References
- Abootalebi , A. R. 1999 . Middle East economies: a survey of current problems and issues . Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal , 3 (3) : 62 – 71 .
- Abu‐Bader , S. and Abu‐Qarn , A.S. 2003 . Government expenditures, military spending and economic growth: causality evidence from Egypt, Israel and Syria . Journal of Policy Modelling , 25 : 567 – 583 .
- Arellano , M. and Bond , S. 1991 . Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations . Review of Economic Studies , 58 (2) : 277 – 297 .
- Asseery , A. A. 1996 . Evidence from time series on militarising the economy: the case of Iraq . Applied Economics , 28 (10) : 1257 – 1261 .
- Benoit , E. 1973 . Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries , Lexington : Lexington Books .
- Biswas , B. and Ram , R. 1986 . Military spending and economic growth in less developed countries: an augmented model and further evidence . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 34 (2) : 361 – 372 .
- Chen , B. , Feng , Y. and Masroori , C . 1996 . Collective action in the Middle East? a study of free‐ride in defence spending . Journal of Peace Research , 33 (3) : 323 – 339 .
- Chletsos , M. and Kollias , C. 1995 . The demand for Turkish military expenditure 1960–1992 . Cyprus Journal of Economics , 8 (1) : 64 – 74 .
- Chowdhury , A. R. 1991 . A causal analysis of defense spending and economic growth . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 35 (1) : 80 – 97 .
- Dakurah , H. , Davies , S. and Sampath , R. 2001 . Defense spending and economic growth in developing countries, a causality analysis . Journal of Policy Modelling , 23 : 651 – 658 .
- Deger , S. 1986 . Military Expenditure and Third World Countries: The Economic Effect , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- De Rouen , K. 2000 . The guns–growth relationship in Israel . Journal of Peace Research , 37 (1) : 69 – 83 .
- Dunne , J. P. and Vougas , D. 1999 . Military spending and economic growth in South Africa . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 43 (4) : 521 – 537 .
- Dunne , J. P. , Nikolaiodu , E. and Voguas , D. 2001 . Defence spending and economic growth: a causal analysis for Greece and Turkey . Defence and Peace Economics , 12 (1) : 5 – 26 . Special Issue
- Dunne , P. and Nikolaidou , E. 2001 . Military spending and economic growth: a demand and supply model for Greece, 1960–96 . Defence and Peace Economics , 12 (1) : 47 – 67 . Special Issue
- Dunne , P. , Nikolaidou , E. and Smith , R. 2002 . Military spending, investment and economic growth in small industrialising economies . The South African Journal of Economics , 70 (5) : 1 – 27 .
- Feder , G. 1983 . On exports and economic growth . Journal of Economic Development , 12 (1/2) : 59 – 73 .
- Ismael , T. 2001 . Middle East Politics Today , California University Press .
- Judson , R. A. and Owen , A. L. 1996 . Estimating dynamic panel data models: a practical guide for macroeconomists . Federal Reserve Board of Governors ,
- Kollias , C. G. and Makrydakis , S. 1997 . Defense spending and growth in Turkey 1954–1993: a causal analysis . Defence and Peace Economics , 8 : 189 – 204 .
- Lebovic , J. H. and Ishaq , A. 1987 . Military burden security needs and economic growth in the Middle East . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 31 (1) : 106 – 138 .
- MacNair , E. , Murdoch , C. and Sandler , T. 1995 . Growth and defense: pooled estimates for the NATO alliance, 1951–1988 . Southern Economic Journal , 61 : 846 – 860 .
- Madden , G. G. and Haslehurst , P.I. 1995 . Causal analysis of Australian economic growth and military expenditure: a note . Defence and Peace Economics , 6 : 115 – 121 .
- Mintz , A. and Huang , C. 1990 . Defense expenditures, economic growth and the peace dividend . American Political Science Review , 84 : 1283 – 1293 .
- Mueller , M and Atesoglu , H. 1993 . Defense spending, technological change and economic growth in the United States . Defence Economics , 4 : 259 – 269 .
- Nickell , S. 1981 . Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects . Econometrica , 49 : 1417 – 1426 .
- Ram , R. 1986 . Government size and economic growth: a new framework and some evidence from cross‐sectional time series data . American Economic Review , 76 (1) : 191 – 203 .
- Ram , R. 1995 . “ Defence expenditure and growth ” . In Handbook of Defence Economics , Edited by: Hartley , K. and Sandler , T. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science BV .
- Rubin , B. 2001 . The military in contemporary Middle East politics . Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal , 5 (1) : 47 – 63 .
- Sandler , T. and Hartley , K. 1995 . The Economics of Defense , Cambridge Cambridge : University Press .
- Scheetz , T. 1991 . The macroeconomic impact of defence expenditures: some economic evidence for Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Peru . Defence Economics , 3 (1) : 65 – 81 .
- Sezgin , S. 1997 . Country survey X: defence spending in Turkey . Defence and Peace Economics , 8 (4) : 381 – 409 .
- Sezgin , S. 1999a . A causal analysis of Turkish defence growth relationships: 1924–1996 . Ankara University Journal of Political Sciences , 55 (2) : 113 – 123 .
- Sezgin , S. Defence expenditure and economic growth in Turkey and Greece: a disaggregated analysis . Paper presented at a The Arms Trade, Security, and Conflict conference at Middlesex University Business School London . June 11–12 1999 .
- Sezgin , S. 2000 . An empirical analysis of Turkey's defence–growth relationships with a multi‐equation model (1956–1994) . Defence and Peace Economics , 11 (1) : 63 – 80 .
- SIPRI Yearbooks . World Armaments and Disarmaments , Oxford : Oxford University Press . (various years)
- Smith , R. 1980 . Military expenditure and investment in OECD 1954–1973 . Journal of Comparative Economics , 4 (1) : 19 – 32 .
- Ward , M. D. , Davis , D. , Penubarti , M. , Rajmaria , S. and Cochran , M. 1991 . Military spending in India: country survey I . Defence Economics , 3 (1) : 41 – 63 .
- Ward , M. D. and Davis , D. 1992 . Sizing up the peace dividend: economic growth and military spending in the United States, 1948–1996 . American Political Science Review , 86 (3) : 748 – 755 .
- World Bank Development Indicators (various years).
- Yildirim , J. and Sezgin , S. 2002 . “ A system estimation of the defense–growth relation in Turkey ” . In Arming the South: The Economics of Military Expenditure, Arms Production and Arms Trade in Developing Countries , Edited by: Paul Dunne , J. and Brauer , Jurgen . 319 – 335 . London : Palgrave .