maggiorelli C, Rottoli P. 2008. Human chitotriosidase: a potential new marker of sarcoidosis severity. Respiration. 76(2):234–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassler BL, Yu C, Lee YC, Roseman S. 1991. Chitin utilization by marine bacteria. Degradation and catabolism of chitin oligosaccharides by Vibrio furnissii. J Biol Chem. 266(36):24276–24286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Békésiová B, Hraska S, Libantová J, Moravcíková J, Matusíková I. 2008. Heavy-metal stress induced accumulation of chitinase isoforms in plants. Mol Biol Rep. 35(4):579–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmares R, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Rodrı́guez-Herrera R, Coronel AR, Aguilar CN. 2004. Microbial production of tannase: an enzyme with potential use in food industry. LWT. 37(8):857–864.
   Google Scholar
• Bendt A, Hüller H, Kammel U, Helmke E, Schweder T. 2001. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a chitinase gene from the Antarctic psychrotolerant bacterium Vibrio sp. strain Fi:7Extremophiles. 5(2):119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berini F, Katz C, Gruzdev N, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G, Marinelli F. 2018. Microbial and viral chitinases: attractive biopesticides for integrated pest management. Biotechnol Adv. 36(3):818–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beygmoradi A, Homaei A, Hemmati R, Santos-Moriano P, Hormigo D, Fernández-Lucas J. 2018. Marine chitinolytic enzymes, a biotechnological treasure hidden in the ocean? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 102(23):9937–9948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya D, Nagpure A, Gupta RK. 2007. Bacterial chitinases: properties and potential. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 27(1):21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya S, Das A, Samadder S, Rajan SS. 2016. Biosynthesis and characterization of a thermostable, alkali-tolerant chitinase from Bacillus pumilus JUBCH08 displaying antagonism against phytopathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. 3 Biotech. 6(1):87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhushan B. 1998. Isolation, purification, characterization and scale-up production of a thermostable chitinase from an alkalophilic microorganism. Panjab University, Chandigarh.
   Google Scholar
• Binod P, Sandhya C, Suma P, Szakacs G, Pandey A. 2007. Fungal biosynthesis of endochitinase and chitobiase in solid state fermentation and their application for the production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from colloidal chitin. Bioresour Technol. 98(14):2742–2748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boot RG, Blommaart EF, Swart E, Ghauharali-van der Vlugt K, Bijl N, Moe C, Place A, Aerts JM. 2001. Identification of a novel acidic mammalian chitinase distinct from chitotriosidase. J Biol Chem. 276(9):6770–6778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boot RG, Renkema GH, Strijland A, van Zonneveld AJ, Aerts JM. 1995. Cloning of a cDNA encoding chitotriosidase, a human chitinase produced by macrophages. J Biol Chem. 270(44):26252–26256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouacem K, Laribi-Habchi H, Mechri S, Hacene H, Jaouadi B, Bouanane-Darenfed A. 2018. Biochemical characterization of a novel thermostable chitinase from Hydrogenophilus hirschii strain KB-DZ44. Int J Biol Macromol. 106:338–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bougoure DS, Cairney JW. 2006. Chitinolytic activities of ericoid mycorrhizal and other root-associated fungi from Epacris pulchella (Ericaceae). Mycol Res. 110(Pt 3):328–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brameld KA, Goddard WA. 1998. The role of enzyme distortion in the single displacement mechanism of family 19 chitinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95(8):4276–4281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner F, Stintzi A, Fritig B, Legrand M. 1998. Substrate specificities of tobacco chitinases. Plant J. 14(2):225–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brzezinska MS, Jankiewicz U, Burkowska A, Walczak M. 2014. Chitinolytic microorganisms and their possible application in environmental protection. Curr Microbiol. 68(1):71–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brzezinska MS, Jankiewicz U, Lisiecki K. 2013. Optimization of cultural conditions for the production of antifungal chitinase by Streptomyces sporovirgulis. Appl Biochem Microbiol. 49(2):154–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brzezinska MS, Jankiewicz U. 2012. Production of antifungal chitinase by Aspergillus niger LOCK 62 and its potential role in the biological control. Curr Microbiol. 65(6):666–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulik DA, Olczak M, Lucero HA, Osmond BC, Robbins PW, Specht CA. 2003. Chitin synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to supplementation of growth medium with glucosamine and cell wall stress. Eukaryot Cell. 2(5):886–900.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Busby JN, Landsberg MJ, Simpson RM, Jones SA, Hankamer B, Hurst MR, Lott JS. 2012. Structural analysis of Chi1 chitinase from Yen-Tc: the multisubunit insecticidal ABC toxin complex of Yersinia entomophaga. J Mol Biol. 415(2):359–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussink AP, Speijer D, Aerts JM, Boot RG. 2007. Evolution of mammalian chitinase(-like) members of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases. Genetics. 177(2):959–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussink AP, van Eijk M, Renkema GH, Aerts JM, Boot RG. 2006. The biology of the Gaucher cell: the cradle of human chitinases. Int Rev Cytol. 252:71–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castillo BM, Dunn MF, Navarro KG, Meléndez FH, Ortiz MH, Guevara SE, Palacios GH. 2016. Antifungal performance of extracellular chitinases and culture supernatants of Streptomyces galilaeus CFFSUR-B12 against Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 32(3):44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiharn M, Lumyong S, Hasan N, Plikomol A. 2013. Solid-state cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis R 176 with shrimp shells and rice straw as a substrate for chitinase production. Ann Microbiol. 63(2):443–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalutz E, Droby S. 1998. Biological control of postharvest disease. In: Plant–microbe interactions and biological control. New York: Marcel Dekker, INC. p. 157–170.
   Google Scholar
• Chang ST, Zahn JM, Horecka J, Kunz PL, Ford JM, Fisher GA, Le QT, Chang DT, Ji H, Koong AC. 2009. Identification of a biomarker panel using a multiplex proximity ligation assay improves accuracy of pancreatic cancer diagnosis. J Transl Med. 7(1):105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chatterton S, Punja ZK. 2009. Chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase enzyme production by the mycoparasite Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata against fungal plant pathogens . Can J Microbiol. 55(4):356–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheba BA, Zaghloul TI, El-Mahdy AR, El-Massry MH. 2018. Effect of nitrogen sources and fermentation conditions on bacillus sp. R2 chitinase production. Procedia Manuf. 22:280–287.
   Google Scholar
• Chen JK, Shen CR, Liu CL. 2010. N-acetylglucosamine: production and applications. Mar Drugs. 8(9):2493–2516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JP, Lee MS. 1995. Enhanced production of Serratia marcescens chitinase in PEG/dextran aqueous two-phase systems. Enzyme Microb Tech. 17(11):1021–1027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Shen Z, Wu J. 2009. Expression, purification and in vitro antifungal activity of acidic mammalian chitinase against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum strains. Clin Exp Dermatol. 34(1):55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Jiang X, Yang Q. 2020. Glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinases: The known and the unknown. Biotechnol Adv. 43:107553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen WM, Chen CS, Jiang ST. 2013. Purification and characterization of an extracellular chitinase from Rhizopus oryzae. J Mar Sci Tech. 21(3):361–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen XH, Cai GP. 2008. Molecular cloning and characterization of rat chitotriosidase: Full Length Research Paper. DNA Seq. 19(2):121–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernin L, Ismailov Z, Haran S, Chet I. 1995. Chitinolytic Enterobacter agglomerans antagonistic to fungal plant pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol. 61(5):1720–1726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi FH, Cheng WP. 2006. Use of chitosan as coagulant to treat wastewater from milk processing plant. J Polym Environ. 14(4):411–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou Y-T, Yao S, Czerwinski R, Fleming M, Krykbaev R, Xuan D, Zhou H, Brooks J, Fitz L, Strand J, et al. 2006. Kinetic characterization of recombinant human acidic mammalian chitinase. Biochemistry. 45(14):4444–4454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow KS, Khor E, Wan AC. 2001. Porous chitin matrices for tissue engineering: fabrication and in vitro cytotoxic assessment. J Polym Res. 8(1):27–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colussi PA, Specht CA, Taron CH. 2005. Characterization of a nucleus-encoded chitinase from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 71(6):2862–2869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrado G, Arciello S, Fanti P, Fiandra L, Garonna A, Digilio MC, Lorito M, Giordana B, Pennacchio F, Rao R. 2008. The Chitinase A from the baculovirus AcMNPV enhances resistance to both fungi and herbivorous pests in tobacco. Transgenic Res. 17(4):557–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cretoiu MS, Kielak AM, Al-Soud WA, Sørensen SJ, van Elsas JD. 2012. Mining of unexplored habitats for novel chitinases-chiA as a helper gene proxy in metagenomics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 94(5):1347–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullimore JV, Ranjeva R, Bono JJ. 2001. Perception of lipo-chitooligosaccharidic Nod factors in legumes. Trends Plant Sci. 6(1):24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Sacco L, Masotti A. 2010. Chitin and chitosan as multipurpose natural polymers for groundwater arsenic removal and As2O3 delivery in tumor therapy. Mar Drugs. 8(5):1518–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahiya N, Tewari R, Hoondal GS. 2006. Biotechnological aspects of chitinolytic enzymes: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 71(6):773–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahiya N, Tewari R, Tiwari RP, Hoondal GS. 2005. Chitinase production in solid-state fermentation by Enterobacter sp. NRG4 using statistical experimental design. Curr Microbiol. 51(4):222–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das SN, Neeraja C, Sarma PV, Prakash JM, Purushotham P, Kaur M, Dutta S, Podile AR. 2012. Microbial chitinases for chitin waste management. In: Microorganisms in Environmental Management. Dordrech: Springer. p. 135–150.
   Google Scholar
• de Fost M, Hollak CEM, Groener JEM, Aerts JMFG, Maas M, Poll LW, Wiersma MG, Häussinger D, Brett S, Brill N, et al. 2006. Superior effects of high-dose enzyme replacement therapy in type 1 Gaucher disease on bone marrow involvement and chitotriosidase levels: a 2-center retrospective analysis. Blood. 108(3):830–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeba F, Abdullah SH, Irfan M, Iqbal QJ. 2016. Chitinase production in organisms: a review. Punjab Univ J Zoo. 31(1):101–106.
   Google Scholar
• Deng JJ, Shi D, Mao HH, Li ZW, Liang S, Ke Y, Luo XC. 2019. Heterologous expression and characterization of an antifungal chitinase (Chit46) from Trichoderma harzianum GIM 3.442 and its application in colloidal chitin conversion. Int J Biol Macromol. 134:113–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Maro A, Terracciano I, Sticco L, Fiandra L, Ruocco M, Corrado G, Parente A, Rao R. 2010. Purification and characterization of a viral chitinase active against plant pathogens and herbivores from transgenic tobacco. J Biotechnol. 147(1):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Rosa M, Distefano G, Zorena K, Malaguarnera L. 2016. Chitinases and immunity: ancestral molecules with new functions. Immunobiology. 221(3):399–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong X, Zhao Y, Ran X, Guo L, Zhao DG. 2017. Overexpression of a new chitinase gene EuCHIT2 enhances resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. in tobacco plants. IJMS. 18(11):2361.
   Google Scholar
• Duo-Chuan L. 2006. Review of fungal chitinases. Mycopathologia. 161(6):345–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duo-Chuan LI, Chen S, Jing LU. 2005. Purification and partial characterization of two chitinases from the mycoparasitic fungus Talaromyces flavus. Mycopathologia. 159(2):223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyachok JV, Wiweger M, Kenne L, Von Arnold S. 2002. Endogenous Nod-factor-like signal molecules promote early somatic embryo development in Norway spruce. Plant Physiol. 128(2):523–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahim S, Usha K, Singh B. 2011. Pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins: Chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase in defense mechanism against malformation in mango (. Mangifera indica L.). Sci Hortic. 130(4):847–852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eijsink VG, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Vårum KM, Horn SJ. 2008. Towards new enzymes for biofuels: lessons from chitinase research. Trends Biotechnol. 26(5):228–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilenberg H, Pnini-Cohen S, Schuster S, Movtchan A, Zilberstein A. 2006. Isolation and characterization of chitinase genes from pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes khasiana. J Exp Bot. 57(11):2775–2784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias JA, Homer RJ, Hamid Q, Lee CG. 2005. Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins in T(H)2 inflammation and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 116(3):497–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmonem MA, van den Heuvel LP, Levtchenko EN. 2016. Immunomodulatory effects of chitotriosidase enzyme. Enzyme Res. 2016:2682680.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Escott GM, Adams DJ. 1995. Chitinase activity in human serum and leukocytes. Infect Immun. 63(12):4770–4773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felse PA, Panda T. 2000. Production of microbial chitinases–A revisit. Bioprocess Eng. 23(2):127–134.
   Google Scholar
• Flach J, Pilet PE, Jolles P. 1992. What's new in chitinase research? Experientia. 48(8):701–716.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fredriksson S, Horecka J, Terje Brustugun O, Schlingemann J, Koong AC, Tibshirani R, Davis RW. 2008. Multiplexed proximity ligation assays to profile putative plasma biomarkers relevant to pancreatic and ovarian cancer. Clin Chem. 54(3):582–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukamizo T, Sakai C, Tamoi M. 2003. Plant chitinases: structure-function relationships and their physiology. Food Foods Ingredients J Jpn. 208(6)
   Google Scholar
• Funkhouser JD, Aronson NN. 2007. Chitinase family GH18: evolutionary insights from the genomic history of a diverse protein family. BMC Evol Biol. 7(1):96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gan Z, Yang J, Tao N, Liang L, Mi Q, Li J, Zhang KQ. 2007. Cloning of the gene Lecanicillium psalliotae chitinase Lpchi1 and identification of its potential role in the biocontrol of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 76(6):1309–1317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangavaramu LP. inventor. 2013. Lakshmikumaran V, et al. agents. A Chitinase from Brevibacillus laterosporus, its production and use thereof WO 2013/050867 A2.
   Google Scholar
• Garg N, Gupta H. 2010. Isolation and purification of fungal pathogen (Macrophomina phaseolina) induced chitinase from moth beans (Phaseolus aconitifolius). J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2(1):38–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerhardt LB, Magioli C, Perez AB, Margis R, Sachetto-Martins G, Margis-Pinheiro M. 2004. AtchitIV gene expression is stimulated under abiotic stresses and is spatially and temporally regulated during embryo development. Genet Mol Biol. 27(1):118–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanem KM, Al-Garni SM, Al-Makishah NH. 2010. Statistical optimization of cultural conditions for chitinase production from fish scales waste by Aspergillus terreus. Afr J Biotechnol. 9(32):5135–5146.
   Google Scholar
• Gijzen M, Kuflu K, Qutob D, Chernys JT. 2001. A class I chitinase from soybean seed coat. J Exp Bot. 52(365):2283–2289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohel V, Chaudhary T, Vyas P, Chhatpar HS. 2006. Statistical screenings of medium components for the production of chitinase by the marine isolate Pantoea dispersa. Biochem Eng J. 28(1):50–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohel V, Megha C, Vyas P, Chhatpar HS. 2004. Strain improvement of chitinolytic enzyme producing isolate Pantoea dispersa for enhancing its biocontrol potential against fungal plant pathogens. Ann Microbiol. 54(4):503–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohel V, Singh A, Vimal M, Ashwini P, Chhatpar HS. 2006. Bioprospecting and antifungal potential of chitinolytic microorganisms. Afr J Biotechnol. 5(2):54–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomaa EZ. 2012. Chitinase production by Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus licheniformis: their potential in antifungal biocontrol. J Microbiol. 50(1):103–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green AT, Healy MG, Healy A. 2005. Production of chitinolytic enzymes by Serratia marcescens QMB1466 using various chitinous substrates. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 80(1):28–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover A. 2012. Plant chitinases: genetic diversity and physiological roles. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 31(1):57–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber S, Seidl-Seiboth V. 2012. Self versus non-self: fungal cell wall degradation in Trichoderma. Microbiology (Reading). 158(Pt 1):26–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gruber S, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Matarese F, López-Mondéjar R, Kubicek CP, Seidl-Seiboth V. 2011. Analysis of subgroup C of fungal chitinases containing chitin-binding and LysM modules in the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride. Glycobiology. 21(1):122–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Román MI, Holguín-Meléndez F, Dunn MF, Guillén-Navarro K, Huerta-Palacios G. 2015. Antifungal activity of Serratia marcescens CFFSUR-B2 purified chitinolytic enzymes and prodigiosin against Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causal agent of black Sigatoka in banana (Musa spp. ). BioControl. 60(4):565–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakala BE, White C, Recklies AD. 1993. Human cartilage gp-39, a major secretory product of articular chondrocytes and synovial cells, is a mammalian member of a chitinase protein family. J Biol Chem. 268(34):25803–25810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbedel S, Prager R, Banerji S, Kleta S, Trost E, Nishanth G, Alles G, Hölzel C, Schlesiger F, Pietzka A, et al. 2019. A Listeria monocytogenes ST2 clone lacking chitinase ChiB from an outbreak of non-invasive gastroenteritis. Emerg Microbes Infect. 8(1):17–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamid R, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Ahmad MM, Abdin MZ, Musarrat J, Javed S. 2013. Chitinases: an update. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 5(1):21–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamman JH. 2010. Chitosan based polyelectrolyte complexes as potential carrier materials in drug delivery systems. Mar Drugs. 8(4):1305–1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han B, Zhou K, Li Z, Sun B, Ni Q, Meng X, Pan G, Li C, Long M, Li T, et al. 2016. Characterization of the first fungal glycosyl hydrolase family 19 chitinase (NbchiA) from Nosema bombycis (Nb). J Eukaryot Microbiol. 63(1):37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han SJ, Park H, Lee SG, Lee HK, Yim JH. 2011. Optimization of cold-active chitinase production from the Antarctic bacterium, Sanguibacter antarcticus KOPRI 21702. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 89(3):613–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartl L, Zach S, Seidl-Seiboth V. 2012. Fungal chitinases: diversity, mechanistic properties and biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 93(2):533–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes M, Carney B, Slater J, Brück W. 2008. Mining marine shellfish wastes for bioactive molecules: chitin and chitosan-Part B: applications. Biotechnol J. 3(7):878–889.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horn SJ, Sikorski P, Cederkvist JB, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Sørlie M, Synstad B, Vriend G, Vårum KM, Eijsink VG. 2006. Costs and benefits of processivity in enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103(48):18089–18094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoster F, Schmitz JE, Daniel R. 2005. Enrichment of chitinolytic microorganisms: isolation and characterization of a chitinase exhibiting antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi from a novel Streptomyces strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 66(4):434–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard MB, Ekborg NA, Weiner RM, Hutcheson SW. 2003. Detection and characterization of chitinases and other chitin-modifying enzymes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 30(11):627–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell CR. 2003. Mechanisms employed by Trichoderma species in the biological control of plant diseases: the history and evolution of current concepts. Plant Dis. 87(1):4–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang T, Chung S, Chen C. 2005. Identification of an antifungal chitinase from a potential biocontrol agent, Bacillus cereus 28-9. J Biochem Mol Biol. 38(1):82–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang QS, Xie XL, Liang G, Gong F, Wang Y, Wei XQ, Wang Q, Ji ZL, Chen QX. 2012. The GH18 family of chitinases: their domain architectures, functions and evolutions. Glycobiology. 22(1):23–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husson F, Couturier A, Kermasha S, Belin JM. 1998. Induction and localization of a lipoxygenase from Fusarium proliferatum. J Mol Catal B Enzym. 5(1-4):159–163.
   Google Scholar
• Inokuma K, Takano M, Hoshino K. 2013. Direct ethanol production from N-acetylglucosamine and chitin substrates by Mucor species. Biochem Eng J. 72:24–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishisaki K, Honda Y, Taniguchi H, Hatano N, Hamada T. 2012. Heterogonous expression and characterization of a plant class IV chitinase from the pitcher of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata. Glycobiology. 22(3):345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam R, Datta B. 2015. Diversity of chitinases and their industrial potential. Int J Appl Res. 1:55–60.
   Google Scholar
• Karthik N, Binod P, Pandey A. 2017. Chitinases. In: Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 335–368.
   Google Scholar
• Jahromi ST, Barzkar N. 2018. Marine bacterial chitinase as sources of energy, eco-friendly agent, and industrial biocatalyst. Int J Biol Macromol. 120(Pt B):2147–2154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jankiewicz U, Brzezinska MS, Saks E. 2012. Identification and characterization of a chitinase of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a bacterium that is antagonistic towards fungal phytopathogens. J Biosci Bioeng. 113(1):30–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaszkowski K. 2001. Chitin could heal. Focus. 8(71):25–28.
   Google Scholar
• Jenifer S, Jeyasree J, Laveena DK, Manikandan K. 2014. Purification and characterization of chitinase from Trichoderma viride n9 and its antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 3:1604–1611.
   Google Scholar
• Johansen JS, Jensen BV, Roslind A, Nielsen D, Price PA. 2006. Serum YKL-40, a new prognostic biomarker in cancer patients? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 15(2):194–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung WJ, Kuk JH, Kim KY, Jung KC, Park RD. 2006. Purification and characterization of exo-beta-D-glucosaminidase from Aspergillus fumigatus S-26. Protein Expr Purif. 45(1):125–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabir SR, Rahman MM, Tasnim S, Karim MR, Khatun N, Hasan I, Amin R, Islam SS, Nurujjaman M, Kabir AH, et al. 2016. Purification and characterization of a novel chitinase from Trichosanthes dioica seed with antifungal activity. Int J Biol Macromol. 84:62–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamil Z, Rizk M, Saleh M, Moustafa S. 2007. Isolation and identification of rhizosphere soil chitinolytic bacteria and their potential in antifungal biocontrol. Global J Mol Sci. 2(2):57–66.
   Google Scholar
• Karasuda S, Tanaka S, Kajihara H, Yamamoto Y, Koga D. 2003. Plant chitinase as a possible biocontrol agent for use instead of chemical fungicides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 67(1):221–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson M, Stenlid J. 2008. Comparative evolutionary histories of the fungal chitinase gene family reveal non-random size expansions and contractions due to adaptive natural selection. Evol Bioinform. 4:EBO–S604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karthik N, Akanksha K, Binod P, Pandey A. 2014. Production. Indian J Exp Biol. 52(11):1025–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karthik N, Binod P, Pandey A. 2017. Chitinases. In: Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering. Amsterdam : Elsevier. p. 335–368.
   Google Scholar
• Kasprzewska AN. 2003. Plant chitinases-regulation and function. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 8(3):809–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawada M, Hachiya Y, Arihiro A, Mizoguchi E. 2007. Role of mammalian chitinases in inflammatory conditions. Keio J Med. 56(1):21–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kellner H, Zak DR, Vandenbol M. 2010. Fungi unearthed: transcripts encoding lignocellulolytic and chitinolytic enzymes in forest soil. PLoS One. 5(6):e10971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Hamid R, Ahmad M, Abdin MZ, Javed S. 2010. Optimization of culture media for enhanced chitinase production from a novel strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia using response surface methodology. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 20(11):1597–1602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KJ, Yang YJ, Kim JG. 2003. Purification and characterization of chitinase from Streptomyces sp. M-20. J Biochem Mol Biol. 36(2):185–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kishore GK, Pande S. 2007. Chitin-supplemented foliar application of chitinolytic Bacillus cereus reduces severity of Botrytis gray mold disease in chickpea under controlled conditions . Lett Appl Microbiol. 44(1):98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamoto S, Egashira K, Ichiki T, Han X, McCurdy S, Sakuda S, Sunagawa K, Boisvert WA. 2013. Chitinase inhibition promotes atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Am J Pathol. 183(1):313–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konagaya Y, Tsuchiya C, Sugita H. 2006. Purification and characterization of chitinases from Clostridium sp. E-16 isolated from the intestinal tract of the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens). Lett Appl Microbiol. 43(2):187–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopparapu N, Zhou P, Zhang S, Yan Q, Liu Z, Jiang Z. 2012. Purification and characterization of a novel chitinase gene from Paecilomyces thermophila expressed in Escherichia coli. Carbohydr Res. 347(1):155–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopparapu NK, Liu Z, Fei F, Yan Q, Jiang Z. 2011. Purification and characterization of a chitinase (sAMC) with antifungal activity from seeds of Astragalus membranaceus. Process Biochem. 46(6):1370–1374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopparapu NK, Liu Z, Yan Q, Jiang Z, Zhang S. 2011. A novel thermostable chitinase (PJC) from pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice. Food Chem. 127(4):1569–1575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuddus M, Ahmad IZ. 2013. Isolation of novel chitinolytic bacteria and production optimization of extracellular chitinase. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 11:39–46.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Kumar D, George N, Sharma P, Gupta N. 2018. A process for complete biodegradation of shrimp waste by a novel marine isolate Paenibacillus sp. AD with simultaneous production of chitinase and chitin oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol. 109:263–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar DP, Singh RK, Anupama PD, Solanki MK, Kumar S, Srivastava AK, Singhal PK, Arora DK. 2012. Studies on exo-chitinase production from Trichoderma asperellum UTP-16 and its characterization. Indian J Microbiol. 52(3):388–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuranda MJ, Robbins PW. 1991. Chitinase is required for cell separation during growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 266(29):19758–19767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurita K. 2006. Chitin and chitosan: functional biopolymers from marine crustaceans. Mar Biotechnol (NY). 8(3):203–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusaoke H, Shinya S, Fukamizo T, Kimoto H. 2017. Biochemical and biotechnological trends in chitin, chitosan, and related enzymes produced by Paenibacillus IK-5 Strain. Int J Biol Macromol. 104(Pt B):1633–1640.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwon Y, Kim S, Jung M, Kim M, Oh J, Ju H, Kim K, Vierling E, Lee H, Hong S. 2007. Arabidopsis hot2 encodes an endochitinase-like protein that is essential for tolerance to heat, salt and drought stresses. Plant J. 49(2):184–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kzhyshkowska J, Gratchev A, Goerdt S. 2007. Human chitinases and chitinase-like proteins as indicators for inflammation and cancer. Biomark Insights. 2:117727190700200.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen T, Petersen BO, Storgaard BG, Duus JØ, Palcic MM, Leisner JJ. 2011. Characterization of a novel Salmonella Typhimurium chitinase which hydrolyzes chitin, chitooligosaccharides and an N-acetyllactosamine conjugate. Glycobiology. 21(4):426–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le B, Yang S. 2018. Characterization of a chitinase from Salinivibrio sp. BAO-1801 as an antifungal activity and a biocatalyst for producing chitobiose. J Basic Microbiol. 58(10):848–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le B, Yang SH. 2019. Microbial chitinases: properties, current state and biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 35(9):144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y, Chung K, Wi S, Lee J, Bae H. 2009. Purification and properties of a chitinase from Penicillium sp. LYG 0704. Protein Expr Purif. 65(2):244–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y, Park I, Yoo J, Chung S, Lee Y, Cho Y, Ahn S, Kim C, Choi Y. 2007. Cloning, purification, and characterization of chitinase from Bacillus sp. DAU101. Bioresour Technol. 98(14):2734–2741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lekha P, Lonsane B. 1994. Comparative titres location and properties of tannin acyl hydrolase produced by Aspergillus niger PKL 104 in solid-state liquid surface an submerged fermentations. Process Biochem. 29(6):497–503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li DC, Zhang SH, Liu KQ, Lu J. 2004. Purification and partial characterization of a chitinase from the mycoparasitic fungus Trichothecium roseum. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 50(1):35–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Greene LH. 2010. Sequence and Structural Analysis of the Chitinase Insertion Domain Reveals Two Conserved Motifs Involved in Chitin-Binding. PLoS One. 5(1):e8654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Sullivan R, Moy M, Kobayashi D, Belanger F. 2004. Expression of a Novel Chitinase by the Fungal Endophyte in Poa ampla. Mycologia. 96(3):526–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Liu JY. 2003. A novel cotton gene encoding a new class of chitinase. Acta Botanica Sinica. 45:1489–1496.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Lei X, Zhu H, Zhang H, Guan C, Chen Z, Zheng W, Fu L, Zheng T. 2016. Chitinase producing bacteria with direct algicidal activity on marine diatoms. Sci Rep. 6:21984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang TW, Chen YJ, Yen YH, Wang SL. 2007. The antitumor activity of the hydrolysates of chitinous materials hydrolyzed by crude enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefacien V656. Process Biochem. 42(4):527–534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, NanGong Z, Zhang J, Song P, Tang Y, Gao Y, Wang Q. 2019. Expression and characterization of two chitinases with synergistic effect and antifungal activity from Xenorhabdus nematophila. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 35(7):106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Mondéjar R, Blaya J, Obiol M, Ros M, Pascual J. 2012. Evaluation of the effect of chitin-rich residues on the chitinolytic activity of Trichoderma harzianum: In vitro and greenhouse nursery experiments. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 103(1):1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma GZ, Gao HL, Zhang YH, Li SD, Xie BY, Wu SJ. 2012. Purification and characterization of chitinase from Gliocladium catenulatum strain HL-1-1. African J of Microbiol Res. 6(20):4377–4383.
   Google Scholar
• Ma J, Li L, Jiang H, Zhang X, Li J, Li G, Chen J. 2018. Acidic mammalian chitinase gene is highly expressed in the special oxyntic glands of Manis javanica. FEBS Open Bio. 8(8):1247–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madan K, Madan M, Sharma S, Paliwal S. 2020. Chitinases: Therapeutic Scaffolds for Allergy and Inflammation. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 14(1):46–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathivanan N, Kabilan V, Murugesan K. 1998. Purification characterization, and antifungal activity of chitinase from Fusarium chlamydosporum a mycoparasiteto groundnut rust, Puccinia arachidis. Can J Microbiol. 44(7):646–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto KS. 2006. Fungal chitinases. In: Advances in agri and food biotechnology. Trivandrum: Research Signpost. p. 289–304.
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto Y, Saucedo-Castañeda G, Revah S, Shirai K. 2004. Production of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase of Verticillium lecanii by solid state and submerged fermentations utilizing shrimp waste silage as substrate and inducer. Process Biochem. 39(6):665–671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauch F, Mauch-Mani B, Boller T. 1988. Antifungal hydrolases in pea Tissue: II. Inhibition of Fungal Growth by Combinations of Chitinase and beta-1,3-Glucanase . Plant Physiol. 88(3):936–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCreath KJ, Gooday GW. 1992. A rapid and sensitive microassay for determination of chitinolytic activity. J of Microbiological Methods. 14(4):229–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meena S, Gothwal RK, Mohan MK, Ghosh P. 2014. Production and purification of a hyperthermostable chitinase from Brevibacillus formosus BISR-1 isolated from the Great Indian Desert soils. Extremophiles. 18(2):451–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehmood M, Xiao X, Hafeez F, Gai Y, Wang F. 2009. Purification and characterization of a chitinase from Serratia proteamaculans. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 25(11):1955–1961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehmood MA, Gai Y, Zhuang Q, Wang F, Xiao X, Wang F. 2010. Aeromonas caviae CB101 contains four chitinases encoded by a single gene chi1. Mol Biotechnol. 44 (3):213–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller LH. 1992. The challenge of malaria. Science. 257(5066):36–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra P, Kshirsagar PR, Nilegaonkar SS, Singh SK. 2012. Statistical optimization of medium components for production of extracellular chitinase by Basidiobolus ranarum: a novel biocontrol agent against plant pathogenic fungi. J Basic Microbiol. 52(5):539e48–539548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed S, Bouacem K, Mechri S, Addou NA, Laribi-Habchi H, Fardeau ML, Jaouadi B, Bouanane-Darenfed A, Hacène H. 2019. Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel acido-halotolerant and thermostable endochitinase from Melghiribacillus thermohalophilus strain Nari2AT. Carbohydr Res. 473:46–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monreal J, Reese ET. 1969. The chitinase of Serratia marcescens. Can J Microbiol. 15(7):689–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales de la Vega L, Barboza-Corona J, Aguilar-Uscanga M, Ramírez-Lepe M. 2006. Purification and characterization of an exochitinase from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and its action against phytopathogenic fungi. Can J Microbiol. 52(7):651–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murao S, Kawada T, Itoh H, Oyama H, Shin T. 1992. Purification and characterization of a novel type of chitinase from Vibrio alginolyticus TK-22. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 56(2):368–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muzzarelli RAA. 1997. Human enzymatic activities related to the therapeutic administration of chitin derivatives. Cellular and Mol Life Sci CMLS. 53(2):131–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagpure A, Choudhary B, Gupta RK. 2014. Chitinases: in agriculture and human healthcare. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 34(3):215–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagpure A, Gupta RK. 2013. Purification and characterization of an extracellular chitinase from antagonistic Streptomyces violaceusniger. J Basic Microbiol. 53(5):429–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam KS, Choi YR, Shon YH. 2001. Evaluation of the antimutagenic potential of chitosan oligosaccharide: Rec, Ames and Umu tests. Biotechnol Letters. 23(12):971–975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nampoothiri KM, Baiju TV, Sandhya C, Sabu A, Szakacs G, Pandey A. 2004. Process optimization for antifungal chitinase production by Trichoderma harzianum. Process Biochem. 39(11):1583–1590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayana KJ, Vijayalakshmi M. 2009. Chitinase production by Streptomyces sp. ANU 6277. Brazilian J Microbiol. 40(4):725–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasseri AT, Rasoul-Ami S, Morowvat MH, Ghasemi Y. 2011. Single cell protein: production and process. American J Food Technol. 6(2):103–116.
   Google Scholar
• Nawani N, Kapadnis B, Das A, Rao A, Mahajan S. 2002. Purification and characterization of a thermophilic and acidophilic chitinase from Microbispora sp. V2. J Appl Microbiol. 93(6):965–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno M, Togashi Y, Tsuda K, Okawa K, Kamaya M, Sakaguchi M, Sugahara Y, Oyama F. 2013. Quantification of chitinase mRNA levels in human and mouse tissues by real-time PCR: species-specific expression of acidic mammalian chitinase in stomach tissues. Plos One. 8(6):e67399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnuma T, Numata T, Osawa T, Mizuhara M, Lampela O, Juffer AH, Skriver K, Fukamizo T. 2011. A class V chitinase from Arabidopsis thaliana: gene responses, enzymatic properties, and crystallographic analysis. Planta. 234(1):123–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okay S, Özdal M, Kurbanoğlu E. 2013. Characterization, antifungal activity, and cell immobilization of a chitinase from Serratia marcescens MO-1. Turk J Biol. 37:639–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan M, Li J, Lv X, Du G, Liu L. 2019. Molecular engineering of chitinase from Bacillus sp. DAU101 for enzymatic production of chitooligosaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol. 124:54–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan XQ, Shih CC, Harday J. 2005. Chitinase induces lysis of MCF-7 cells in culture and of human breast cancer xenograft B11–2 in SCID mice. Anticancer Res. 25(5):3167–3172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paoletti MG, Norberto L, Damini R, Musumeci S. 2007. Human gastric juice contains chitinase that can degrade chitin. Ann Nutr Metab. 51(3):244–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passarinho PA, Van Hengel AJ, Fransz PF, de Vries SC. 2001. Expression pattern of the Arabidopsis thaliana AtEP3/AtchitIV endochitinase gene. Planta. 212(4):556–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastores GM, Barnett NL, Kolodny EH. 2005. An open-label, noncomparative study of miglustat in type I Gaucher disease: efficacy and tolerability over 24 months of treatment. Clin Ther. 27(8):1215–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel A, Singh V, Yadav R, Moir A, Jagannadham M. 2010. Purification and characterization of a new chitinase from latex of Ipomoea carnea. Process Biochem. 45(5):675–681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil DN, Datta M, Chaudhary A, Tomar S, Sharma AK, Kumar P. 2009. Isolation, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of chitinase from tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seeds. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 65(Pt 4):343–345.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patil N, Waghmare S, Jadhav J. 2013. Purification and characterization of an extracellular antifungal chitinase from Penicillium ochrochloron MTCC 517 and its application in protoplast formation. Process Biochem. 48(1):176–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil NS, Jadhav JP. 2014. Enzymatic production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine by solid state fermentation of chitinase by Penicillium ochrochloron MTCC 517 using agricultural residues. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. 91:9–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil RS, Ghormade V, Deshpande MV. 2000. Chitinolytic enzymes: an exploration. Enzyme Microb Technol. 26(7):473–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulsen SS, Strube ML, Bech PK, Gram L, Sonnenschein EC. 2019. Marine chitinolytic Pseudoalteromonas represents an untapped reservoir of bioactive potential. Msystems. 4(4)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Placzek S, Schomburg I, Chang A, Jeske L, Ulbrich M, Tillack J, Schomburg D. 2017. BRENDA in 2017: new perspectives and new tools in BRENDA. Nucleic Acids Res. 45 (D1):D380–D388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash NU, Jayanthi M, Sabarinathan R, Kangueane P, Mathew L, Sekar K. 2010. Evolution, homology conservation, and identification of unique sequence signatures in GH19 family chitinases. J Mol Evol. 70(5):466–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasanna R, Gupta V, Natarajan C, Chaudhary V. 2010. Bioprospecting for genes involved in the production of chitosanases and microcystin-like compounds in the production of chitosanase and microcystin-like compounds in Anabaena strains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 26(4):717–724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prashanth KH, Tharanathan RN. 2005. Depolymerized products of chitosan as potent inhibitors of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1722(1):22–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajulu MBG, Thirunavukkarasu N, Suryanarayanan TS, Ravishankar JP, El Gueddari NE, Moerschbacher BM. 2011. Chitinolytic enzymes from endophytic fungi. Fungal Divers. 47(1):43–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathcke CN, Vestergaard H. 2006. YKL-40, a new inflammatory marker with relation to insulin resistance and with a role in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Inflamm Res. 55(6):221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathore AS, Gupta RD. 2015. Chitinases from bacteria to human: properties, applications, and future perspectives. Enzyme Res. 2015:1–8. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Rattanakit N, Yano S, Plikomol A, Wakayama M, Tachiki T. 2007. Purification of Aspergillus sp. S1-13 chitinases and their role in saccharification of chitin in mash of solid-state culture with shellfish waste. J Biosci Bioeng. 103(6):535–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray L, Panda A, Mishra S, Pattanaik A, Adhya T, Suar M, Raina V. 2019. Purification and characterization of an extracellular thermo-alkali stable, metal tolerant chitinase from Streptomyces chilikensis RC1830 isolated from a brackish water lake sediment. Biotechnol Reports. 21:00311.
   Google Scholar
• Refos JM, Vonk AG, Marian T, Verbrugh HA, Bakker-Woudenberg IA, van de Sande WW. 2017. Chitinase induction prior to caspofungin treatment of experimental invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic rats does not enhance survival. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 62(1): e00960–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regev A, Keller M, Strizhov N, Sneh B, Prudovsky E, Chet I, Ginzberg I, Koncz-Kalman Z, Koncz C, Schell J, et al. 1996. Synergistic activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin and a bacterial endochitinase against Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Appl Environ Microbiol. 62(10):3581–3586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renkema GH, Boot RG, Muijsers AO, Donker-Koopman WE, Aerts JM. 1995. Purification and characterization of human chitotriosidase, a novel member of the chitinase family of proteins. J Biol Chem. 270(5):2198–2202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revah‐Moiseev S, Carroad PA. 1981. Conversion of the enzymatic hydrolysate of shellfish waste chitin to single‐cell protein. Biotechnol Bioeng. 23(5):1067–1078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revathi M, Saravanan R, Shanmugam A. 2012. Production and characterization of chitinase from Vibrio species, a head waste of shrimp Metapenaeus dobsonii (Miers, 1878) and chitin of Sepiella inermis Orbigny. ABB. 03(04):392–339.
   Google Scholar
• Rishad KS, Rebello S, Nathan VK, Shabanamol S, Jisha MS. 2016. Optimised production of chitinase from a novel mangrove isolate, Bacillus pumilus MCB-7 using response surface methodology. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 5:143–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertus JD, Hart PJ, Monzingo AF, Marcotte E, Hollis T. 1995. The structure of chitinases and prospects for structure-based drug design. Can J Bot. 73(S1):1142–1146.
   Google Scholar
• Robertus JD, Monzingo AF. 1999. The structure and action of chitinases. Europe PMC Exs. 87:125–135.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Herrera J. 1991. Fungal cell wall: structure, synthesis, and assembly. Boca Raton, FL: CRC press. p. 1–239.
   Google Scholar
• Saba H, Vibhash D, Manisha M, Prashant KS, Farhan H, Tauseef A. 2012. Trichoderma–a promising plant growth stimulator and biocontrol agent. Mycosphere. 3(4):524–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahai AS, Manocha MS. 1993. Chitinases of fungi and plants: their involvement in morphogenesis and host—parasite interaction. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 11(4):317–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai S, Nishide T, Munir E, Baba KI, Inui H, Nakano Y, Hattori T, Shimada M. 2006. Subcellular localization of glyoxylate cycle key enzymes involved in oxalate biosynthesis of wood-destroying basidiomycete Fomitopsis palustris grown on glucose. Microbiology (Reading). 152(Pt 6):1857–1866.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salvatore S, Heuschkel R, Tomlin S, Davies SE, Edwards S, Walker ‐Smith JA, French I, Murch SH. 2000. A pilot study of N-acetyl glucosamine, a nutritional substrate for glycosaminoglycan synthesis, in paediatric chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 14(12):1567–1579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samain E, Drouillard S, Heyraud A, Driguez H, Geremia RA. 1997. Gram-scale synthesis of recombinant chitooligosaccharides in Escherichia coli. Carbohydr Res. 302(1-2):35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Bauer S, Hématy K, Saxe F, Ibáñez AB, Vodermaier V, Konlechner C, Sampathkumar A, Rüggeberg M, Aichinger E, et al. 2012. Chitinase-like1/pom-pom1 and its homolog CTL2 are glucan-interacting proteins important for cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 24(2):589–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scully S, Yan W, Bentley B, Cao QJ, Shao R. 2011. Inhibitory activity of YKL-40 in mammary epithelial cell differentiation and polarization induced by lactogenic hormones: a role in mammary tissue involution. PloS One. 6(10):e25819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidl V. 2008. Chitinases of filamentous fungi: a large group of diverse proteins with multiple physiological functions. Fungal Biol Rev. 22(1):36–42.
   Google Scholar
• Sels J, Mathys J, De Coninck BM, Cammue BP, De Bolle MF. 2008. Plant pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins: a focus on PR peptides. Plant Physiol Biochem. 46(11):941–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senevirathna RW, Seneviratne VN, Rajapakse S. 2019. Chitinases from pitcher fluid of Nepenthes distillatoria. Ceylon J Sci. 48(3):243–249.
   Google Scholar
• Shanmugaiah V, Mathivanan N, Balasubramanian N, Manoharan PT. 2008. Optimization of cultural conditions for production of chitinase by Bacillus laterosporous MML2270 isolated from rice rhizosphere soil. Afr J Biotechnol. 7(15)
   Google Scholar
• Sharaf EF. 2005. A potent chitinolytic activity of Alternaria alternata isolated from Egyptian black sand. Pol J Microbiol. 54(2):145–151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma RR, Singh D, Singh R. 2009. Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables by microbial antagonists: A review. Biol Control. 50(3):205–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma V, Shanmugam V. 2012. Purification and characterization of an extracellular 24 kDa chitobiosidase from the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma saturnisporum. J Basic Microbiol. 52(3):324–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw JF, Chen YT, Hsu LH. inventors. 2010. Academia Sinica, assignee. Chitinase and uses thereof. United States patent US 7,670,820.
   Google Scholar
• Shekhar N, Bhattacharya D, Kumar D, Gupta RK. 2006. Biocontrol of wood-rotting fungi with Streptomyces violaceusniger XL-2. Can J Microbiol. 52(9):805–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuhui L, Mok YK, Wong WF. 2009. Role of mammalian chitinases in asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 149(4):369–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh G, Arya SK. 2019. Antifungal and insecticidal potential of chitinases: a credible choice for the eco-friendly farming. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 20:101289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skujins JJ, Potgieter HJ, Alexander M. 1965. Dissolution of fungal cell walls by a streptomycete chitinase and beta-(1-3) glucanase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 111(2):358–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Someya N, Nakajima M, Hirayae K, Tadaaki HI, Akutsu K. 2001. Synergistic antifungal activity of chitinolytic enzymes and prodigiosin produced by biocontrol bacterium, Serratia marcescens strain B2 against gray mold pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. J Gen Plant Pathol. 67(4):312–317.
   Google Scholar
• Songsiriritthigul C, Pantoom S, Aguda AH, Robinson RC, Suginta W. 2008. Crystal structures of Vibrio harveyi chitinase A complexed with chitooligosaccharides: implications for the catalytic mechanism. J Struct Biol. 162(3):491–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa AJS, Silva CFB, Sousa JS, Monteiro JE, Freire JEC, Sousa BL, Lobo MDP, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Grangeiro TB. 2019. A thermostable chitinase from the antagonistic Chromobacterium violaceum that inhibits the development of phytopathogenic fungi. Enzyme Microb Technol. 126:50–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spano D, Pospiskova K, Safarik I, Pisano MB, Pintus F, Floris G, Medda R. 2015. Chitinase III in Euphorbia characias latex: purification and characterization. Protein Expr Purif. 116:152–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stauff DL, Bassler BL. 2011. Quorum sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum: DNA recognition and gene regulation by the CviR receptor. J Bacteriol. 193(15):3871–3878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoykov YM, Pavlov AI, Krastanov AI. 2015. Chitinase biotechnology: production, purification, and application. Eng Life Sci. 15(1):30–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strobel S, Roswag A, Becker NI, Trenczek TE, Encarnaçao JA. 2013. Insectivorous bats digest chitin in the stomach using acidic mammalian chitinase. PloS One. 8(9):e72770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudhakar P, Nagarajan P. 2010. Production of chitinase by solid state fermentation from rice bran. Int J Environ Sci Dev. 1(5):435–440.
   Google Scholar
• Sudhakar P, Nagarajan P. 2011. Process optimization for chitinase production by Trichoderma harzianum. AJOFAI. 4(2):91–102.
   Google Scholar
• Sun X, Li Y, Tian Z, Qian Y, Zhang H, Wang L. 2019. A novel thermostable chitinolytic machinery of Streptomyces sp. F-3 consisting of chitinases with different action modes. Biotechnol Biofuels. 12(1):1–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suresh PV, Kumar PA. 2012. Enhanced degradation of α-chitin materials prepared from shrimp processing byproduct and production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine by thermoactive chitinases from soil mesophilic fungi. Biodegradation. 23(4):597–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh PV. 2012. Biodegradation of shrimp processing bio-waste and concomitant production of chitinase enzyme and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine by marine bacteria: production and process optimization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 28(10):2945–2962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutrisno A, Ueda M, Abe Y, Nakazawa M, Miyatake K. 2004. A chitinase with high activity toward partially N-acetylated chitosan from a new, moderately thermophilic, chitin-degrading bacterium, Ralstonia sp. A-471. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 63(4):398–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki K, SuGAwARA N, Suzuki M, Uchiyama T, Katouno F, Nikaidou N, Watanabe T. 2002. Chitinases A, B, and C1 of Serratia marcescens 2170 produced by recombinant Escherichia coli: enzymatic properties and synergism on chitin degradation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 66(5):1075–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki S, Nakanishi E, Furihata K, Miyamoto K, Tsujibo H, Watanabe T, Ohnishi Y, Horinouchi S, Nagasawa H, Sakuda S. 2008. Chitinase inhibitor allosamidin promotes chitinase production of Streptomyces generally. Int J Biol Macromol. 43(1):13–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smirnoff WA, Valero J. 1977. Determination of chitinolytic of nine subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Invertebr Pathol. 30(2):265–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takaya N, Yamazaki D, Horiuchi H, Ohta A, Takagi M. 1998. Cloning and characterization of a chitinase-encoding gene (chiA) from Aspergillus nidulans, disruption of which decreases germination frequency and hyphal growth. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 62(1):60–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takenaka Y, Nakano S, Tamoi M, Sakuda S, Fukamizo T. 2009. Chitinase gene expression in response to environmental stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana: chitinase inhibitor allosamidin enhances stress tolerance. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 73(5):1066–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang CM, Chye ML, Ramalingam S, Ouyang SW, Zhao KJ, Ubhayasekera W, Mowbray SL. 2004. Functional analyses of the chitin-binding domains and the catalytic domain of Brassica juncea chitinase BjCHI1. Plant Mol Biol. 56(2):285–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang WJ, Fernandez JG, Sohn JJ, Amemiya CT. 2015. Chitin is endogenously produced in vertebrates. Curr Biol. 25(7):897–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thadathil N, Kuttappan AK, Vallabaipatel E, Kandasamy M, Velappan SP. 2014. Statistical optimization of solid state fermentation conditions for the enhanced production of thermoactive chitinases by mesophilic soil fungi using response surface methodology and their application in the reclamation of shrimp processing by-products. Ann Microbiol. 64(2):671–681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tikhonov VE, Lopez-Llorca LV, Salinas J, Jansson HB. 2002. Purification and characterization of chitinases from the nematophagous fungi Verticillium chlamydosporium and V. suchlasporium. Fungal Genet Biol. 35(1):67–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toharisman A, Suhartono MT, Spindler-Barth M, Hwang JK, Pyun YR. 2005. Purification and characterization of a thermostable chitinase from Bacillus licheniformis Mb-2. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 21(5):733–738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi AK, Khanuja SP, Kumar S. 2002. Chitin synthesis inhibitors as insect-pest control agents. J Med Aromatic Plant Sci. 24:104–122.
   Google Scholar
• Tsujibo H, Orikoshi H, Baba N, Miyahara M, Miyamoto K, Yasuda M, Inamori Y. 2002. Identification and characterization of the gene cluster involved in chitin degradation in a marine bacterium, Alteromonas sp. strain O-7. Appl Environ Microbiol. 68(1):263–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda M, Ohata K, Konishi T, Sutrisno A, Okada H, Nakazawa M, Miyatake K. 2009. A novel goose-type lysozyme gene with chitinolytic activity from the moderately thermophilic bacterium Ralstonia sp. A-471: cloning, sequencing, and expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 81(6):1077–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaaje‐Kolstad G, Horn SJ, Sørlie M, Eijsink VG. 2013. The chitinolytic machinery of Serratia marcescens-a model system for enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides. Febs J. 280(13):3028–3049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahed M, Motalebi E, Rigi G, Akbari Noghabi K, Soudi MR, Sadeghi M, Ahmadian G. 2013. Improving the chitinolytic activity of Bacillus pumilus SG2 by random mutagenesis. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 23(11):1519–1528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya RJ, Shah IM, Vyas PR, Chhatpar HS. 2001. Production of chitinase and its optimization from a novel isolate Alcaligenes xylosoxydans: potential in antifungal biocontrol. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 17(7):691–696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Damme EJ, Culerrier R, Barre A, Alvarez R, Rougé P, Peumans WJ. 2007. A novel family of lectins evolutionarily related to class V chitinases: an example of neofunctionalization in legumes. Plant Physiol. 144(2):662–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hengel AJ, Guzzo F, Van Kammen AB, de Vries SC. 1998. Expression Pattern of the Carrot EP3Endochitinase Genes in Suspension Cultures and in Developing Seeds. Plant Physiol. 117(1):43–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Loon LC, Rep M, Pieterse CM. 2006. Significance of inducible defense-related proteins in infected plants. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 44:135–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega K, Kalkum M. 2012. Chitin, chitinase responses, and invasive fungal infections. Int J Microbiol. 2012 Special Volume. :1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Venkatachalam A, Govinda Rajulu MB, Thirunavukkarasu N, Suryanarayanan TS. 2015. Endophytic fungi of marine algae and seagrasses: a novel source of chitin modifying enzymes. Mycosphere. 6(3):345–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verburg JG, Huynh QK. 1991. Purification and characterization of an antifungal chitinase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 95(2):450–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas P, Deshpande M. 1991. Enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin by Myrothecium verbucaria chitinase complex and its utilization to produce SCP. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 37(3):267–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhwa M, Bakshi MP. 2016. Application of waste-derived proteins in the animal feed industry. In: Protein Byproducts. Oxford: Academic press. p. 161–192.
   Google Scholar
• Waghmare SR, Kulkarni SS, Ghosh JS. 2011. Chitinase production in solid-state fermentation from Oerskovia xanthineolytica NCIM 2839 and its application in fungal protoplasts formation. Curr Microbiol. 63(3):295–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan J, Zhang XC, Neece D, Ramonell KM, Clough S, Kim SY, Stacey MG, Stacey G. 2008. A LysM receptor-like kinase plays a critical role in chitin signaling and fungal resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 20(2):471–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Tian N, Huang X, Chen LY, Schläppi M, Xu ZQ. 2009. The tall fescue turf grass class I chitinase gene FaChit1 is activated by fungal elicitors, dehydration, ethylene, and mechanical wounding. Plant Mol Biol Rep. 27(3):305–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Wu J, Rao P, Ng TB, Ye X. 2005. A chitinase with antifungal activity from the mung bean. Protein Expr Purif. 40(2):230–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SL, Hsiao WJ, Chang WT. 2002. Purification and characterization of an antimicrobial chitinase extracellularly produced by Monascus purpureus CCRC31499 in a shrimp and crab shell powder medium. J Agric Food Chem. 50(8):2249–2255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YT, Wu PL. 2020. Gene cloning, characterization, and molecular simulations of a novel recombinant chitinase from Chitinibacter Tainanensis CT01 appropriate for chitin enzymatic hydrolysis. Polymers. 12(8):1648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasli AS, Salleh MM, Abd-Aziz S, Hassan O, Mahadi NM. 2009. Medium optimization for chitinase production from Trichoderma virens using central composite design. Biotechnol Bioproc E. 14(6):781–787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Kimura K, Sumiya T, Nikaidou N, Suzuki K, Suzuki M, Taiyoji M, Ferrer S, Regue M. 1997. Genetic analysis of the chitinase system of Serratia marcescens 2170. J Bacteriol. 179(22):7111–7117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu ML, Chuang YC, Chen JP, Chen CS, Chang MC. 2001. Identification and characterization of the three chitin-binding domains within the multidomain chitinase Chi92 from Aeromonas hydrophila JP101. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67(11):5100–5106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahiaoui M, Laribi-Habchi H, Bouacem K, Asmani KL, Mechri S, Harir M, Bendif H, Aïssani-El Fertas R, Jaouadi B. 2019. Purification and biochemical characterization of a new organic solvent-tolerant chitinase from Paenibacillus timonensis strain LK-DZ15 isolated from the Djurdjura Mountains in Kabylia, Algeria. Carbohydr Res. 483:107747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H, Zhang T, Masuda T, Lv C, Sun L, Qu G, Zhao G. 2011. Chitinase III in pomegranate seeds (Punica granatum Linn.): a high-capacity calcium-binding protein in amyloplasts. Plant J. 68(5):765–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang A, He Y, Wei G, Zhou J, Dong W, Chen K, Ouyang P. 2018. Molecular characterization of a novel chitinase Cm Chi1 from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 and its use in N-acetyl-d-glucosamine production. Biotechnol Biofuels. 11(1):1–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhong R, Kays SJ, Schroeder BP, Ye ZH. 2002. Mutation of a chitinase-like gene causes ectopic deposition of lignin, aberrant cell shapes, and overproduction of ethylene. Plant Cell. 14(1):165–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Z, Zheng T, Homer RJ, Kim YK, Chen NY, Cohn L, Hamid Q, Elias JA. 2004. Acidic mammalian chitinase in asthmatic Th2 inflammation and IL-13 pathway activation. Science. 304(5677):1678–1682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar