Does aid cause conflict in Pakistan?

References

• AhwAhwireng-Oben, F., and Patrick J. McGowan. 1998. “Partner or Hegemon? South Africa in Africa: Part One.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 16 (1): 5–38.10.1080/02589009808729619
   Google Scholar
• Alesina, A., and D. Dollar. 2000. “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why.” Journal of Economic Growth 5 (1): 33–64.10.1023/A:1009874203400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azam, J. P., and A. Delacroix. 2006. “Aid and the Delegated Fight against Terrorism.” Review of Development Economics 10 (2): 330–344.10.1111/rode.2006.10.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azam, J. P., and V. Thelen. 2008. “The Roles of Foreign Aid and Education in the War on Terror.” Public Choice 135 (3): 375–397.10.1007/s11127-007-9268-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azam, J. P., and V. Thelen. 2010. “Foreign Aid versus Military Intervention in the War on Terror.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 54 (2): 237–261.10.1177/0022002709356051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balla, E., and G. Y. Reinhardt. 2008. “Giving and Receiving Foreign Aid: Does Conflict Count?” World Development 36 (12): 2566–2585.10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bapat, Navin A. 2011. “Transnational Terrorism, US Military Aid, and the Incentive to Misrepresent.” Journal of Peace Research 48 (3): 303–318.10.1177/0022343310394472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, Robert H. 2001. Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Development. New York: W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Blattman, C., and E. Miguel. 2010. “Civil War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48 (1): 3–57.
   Google Scholar
• Bohnke, J. R., and C. Zurcher. 2013. “Aid, Minds and Hearts: The Impact of Aid in Conflict Zones.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 30 (5): 411–432.10.1177/0738894213499486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braaten, Daniel B. 2014. “Determinants of US Foreign Policy in Multilateral Development Banks: The Place of Human Rights.” Journal of Peace Research 51 (4): 515–527.10.1177/0022343314524219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, P. T., and J. T. Williams. 2001. “A Linear Poisson Autoregressive Model: The Poisson AR(p) Model.” Political Analysis 9 (2): 164–184.
   Google Scholar
• Burnside, C., and D. Dollar. 2000. “Aid, Policies, and Growth.” American Economic Review 90 (4): 847–868.10.1257/aer.90.4.847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Child, T. B. 2014. Reconstruction and Insurgency: The Importance of Sector in Afghanistan. Amsterdam: Department of Development Economics, VU University.
   Google Scholar
• Chou, T. 2012. “Does Development Assistance Reduce Violence? Evidence from Afghanistan.” The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 7 (2): 5–13.
   Google Scholar
• Collier, P. 2007. Post-conflict Recovery: How Should Policies be Distinctive? Oxford: Centre for the Study of African Economies, Department of Economics, Oxford University.
   Google Scholar
• Collier, P., and A. Hoeffler. 2004. “Aid, Policy and Growth in Post-conflict Societies.” European Economic Review 48 (5): 1125–1145.10.1016/j.euroecorev.2003.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, P., and A. Hoeffler. 2007. “Unintended Consequences: Does Aid Promote Arms Races?” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 69 (1): 1–27.10.1111/obes.2007.69.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crost, B., J. Felter, and P. B. Johnston. 2014. “Aid under Fire: Development Projects and Civil Conflict.” American Economic Review 104 (6): 1833–1856.10.1257/aer.104.6.1833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Long, J. Bradford, and B. Eichengren. 1991. “The Marshal Plan: History’s Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program.” In Working Paper Number 3899. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Deger, S., and S. Somnath. 1991. Military Expenditure, Aid and Economic Development. Washington, DC: World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Easterly, W. 2006. The White Man’s Burden. London: The Penguin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Easterly, W. 2008. Reinventing Foreign Aid. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Enders, W., and T. Sandler. 1993. “The Effectiveness of Antiterrorism Policies: A Vector-autoregression Intervention Analysis.” The American Political Science Review 87 (4): 829–844.10.2307/2938817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enders, W., T. Sandler, and K. Gaibulloev. 2011. “Domestic versus Transnational Terrorism: Data, Decomposition, and Dynamics.” Journal of Peace Research 48 (3): 319–337.10.1177/0022343311398926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, James D. 1995. “Rationalist Explanations for War.” International Organization 49 (3): 379–414.10.1017/S0020818300033324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75–90.10.1017/S0003055403000534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feyzioglu, T., V. Swaroop, and M. Zhu. 1998. “A Panel Data Analysis of the Fungibility of Foreign Aid.” The World Bank Economic Review 12 (1): 29–58.10.1093/wber/12.1.29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findley, Michael G., J. Powell, D. Strandow, and J. Tanner. 2011. “The Localized Geography of Foreign Aid: A New Dataset and Application to Violent Armed Conflict.” World Development 39 (11): 1995–2009.10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOP (Government of Pakistan). 2013. Pakistan Economic Survey 2012–13. Islamabad: Finance Division.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, Herschel I. 1992. “Foreign Aid and Insurrection.” Defence Economics 3 (4): 275–288.10.1080/10430719208404737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GTD. 2013. “Global Terrorism Database.” Accessed June 27, 2013. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?country=153
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, H., and F. Tarp. 2000. “Aid Effectiveness Disputed.” Journal of International Development 12 (3): 375–398.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1328
   Google Scholar
• Hegre, H., and N. Sambanis. 2006. “Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (4): 508–535.10.1177/0022002706289303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsh, M. 2002. “Bush and the World.” Foreign Affairs 81 (5). http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/58244/michael-hirsh/bush-and-the-world.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirshleifer, J. 1989. “Conflict and Rent-seeking Success Functions: Ratio vs. Difference Models of Relative Success.” Public Choice 63 (2): 101–112.10.1007/BF00153394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, J., and P. Mosley. 2008. “The Macroeconomic Impact of Aid Volatility.” Economics Letters 99 (3): 486–489.10.1016/j.econlet.2007.09.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IFS (International Financial Statistic). 2014. ESDS International. Manchester: University of Manchester.
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar, R., J. Monten, and M. Hanson. 2011. “Building Peace: The Impact of Aid on the Labour Market for Insurgents.” In Working Paper Number 17297. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, A. 2008. “What Makes a Homegrown Terrorist? Human Capital and Participation in Domestic Islamic Terrorist Groups in the U.S.A.” Economics Letters 101 (3): 293–296.10.1016/j.econlet.2008.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, A., and M. Jitka. 2003. “Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 (4): 119–144.10.1257/089533003772034925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, J. 1989. “The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique.” In Handbook of War Studies, edited by M. I. Midlarsky, 259–288. New York: Unwin-Hyman.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Q. 2005. “Does Democracy Promote or Reduce Transnational Terrorist Incidents?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (2): 278–297.10.1177/0022002704272830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodhi, M. 2011. ed. Pakistan: Beyond the ‘Crisis State’. London: Hurst.
   Google Scholar
• Meernik, J., E. L. Krueger, and S. C. Poe. 1998. “Testing Models of U.S. Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid during and after the Cold War.” The Journal of Politics 60 (1): 63–85.10.2307/2648001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meernik, J., and P. Waterman. 1996. “The Myth of the Diversionary Use of Force by American Presidents.” Political Research Quarterly 49 (3): 573–590.10.1177/106591299604900306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murshed, S. M., and S. Sen. 1995. “Aid Conditionality and Military Expenditure Reduction in Developing Countries: Models of Asymmetric Information.” The Economic Journal 105 (429): 498–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Richard A., Michael G. Findley, Zachary S. Davis, T. Candland, and Daniel L. Nielson. 2011. “Foreign Aid Shocks as a Cause of Violent Armed Conflict.” American Journal of Political Science 55 (2): 219–232.10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00492.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noman, O. 1988. The Political Economy of Pakistan, 1947–85. London: KPI.
   Google Scholar
• Noman, O. 1997. Economic and Social Progress in Asia: Why Pakistan Did Not Become a Tiger? Karachi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nunn, N., and N. Qian. 2012. “Aiding Conflict: The Impact of U.S. Food Aid on Civil War.” In Working Paper No. 17794, edited by M. Lodhi, 1–48. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, C. W., and B. L. Job. 1986. “The President and the Political Use of Force.” The American Political Science Review 82: 541–566.10.2307/1958273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papanek, F. 1967. Pakistan’s Development: Social Goals and Private Incentives. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• PBS (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics). 2014. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Accessed February 14, 2014. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/national-accounts
   Google Scholar
• Piazza, J. A. 2011. “Poverty, Minority Economic Discrimination, and Domestic Terrorism.” Journal of Peace Research 48 (3): 339–353.10.1177/0022343310397404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poe, S. C., and J. Meernik. 1995. “US Military Aid in the 1980s: A Global Analysis.” Journal of Peace Research 32: 399–411.10.1177/0022343395032004002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poe, S. C., and C. N. Tate. 1994. “Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis.” The American Political Science Review 88: 853–872.10.2307/2082712
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poe, S. C., C. N. Tate, and L. C. Keith. 1999. “Repression of the Human Right to Personal Integrity Revisited: A Global Cross-national Study Covering the Years 1976–1993.” International Studies Quarterly 43: 291–313.10.1111/isqu.1999.43.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. 2007. “Defending against Terrorist Attacks with Limited Resources.” American Political Science Review 101 (3): 527–541.10.1017/S0003055407070244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radelet, S. 2006. A Primer on Foreign Aid. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
   Google Scholar
• Raleigh, C., and H. Hegre. 2009. “Population Size, Concentration, and Civil War. A Geographically Disaggregated Analysis.” Political Geography 28 (4): 224–238.10.1016/j.polgeo.2009.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ree, Joppe, and E. Nillesen. 2009. “Aiding Violence or Peace? The Impact of Foreign Aid on the Risk of Civil Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of Development Economics 28 (4): 301–313.10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rummel, R. J. 1963. “Dimensions of Conflict Behavior within and between Nations.” General Systems 8: 1–50.
   Google Scholar
• Rummel, R. J. 1979. Understanding Conflict and War. Vol. 4. Beverly Hills: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sandler, T. 2011. “New Frontiers of Terrorism Research: An Introduction.” Journal of Peace Research 48 (3): 279–286.10.1177/0022343311399131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler, T., and W. Enders. 2004. “Transnational Terrorism: An Economic Analysis.” Accessed June 27, 2014. http://www.universityoftexasatdallascomets.com/~tms063000/website/Create_ms_Sandler_aug.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sandler, T., and K. Siqueira. 2006. “Global Terrorism: Deterrence versus Pre-emption.” Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D’economique 39 (4): 1370–1387.10.1111/caje.2006.39.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoones, D. 2013. “Winning Hearts and Minds: Public Goods Provision in the Shadow of Insurgency.” Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 19 (1): 17–31.
   Google Scholar
• Scoones, D., and T. B. Child. 2013. Community Preferences, Insurgency, and the Success of Reconstruction Spending. Victoria: Department of Economics, University of Victoria.
   Google Scholar
• SIPRI. 2011. Yearbook of World Armaments and Disarmaments. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. 1996. “Diversionary Foreign Policy in Democratic Systems.” International Studies Quarterly 40: 133–153.10.2307/2600934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Themner, L., and P. Wallensteen. 2011. “Armed Conflict, 1946–2010.” Journal of Peace Research 48: 525–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tierney, Michael J., Daniel L. Nielson, Darren G. Hawkins, J. Timmons Roberts, Michael G. Findley, Ryan M. Powers, Bradley Parks, Sven E. Wilson, and Robert L. Hicks. 2011. “More Dollars than Sense: Refining Our Knowledge of Development Finance Using AidData.” World Development 39 (11): 1891–1906.10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Transparency International. 2012. Corruption Perception Index 2012. Berlin: International Secretariat.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2014. Human Development Report. New York: UNDP.
   Google Scholar
• Uvin, P. 1996. “Development, Aid and Conflict: Reflections from the Case of Rwanda.” In Research for Action 24, 1–41. Helsinki: World Institute for Development Economics Research.
   Google Scholar
• WDI (World Development Indicators). 2014. ESDS International. Washington, DC: University of Manchester, World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkenfeld, J. 1968. “Domestic and Foreign Conflict Behavior of Nations.” Journal of Peace Research 1: 56–69.10.1177/002234336800500104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2014. http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#country.
   Google Scholar
• Young, Joseph K., and Michael G. Findley. 2011. “Can Peace Be Purchased? A Sectoral-level Analysis of Aid’s Influence on Transnational Terrorism.” Public Choice 149 (3–4): 365–381.10.1007/s11127-011-9875-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar