Gender-specific Call of Duty: A Note on the Neglect of Conscription in Gender Equality Indices

References

• Alesina, A., A. Ichino, and L. Karabarbounis. 2011. “Gender-Based Taxation and the Division of Family Chores.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 3 (2): 1–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bericat, E. 2012. “The European Gender Equality Index: Conceptual and Analytical Issues.” Social Indicators Research 108 (1): 1–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9872-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bericat, E., and E. Sánchez Bermejo. 2016. “Structural Gender Equality in Europe and Its Evolution over the First Decade of the Twentyfirst Century.” Social Indicators Research 127 (1): 55–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0949-y.
   Google Scholar
• Boldry, J., W. Wood, and D. Kashy. 2001. “Gender Stereotypes and the Evaluation of Men and Women in Military Training.” Journal of Social Issues 57 (4): 689–705. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprioli, M. 2000. “Gendered Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 37 (1): 51–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343300037001003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprioli, M. 2005. “Primed for Violence: The Role of Gender Inequality in Predicting Internal Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (2): 161–178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-8833.2005.00340.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprioli, M., and M. Boyer. 2001. “Gender, Violence and International Crisis.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (4): 503–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card, D., and A. Cardoso. 2012. “Can Compulsory Military Service Raise Civilian Wages? Evidence from the Peacetime Draft in Portugal.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4 (4): 57–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombino, U. & Narazani, E. 2018. “Closing the Gender Gap: Gender Based Taxation, Wage Subsidies or Basic Income?„, JRC Working Papers on Taxation and Structural Reforms No 03/2018, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Seville.
   Google Scholar
• Crespo-Sancho, C. 2017. “The Role of Gender in the Prevention of Violent Conflict.” Background paper for the United Nations-World Bank Flagship Study, Pathways for Peace: Inclusive Approaches to Preventing Violent Conflict. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• deGroot, G. 2001. “A Few Good Women: Gender Stereotypes, the Military and Peacekeeping.” International Peacekeeping 8 (2): 23–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310108413893.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Noia, J. 2002. “Indicators of Gender Equality for American States and Regions: An Update.” Social Indicators Research 59 (1): 35–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016094427841.
   Google Scholar
• Di Pietro, G. 2013. “Military Conscription and University Enrolment: Evidence from Italy.” Journal of Population Economics 26 (2): 619–644. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-012-0407-y.
   Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, A. 2006. “Towards A Fresh Start in Measuring Gender Equality: A Contribution to the Debate.” Journal of Human Development 7 (2): 275–283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768660.
   Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, A., and L. Hanmer. 2000. “Measuring Socio-economic Gender Inequality: Toward an Alternative to the UNDP Gender-related Development Index.” Feminist Economics 6 (2): 41–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700050076106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilli, S., S. Carmichael, and A. Rijpma. 2019. “Introducing the Historical Gender Equality Index.” Feminist Economics 25 (1): 31–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downes, R., L. von Trapp, and C. Nicole. 2016. “Gender Budgeting in OECD Countries.” OECD Journal on Budgeting 3. https://www.oecd.org/gender/Gender-Budgeting-in-OECD-countries.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Duflo, E. 2012. “Women Empowerment and Economic Development.” Journal of Economic Literature 50 (4): 1051–1079. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.4.1051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EIGE. 2014. “Effectiveness of Institutional Mechanisms for the Advancement of Gender Equality: Review of the Implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in the EU Member States.”
   Google Scholar
• EIGE. 2017. Gender Equality index—Measuring Gender Equality in the European Union 2005–2015. European Institute for Gender Equality report. https://eige.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/20177277_mh0517208enn_pdf.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ertan, S. 2016. “How to Study Gender Equality Policy Cross-Nationally? Aggregate or Disaggregate Gender Equality Policy Indices?” Social Indicators Research 125 (1): 47–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0841-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertola Navajas, G., Lopez Villalba, P., Rossi, M. & Vazquez, A. 2019. The Long-Term Effect of Military Conscription on Personality and Beliefs. Universidad de San Andres, Departamento de Economia Working paper 132.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, M., M. Felson, and C. Kenneth. 1980. “Developing Social Indicators Research on the Military in American Society.” Social Indicators Research 8 (1): 81–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00364603.
   Google Scholar
• Frias, S. 2008. “Measuring Structural Gender Equality in Mexico: A State Level Analysis.” Social Indicators Research 88 (2): 215–246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9193-4.
   Google Scholar
• Galiani, S., M. Rossi, and E. Schargrodsky. 2011. “Conscription and Crime: Evidence from the Argentine Draft Lottery.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3 (2): 119–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gizelis, T. 2009. “Gender Empowerment and United Nations Peacebuilding.” Journal of Peace Research 46 (4): 505–523. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343309334576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, E., J. Blakely, and L. Tepperman. 1990. “Toward an Index of Gender Equality.” Social Indicators Research 22 (3): 299–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301104.
   Google Scholar
• Hawken, A. & Munck, G. 2013. Cross-National Indices with Gender-Differentiated Data: What Do They Measure? How Valid Are They? Social Indicators Research 111, 801–838. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0035–7
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks, C., and L. Hutton. 2008. “Defence Reform and Gender.” In Gender and Security Sector Reform Toolkit, edited by M. Bastick and K. Valasek. Geneva: UN-INSTRAW. https://iknowpolitics.org/sites/default/files/defense20reform20and20gender_un20instraw.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hjalmarsson, R., and M. Lindquist. 2019. “The Causal Effect of Military Conscription on Crime.” The Economic Journal 129 (622): 2522–2562. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joenniemi, P. 2006. The Changing Face of European Conscription. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Karazi-Presler, T., O. Sasson-Levy, and E. Lomsky-Feder. 2018. “Gender, Emotions Management, and Power in Organizations: The Case of Israeli Women Junior Military Officers.” Sex Roles 78 (7–8): 573–586. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0810-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim, S., and K. Beardsley. 2013. “Female Peacekeepers and Gender Balancing: Token Gestures or Informed Policymaking?” International Interactions 39 (4): 461–488. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2013.805131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, K., P. Poutvaara, and A. Wagener. 2009. “Military Draft and Economic Growth in OECD Countries.” Defence and Peace Economics 20 (5): 373–393. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690802332994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, K., P. Poutvaara, and A. Wagener. 2010. “Does a Military Draft Discourage Enrollment in Higher Education?” FinanzArchiv 66 (2): 97–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1628/001522110X524160.
   Google Scholar
• Kronsell, A., and E. Svedberg. 2001. “The Duty to Protect: Gender in the Swedish Practice of Conscription.” Cooperation and Conflict 36 (2): 153–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/001083601400422379.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, I. 2000. “A Feminist Exploration of Military Conscription: The Gendering of the Connections between Nationalism, Militarism and Citizenship in South Korea.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 3 (1): 26–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/713767489.
   Google Scholar
• Lahelma, E. 2005. “Finding Communalities, Making Differences, Performing Masculinities: Reflections of Young Men on Military Service.” Gender and Education 17 (3): 305–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09540250500145080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyk-Jensen, S. 2018. “Does Peacetime Military Service Affect Crime? New Evidence from Denmark’s Conscription Lotteries.” Labour Economics 52: 245–262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2017.11.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankiw, N. 2018. Principles of Economics. 8th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Melander, E. 2005. “Gender Equality and Intrastate Armed Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (4): 695–714. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00384.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardo, M., Saisana, M., Saltelli, A., Tarantola, S., Hoffman, A. and Giovennini, E. 2008. Handbook on constructing composite indicators: methodology and user guide, OECD and European Commission. http://www.oecd.org/sdd/42495745.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NATO. 2017. “Summary of the National Reports of NATO Member and Partner Nations to the NATO Committee on Gender Perspectives.”
   Google Scholar
• Norden. 2015. “Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015.” Nordic Council of Ministers. http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:790696/FULLTEXT02.pdf
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2018. “Is the Last Mile the Longest? Economic Gains from Gender Equality in Nordic Countries.” http://www.oecd.org/els/is-the-last-mile-the-longest-economic-gains-from-gender-equality-in-nordic-countries-9789264300040-en.htm
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2019. “Social Institutions and Gender Index.” SIGI 2019 Global Report: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities.
   Google Scholar
• Permanyer, I. 2010. “The Measurement of Multidimensional Gender Inequality: Continuing the Debate.” Social Indicators Research 95 (2): 181–198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9463-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson, A., and F. Sundevall. 2019. “Conscripting Women: Gender, Soldiering, and Military Service in Sweden 1965–2018.” Women’s History Review 28 (7): 1039–1056. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542.
   Google Scholar
• Plantenga, J., C. Remery, H. Figueiredo, and M. Smith. 2009. “Towards a European Union Gender Equality Index.” Journal of European Social Policy 19 (1): 19–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928708098521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poutvaara, P., and A. Wagener 2009. “The Political Economy of Conscription.” CESifo Working Paper, No. 2821.
   Google Scholar
• Reis, J. &Menezes, S. 2020. Gender Inequalites in the Military Service: A Systematic Literature Review. Sexuality & Culture 24, 1004–1018. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-019-09662-y.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, S. 2019. “Discriminatory Laws against Women - a Survey of the Literature”. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8719.
   Google Scholar
• Sasson-Levy, O. 2011. “Research on Gender and the Military in Israel: From a Gendered Organization to Inequality Regimes.” Israel Studies Review 26 (2): 73–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.3167/isr.2011.260205.
   Google Scholar
• Sasson‐Levy, O. 2003. “Feminism and Military Gender Practices: Israeli Women Soldiers in “Masculine” Roles.” Sociological Inquiry 73 (3): 440–465. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-682X.00064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schüler, D. 2006. “The Uses and Misuses of the Genderrelated Development Index and Gender Empowerment Measure: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Human Development 7 (2): 161–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768496.
   Google Scholar
• Segal, M. 2006. “Gender and the Military.” In Handbook of the Sociology of Gender. Boston, MA: Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36218-5_25
   Google Scholar
• Sharp, L., and R. Krasnesor. 1968. “College Students and Military Service: The Experience of an Earlier Cohort.” Sociology of Education 41 (4): 390–400. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2112160.
   Google Scholar
• Social Watch. 2012. “Gender Equity Index.” http://www.socialwatch.org/taxonomy/term/527
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Finland. 2018. Gender Equality in Finland 2018. Helsinki: Edita Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway. 2018. “Women and Men in Norway.”
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Sweden. 2018. “Women and Men in Sweden.”
   Google Scholar
• Stoet, G &Geary, D. 2019. “A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality„. PLOS ONE 14(1): e0205349
   Google Scholar
• Stotsky, J. 2016. “Gender Budgeting - Fiscal Content and Current Outcomes.” IMF Working Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Sugarman, D., and M. Straus. 1988. “Indicators of Gender Equality for American States and Regions.” Social Indicators Research 20 (3): 229–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tham, H. 1990. “Crime in Scandinavia during World War II.” Journal of Peace Research 27 (4): 415–428. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343390027004006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torun, H. 2019. “Ex-ante Labor Market Effects of Compulsory Military Service.” Journal of Comparative Economics 47 (1): 90–110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2018.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN Peacekeeping. 2019. “United Nations Peacekeeping Gender Statistics.” Accessed 28 October 2019. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/gender
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2018. Human Development Indices and Indicators 2018 Statistical Update. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
   Google Scholar
• WEF. 2019. “Global Gender Gap Report 2018.” Insight report, World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2019. “Women, Business and the Law Data.” https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/wbl-data
   Google Scholar
• Yllö, K. 1984. “The Status of Women, Marital Equality, and Violence against Wives. A Contextual Analysis.” Journal of Family Issues 5 (3): 307–320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/019251384005003002.
   Google Scholar