ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND CULTURE

References

• Acemoglu , D. , Johnson , S.H. and Robinson , J.A. 2001 . The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation . American Economic Review , 91 (December) : 1369 – 1401 .
   Google Scholar
• Acemoglu , D. , Johnson , S.H. and Robinson , J.A. 2002a . “ An African success story: Botswana ” . London : Centre for Economic Policy Research . CEPR Discussion Paper No. 3219
   Google Scholar
• Acemoglu , D. , Johnson , S.H. and Robinson , J.A. 2002b . Reversal of fortune: geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 117 (November) : 1231 – 1294 .
   Google Scholar
• Acemoglu , D. , Johnson , S.H. and Robinson , J.A. 2004 . “ Institutions as the fundamental cause of long‐run growth. NBER Working Paper No. 10481 ” . Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Alerassool , M. 1993 . Freezing Assets: The USA and the Most Effective Economic Sanction , New York : St. Martin’s Press .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , S.H. 2005 . The determinants of economic sanctions success and failure . International Interactions , 31 (January) : 117 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , S.H. 2008 . The domestic political costs of economic sanctions . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 52 (December) : 916 – 944 .
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , D.A. 1985 . Economic Statecraft , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , T. , Clarke , G. , Groff , A. , Keefer , P. and Walsh , P. 2001 . New tools and new tests in comparative political economy: the database of political institutions . World Bank Economic Review , 5 (September) : 165 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , T. , Demirgüç‐Kunt , A. and Levine , R. 2003 . Law, endowments, and finance . Journal of Financial Economics , 70 (November) : 137 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Bernhard , M. , Reenock , C. and Nordstrom , T. 2004 . The legacy of Western overseas colonialism on democratic survival . International Studies Quarterly , 48 (March) : 225 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Bertocchi , G. and Canovab , F. 2002 . Did colonization matter for growth? An empirical exploration into the historical causes of Africa’s underdevelopment . European Economic Review , 46 (December) : 1851 – 1871 .
   Google Scholar
• Blake , C.H. and Klemm , N. 2006 . Reconsidering the effectiveness of international economic sanctions: an examination of selection bias . International Politics , 43 (February) : 133 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Bolks , S.M. and Al‐Sowayel , D. 2000 . How long do economic sanctions last? Examining the sanctioning process through duration . Political Research Quarterly , 53 (June) : 241 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonetti , S. 1997 . The analysis and interpretation of economic sanctions . Journal of Economic Studies , 24 (5) : 324 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonetti , S. 1998 . Distinguishing characteristics of degrees of success and failure in economic sanctions episodes . Applied Economics , 30 (June) : 805 – 813 .
   Google Scholar
• Bueno de Mesquita , B. , Morrow , J.D. , Siverson , R.M. and Smith , A. 1999 . An institutional explanation of the democratic peace . American Political Science Review , 93 (December) : 791 – 807 .
   Google Scholar
• Bueno de Mesquita , B. and Siverson , R.M. 1995 . War and the survival of political leaders: a comparative study of regime types and political accountability . American Political Science Review , 89 (December) : 841 – 855 .
   Google Scholar
• Bueno de Mesquita , B. , Smith , A. , Siverson , R.M. and Morrow , J.D. 2003 . The Logic of Political Survival , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clague , C. , Keefer , P. , Knack , S. and Olson , M. Jr. 1999 . Contract‐intensive money: Contract enforcement, property rights, and economic performance . Journal of Economic Growth , 4 (June) : 185 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Cortright , D. and Lopez , G.A. 2000 . The Sanctions Decade: Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s , Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Cortright , D. and Lopez , G.A. 2002a . Sanctions and the Search for Security: Challenges to UN Action , Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Cortright , D. and Lopez , G.A. , eds. 2002b . Smart Sanctions: Targeting Economic Statecraft , Lanham, MD : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Cortright , D. , Lopez , G.A. and Rogers , E.S. 2002 . “ Targeted financial sanctions: smart sanctions that do work ” . In Smart Sanctions: Targeting Economic Statecraft , Edited by: Cortright , D. and Lopez , G.A. 23 – 40 . Lanham, MD : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Cortright , D. , Millar , A. and Lopez , G.A. 2002 . “ Smart sanctions in Iraq: policy options ” . In Smart Sanctions: Targeting Economic Statecraft , Edited by: Cortright , D. and Lopez , G.A. 201 – 224 . Lanham, MD : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , D.G. and Drury , A.C. 2006 . Democratic sanctions: connecting the democratic peace and economic sanctions . Journal of Peace Research , 43 (November) : 709 – 722 .
   Google Scholar
• Damrosch , L.F. 1993 . “ The civilian impact of economic sanctions ” . In Enforcing Restraint: Collective Intervention in Internal Conflicts , Edited by: Damrosch , L.F. 274 – 315 . New York : Council on Foreign Relations Press .
   Google Scholar
• Danilovic , V. and Clare , J. 2007 . The Kantian liberal peace (revisited) . American Journal of Political Science , 51 (April) : 397 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Dashti‐Gibson , J. , Davis , P. and Radcliff , B. 1997 . On the determinants of the success of economic sanctions: an empirical analysis . American Journal of Political Science , 41 (April) : 608 – 618 .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , J. and Shambaugh , G. 2000 . “ Who’s afraid of economic incentives? The efficacy‐externality tradeoff ” . In Sanctions as Economic Statecraft: Theory and Practice , Edited by: Chan , S. and Drury , A.C. 37 – 64 . London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Dehejia , R.H. and Wood , B. 1992 . Economic sanctions and econometric policy evaluation: a cautionary note . Journal of World Trade , 26 (February) : 73 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• DeRouen , K.R. Jr. and Goldfinch , S. 2005 . Putting the numbers to work: implications for violence prevention . Journal of Peace Research , 42 (January) : 27 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , W.J. 1994 . Democracy and the peaceful settlement of international conflict . American Political Science Review , 88 (March) : 14 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , W.J. and Senese , P.D. 2002 . Democracy, disputes, and negotiated settlements . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 46 (August) : 547 – 571 .
   Google Scholar
• Doucouliagos , H. and Ulubaşoğlu , M.A. 2008 . Democracy and economic growth: a meta‐analysis . American Journal of Political Science , 52 (January) : 61 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Doxey , M.P. 1980 . Economic Sanctions and International Enforcement, , 2nd edn. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Doxey , M.P. 1996 . International Sanctions in Contemporary Perspective, , 2nd edn. , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Drezner , D.W. 1998 . Conflict expectations and the paradox of economic coercion . International Studies Quarterly , 42 (December) : 709 – 731 .
   Google Scholar
• Drezner , D.W. 1999 . The Sanctions Paradox: Economic Statecraft and International Relations , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Drezner , D.W. 2000 . The trouble with carrots: transaction costs, conflict expectations, and economic inducements . Security Studies , 9 (1/2) : 188 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Drezner , D.W. 2001 . Outside the box: explaining sanctions in pursuit of foreign economic goals . International Interactions , 26 (4) : 379 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Drezner , D.W. 2003 . The hidden hand of economic coercion . International Organization , 57 (Summer) : 643 – 659 .
   Google Scholar
• Drury , A.C. 1998 . Revisiting Economic Sanctions Reconsidered . Journal of Peace Research , 35 (July) : 497 – 509 .
   Google Scholar
• Easterly , W. 2006 . The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good , New York : Penguin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Eaton , J. and Engers , M. 1992 . Sanctions . Journal of Political Economy , 100 (October) : 899 – 928 .
   Google Scholar
• Eaton , J. and Engers , M. 1999 . Sanctions: some simple analytics . American Economic Review , 89 (May) : 409 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Escribà‐Folch , A. 2010 . Economic sanctions and the duration of civil conflicts . Journal of Peace Research , 47 (March) : 129 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Farnham , B. 2003 . The theory of democratic peace and threat perception . International Studies Quarterly , 47 (September) : 395 – 415 .
   Google Scholar
• Fearon , J.D. 1994 . Domestic political audiences and the escalation of international disputes . American Political Science Review , 88 (September) : 577 – 592 .
   Google Scholar
• Felbermayr , G.J. and Toubal , F. 2010 . Cultural proximity and trade . European Economic Review , 54 (February) : 283 – 297 .
   Google Scholar
• Feng , Y. 2003 . Democracy, Governance, and Economic Performance: Theory and Evidence , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Feyrer , J. and Sacerdote , B. 2009 . Colonialism and modern income: islands as natural experiments . Review of Economics and Statistics , 91 (May) : 245 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House . 2005 . Freedom in the World 2005: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties , Lanham, MD : Rowman and Littlefield . http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=211&year=2005
   Google Scholar
• Galtung , J. 1967 . On the effects of international economic sanctions, with examples from the case of Rhodesia . World Politics , 19 (April) : 378 – 416 .
   Google Scholar
• Gartzke , E. 2000 . Preferences and the democratic peace . International Studies Quarterly , 44 (June) : 191 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Goenner , C.F. 2007 . Economic war and democratic peace . Conflict Management and Peace Science , 24 (3) : 171 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodfriend , M. and McDermott , J. 1998 . Industrial development and the convergence question . American Economic Review , 88 (December) : 1277 – 1289 .
   Google Scholar
• Grier , R.M. 1999 . Colonial legacies and economic growth . Public Choice , 98 (March) : 317 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Guiso , L. , Sapienza , P. and Zingales , L. 2009 . Cultural biases in economic exchange? . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 124 (August) : 1095 – 1131 .
   Google Scholar
• Haass , R.N. , ed. 1998 . Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy , New York : Council on Foreign Relations Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hafner‐Burton , E.M. and Montgomery , A.H. 2008 . The hegemon’s purse: no economic peace between democracies . Journal of Peace Research , 45 (January) : 111 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanlon , J. and Omond , R. 1987 . The Sanctions Handbook , Harmondsworth : Penguin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , R.A. 2000 . Democracy and the successful use of economic sanctions . Political Research Quarterly , 53 (June) : 267 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Helpman , E. 2004 . The Mystery of Economic Growth , Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , E.A. 1998 . The democratic peace through the lens of culture, 1820–1989 . International Studies Quarterly , 42 (September) : 461 – 484 .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , E.A. 1999 . Neoidealism and the democratic peace . Journal of Peace Research , 36 (March) : 203 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , E.A. 2002 . Democracy and War: The End of an Illusion? , Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Hess , G.D. and Orphanides , A. 2001 . War and democracy . Journal of Political Economy , 109 (August) : 776 – 810 .
   Google Scholar
• Heston , A. , Summers , R. and Aten , B. 2002 . Penn World Table , Philadelphia, PA : Center for International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP) . Version 6.1, http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Hillman , A.L. and Swank , O. 2000 . Why political culture should be in the lexicon of economics . European Journal of Political Economy , 16 (March) : 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Hufbauer , G.C. 1998 . “ Sanctions‐happy U.S.A. International Economics Policy Brief No. 98‐4 ” . Washington, DC : Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics .
   Google Scholar
• Hufbauer , G.C. and Schott , J.J. 1985 . Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy , Washington, DC : Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics .
   Google Scholar
• Hufbauer , G.C. , Schott , J.J. and Elliott , K.A. 1990 . Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy, , 2nd edn. , Washington, DC : Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics .
   Google Scholar
• Hufbauer , G.C. , Schott , J.J. , Elliott , K.A. and Oegg , B. 2007 . Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, , Third Edition , Washington, DC : Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics .
   Google Scholar
• James , P. , Solberg , E. and Wolfson , M. 1999 . An identified systemic model of the democracy‐peace nexus . Defence and Peace Economics , 10 (1) : 1 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , P. , Solberg , E. and Wolfson , M. 2000 . Democracy and peace: reply to Oneal and Russett . Defence and Peace Economics , 11 (2) : 215 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Jing , C. , Kaempfer , W.H. and Lowenberg , A.D. 2003 . Instrument choice and the effectiveness of international sanctions: a simultaneous equations approach . Journal of Peace Research , 40 (September) : 519 – 535 .
   Google Scholar
• Judge , G.G. , Griffiths , W.E. , Hill , R.C. , Lütkepohl , H. and Lee , T‐C. 1985 . The Theory and Practice of Econometrics, , 2nd edn. , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Kaempfer , W.H. and Lowenberg , A.D. 1988 . The theory of international economic sanctions: a public choice approach . American Economic Review , 78 (September) : 786 – 793 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaempfer , W.H. and Lowenberg , A.D. 1999 . Unilateral versus multilateral international sanctions: a public choice perspective . International Studies Quarterly , 43 (March) : 37 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaempfer , W.H. and Lowenberg , A.D. 2007 . “ The political economy of economic sanctions ” . In Handbook of Defense Economics, Vol. 2: Defense in a Globalized World , Edited by: Sandler , T. and Hartley , K. 867 – 911 . Amsterdam : Elsevier North‐Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Kaempfer , W.H. , Lowenberg , A.D. and Mertens , W. 2004 . International economic sanctions against a dictator . Economics and Politics , 16 (March) : 29 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Knack , S. and Keefer , P. 1995 . Institutions and economic performance: cross‐country tests using alternative institutional measures . Economics and Politics , 7 (November) : 207 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Krustev , V.L. 2010 . Strategic demands, credible threats, and economic coercion outcomes . International Studies Quarterly , 54 (March) : 147 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• La Porta , R. , Lopez‐de‐Silanes , F. , Shleifer , A. and Vishny , R. 1999 . The quality of government . Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization , 15 (April) : 222 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• La Porta , R. , Lopez‐de‐Silanes , F. , Pop‐Eleches , C. and Shleifer , A. 2002 . “ The guarantees of freedom. NBER Working Paper No. 8759 ” . Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research .
   Google Scholar
• La Porta , R. , Lopez‐de‐Silanes , F. and Shleifer , A. 2008 . The economic consequences of legal origins . Journal of Economic Literature , 46 (June) : 285 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• Lacy , D. and Niou , E.M.S. 2004 . A theory of economic sanctions and issue linkage: the roles of preferences, information, and threats . Journal of Politics , 66 (February) : 25 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Lam , S.L. 1990 . Economic sanctions and the success of foreign policy goals: a critical evaluation . Japan and the World Economy , 2 (3) : 239 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Leitzel , J. 1987 . Review of Hufbauer et al. (1985) . Kyklos , 40 (2) : 286 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Lektzian , D.J. and Souva , M. 2003 . The economic peace between democracies: economic sanctions and domestic institutions . Journal of Peace Research , 40 (November) : 641 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Lektzian , D.J. and Souva , M. 2007 . An institutional theory of sanctions onset and success . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 51 (December) : 848 – 871 .
   Google Scholar
• Lektzian , D.J. and Souva , M. 2009 . A comparative theory test of democratic peace arguments, 1946–2000 . Journal of Peace Research , 46 (January) : 17 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Lektzian , D.J. and Sprecher , C.M. 2007 . Sanctions, signals, and militarized conflict . American Journal of Political Science , 51 (April) : 415 – 431 .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , R. 2005 . Law, endowments and property rights . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 19 (Summer) : 61 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Leyton‐Brown , D. 1987 . “ Lessons and policy considerations about economic sanctions ” . In The Utility of International Economic Sanctions , Edited by: Leyton‐Brown , D. 303 – 310 . New York : St. Martin’s Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lopez , G.A. 2001 . “ Toward smart sanctions on Iraq. Policy Brief No. 5 ” . Notre Dame, IN : Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame .
   Google Scholar
• Lundborg , P. 1987 . The Economics of Export Embargoes: The Case of the U.S.‐Soviet Grain Suspension , London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Mack , A. and Khan , A. 2000 . The efficacy of UN sanctions . Security Dialogue , 31 (3) : 279 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Marinov , N. 2005 . Do economic sanctions destabilize country leaders? . American Journal of Political Science , 49 (July) : 564 – 576 .
   Google Scholar
• Mayall , J. 1984 . The sanctions problem in international economic relations: Reflections in the light of recent experience . International Affairs , 60 (4) : 631 – 642 .
   Google Scholar
• McCullagh , P. 1980 . Regression models for ordinal data . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , 42 (2) : 109 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Mijiyawa , A.G. 2008 . Sustained economic growth: do institutions matter, and which one prevails? . Cato Journal , 28 (Fall) : 385 – 420 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , T.C. and Miers , A.C. When threats succeed: a formal model of the threat and use of economic sanctions . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association . September 2–5 , Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , T.C. and Palmer , G. 2003 . To protect and to serve: Alliances and foreign policy portfolios . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 47 (April) : 180 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , T.C. and Schwebach , V.L. 1995 . Economic sanctions as an instrument of foreign policy: the role of domestic politics . International Interactions , 21 (3) : 247 – 263 .
   Google Scholar
• Mousseau , M. 1998 . Democracy and compromise in militarized interstate conflicts, 1816–1992 . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 42 (April) : 210 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Mousseau , M. 2003 . The nexus of market society, liberal preferences, and democratic peace: Interdisciplinary theory and evidence . International Studies Quarterly , 47 (December) : 483 – 510 .
   Google Scholar
• Mousseau , M. 2009 . The social market roots of democratic peace . International Security , 33 (Spring) : 52 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Mousseau , M. and Shi , Y. 1999 . A test for reverse causality in the democratic peace relationship . Journal of Peace Research , 36 (November) : 639 – 663 .
   Google Scholar
• Mulligan , C.B. and Tsui , K.K. 2006 . “ Political competitiveness. NBER Working Paper No. 12653 ” . Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Mulligan , C.B. and Tsui , K.K. 2008 . “ Political entry, public policies, and the economy. NBER Working Paper No. 13830 ” . Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Nooruddin , I. 2002 . Modeling selection bias in studies of sanctions efficacy . International Interactions , 28 (January) : 59 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Nossal , K.R. 1999 . “ Liberal democratic regimes, international sanctions, and global governance ” . In Globalization and Global Governance , Edited by: Väyrynen , R. 127 – 150 . Lanham, MD : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Olson , M. Jr. 1996 . Big bills left on the sidewalk: why some nations are rich, and others poor . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 10 (Spring) : 3 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Oneal , J.R. and Russett , B.M. 1997 . The classical liberals were right: Democracy, interdependence, and conflict, 1950–1985 . International Studies Quarterly , 41 (June) : 267 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Paldam , M. 2002 . The cross‐country pattern of corruption: economics, culture and the seesaw dynamics . European Journal of Political Economy , 18 (June) : 215 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , G. , Wohlander , S.B. and Morgan , T.C. 2002 . Give or take: Foreign aid and foreign policy substitutability . Journal of Peace Research , 39 (January) : 5 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Pape , R.A. 1997 . Why economic sanctions do not work . International Security , 22 (Fall) : 90 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Partell , P.J. and Palmer , G. 1999 . Audience costs and interstate crises: an empirical assessment of Fearon’s model of dispute outcomes . International Studies Quarterly , 43 (June) : 389 – 405 .
   Google Scholar
• Peksen , D. 2009 . Better or worse? The effect of economic sanctions on human rights . Journal of Peace Research , 46 (January) : 59 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Rauch , J.E. 1999 . Networks versus markets in international trade . Journal of International Economics , 48 (June) : 7 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Renwick , R. 1981 . Economic Sanctions , Cambridge, MA : Center for International Affairs, Harvard University .
   Google Scholar
• Reuveny , R. and Li , Q. 2003 . The joint democracy‐dyadic conflict nexus: a simultaneous equations model . International Studies Quarterly , 47 (September) : 325 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• Rodrik , D. 2000a . “ Institutions for high‐quality growth: what they are and how to acquire them. NBER Working Paper No. 7540 ” . Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Rodrik , D. 2000b . Participatory politics, social cooperation, and economic stability . American Economic Review , 90 (May) : 140 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosato , S. 2003 . The flawed logic of democratic peace theory . American Political Science Review , 97 (November) : 585 – 602 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosato , S. 2005 . Explaining the democratic peace . American Political Science Review , 99 (August) : 467 – 472 .
   Google Scholar
• Russett , B.M. 1993 . Grasping the Democratic Peace , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Russett , B.M. and Oneal , J.R. 2001 . Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations , New York : W.W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Russett , B.M. and Starr , H. 2000 . “ From democratic peace to Kantian peace: democracy and conflict in the international system ” . In Handbook of War Studies, , 2nd edn. , Edited by: Midlarsky , M. 93 – 128 . Ann Arbor, MI : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Selden , Z. 1999 . Economic Sanctions as Instruments of American Foreign Policy , Westport, CT : Praeger Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Siverson , R.M. and Emmons , J. 1991 . Birds of a feather: Democratic political systems and alliance choices in the twentieth century . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 35 (June) : 285 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 1995 . The success and use of economic sanctions . International Interactions , 21 (3) : 229 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Souva , M. 2004 . Institutional similarity and interstate conflict . International Interactions , 30 (July) : 263 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Spolaore , E. and Wacziarg , R.T. 2009 . “ War and relatedness. NBER Working Paper No. 15095 ” . Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Tabellini , G. 2008 . Institutions and culture . Journal of the European Economic Association , 6 (April‐May) : 255 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Tabellini , G. 2010 . Culture and institutions: economic development in the regions of Europe . Journal of the European Economic Association , 8 (June) : 677 – 716 .
   Google Scholar
• Tostensen , A. and Bull , B. 2002 . Are smart sanctions feasible? . World Politics , 54 (April) : 373 – 403 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsebelis , G. 1990 . Are sanctions effective? A game‐theoretic analysis . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 34 (March) : 3 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• van Bergeijk , P.A.G. 1989 . Success and failure of economic sanctions . Kyklos , 42 (3) : 385 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• van Bergeijk , P.A.G. 1994 . Economic Diplomacy, Trade and Commercial Policy: Positive and Negative Sanctions in a New World Order , Aldershot : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Statistics Division . annual – various dates . National Accounts Main Aggregates Database , New York : United Nations . http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Introduction.asp
   Google Scholar
• United States Central Intelligence Agency . various dates . The World Factbook , Washington, DC : United States Central Intelligence Agency . https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of State . various dates . Background Notes , Washington, DC : United States Department of State . http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/
   Google Scholar
• Ward , M.D. , Siverson , R.M. and Cao , X. 2007 . Disputes, democracies, and dependencies: A reexamination of the Kantian peace . American Journal of Political Science , 51 (July) : 583 – 601 .
   Google Scholar
• Weede , E. 2004 . The diffusion of prosperity and peace by globalization . The Independent Review , 9 (Fall) : 165 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , T.G. 1999 . Sanctions as a foreign policy tool: weighing humanitarian impulses . Journal of Peace Research , 36 (September) : 499 – 509 .
   Google Scholar
• Willett , T.D. and Jalalighajar , M. 1983/84 . U.S. trade policy and national security . Cato Journal , 3 (Winter) : 717 – 727 .
   Google Scholar
• Wintrobe , R. 1990 . The tinpot and the totalitarian: an economic theory of dictatorship . American Political Science Review , 84 (September) : 849 – 872 .
   Google Scholar
• Wintrobe , R. 1998 . The Political Economy of Dictatorship , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , R.M. 2008 . A hand upon the throat of the nation: economic sanctions and state repression, 1976–2001 . International Studies Quarterly , 52 (September) : 489 – 513 .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . various dates . Database of Political Institutions , Washington, DC : World Bank . http://www.worldbank.org/research/growth/political_datal.htm
   Google Scholar