References
- Adedeji, A., D. Mosher, and E. G. Keating, 2019. The cost of supporting military bases. Report (55849), Congressional Budget Office. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/55849
- Al-Hamdi, M. T. 2012. “The Oil and Regional Security Revisited: The Case of the Arabian Gulf.” International Journal of Business and Social Science 3: 21–36.
- Ali, H. E. 2012. “Military Expenditures and Inequality in the Middle East and North Africa: A Panel Analysis.” Defence and Peace Economics 23: 575–589.
- Ali, H. E., and O. A. Abdellatif. 2015. “Military Expenditures and Natural Resources: Evidence from Rentier States in the Middle East and North Africa.” Defence and Peace Economics 26: 5–13.
- Al-Mawali, N. 2015. “Do Natural Resources of Rentier States Promote Military Expenditures? Evidence from GCC Countries.” Journal of Economic & Financial Studies 3: 49–53.
- Asseery, A. A. A. 2000. “External Military Threat and the Response of the Member States of the Gulf Co-Operation Council (GCC).” Applied Economics 32: 723–728.
- Bureau of Arms Control, 2019. “World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers”. accessed 30 september 2019. https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/avc/rls/rpt/wmeat/index.htm
- Cavatorta, E. 2010. “Unobserved Common Factors in Military Expenditure Interactions across MENA Countries.” Defence and Peace Economics 21: 301–316.
- Collier, P., and A. Hoeffler. 2007. “Unintended Consequences: Does Aid Promote Arms Races?” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 69: 1–27.
- Coutts, A., A. Daoud, A. Fakih, W. Marrouch, and B. Reinsberg. 2019. “Guns and Butter? Military Expenditure and Health Spending on the Eve of the Arab Spring.” Defence and Peace Economics 30: 227–237.
- Dizaji, S. F., and M. R. Farzanegan. 2021. “Do Sanctions Constrain Military Spending of Iran?” Defence and Peace Economics 32: 125–150.
- Dizaji, S. F., M. R. Farzanegan, and A. Naghavi. 2016. “Political Institutions and Government Spending Behavior: Theory and Evidence from Iran.” International Tax and Public Finance 23: 522–549.
- Doornik, J. A., and H. Hansen. 2008. “An Omnibus Test for Univariate and Multivariate Normality.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 70: 927–939.
- Dudley, L., and C. Montmarquette. 1981. “The Demand for Military Expenditures: An International Comparison.” Public Choice 37: 5–31.
- Dunne, J. P., S. PerloFreeman, and R. P. Smith. 2008. “The Demand for Military Expenditure in Developing Countries: Hostility versus Capability.” Defence and Peace Economics 19: 293–302.
- Dunne, J. P., and N. Tian. 2013. “Military Expenditure and Economic Growth: A Survey.” The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 8: 5–11.
- EIA, 2019a. “International Energy Statistics”. https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/
- EIA, 2019b. “Short-term Energy Outlook”. accessed 30 september 2019. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/
- Erdogan, S., E. I. Cevik, and A. Gedikli. 2020. “Relationship between Oil Price Volatility and Military Expenditures in GCC Countries.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27: 17072–17084.
- Farzanegan, M. R. 2018. “The Impact of Oil Rents on Military Spending in the GCC Region: Does Corruption Matter?” Journal of Arabian Studies 8: 87–109.
- Farzanegan, M. R., 2019. “The E Ects of International Sanctions on Military Spending of Iran: A Synthetic Control Analysis”. Working paper no. 7937, Munich, CESifo. https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp7937.pdf
- Farzanegan, M. R., and M. Thum. 2020. “Does Oil Rents Dependency Reduce the Quality of Education?” Empirical Economics 58: 1863–1911.
- Haouas, I., and R. Soto. 2016. “Has the UAE Escaped the Oil Curse?” In Understanding and Avoiding the Oil Curse in Resource-rich Arab Economies, edited by I. El-badawi and H. Selim.373–420. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Jarzabek, J., 2016. G.C.C. military spending in era of low oil prices. Mei policy focus 2016-19, Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/gcc-military-spending-era-low-oil-prices
- Karadam, D. Y., J. Yildirim, and N. Ocal. 2017. “Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in Middle Eastern Countries and Turkey: A Non-linear Panel Data Approach.” Defence and Peace Economics 28: 719–730.
- Kollias, C., S. M. Paleologou, P. Tzeremes, and N. Tzeremes. 2018. “The Demand for Military Spending in Latin American Countries.” Latin American Economic Review 27: 1–17.
- Levin, A., C. F. Lin, and C. S. J. Chu. 2002. “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-sample Properties.” Journal of Econometrics 108: 1–24.
- Levinson, M. H. 2011. “Mapping the Persian Gulf Naming Dispute.” ETC: A Review of General Semantics 68: 279–287.
- Ljung, G. M., and G. E. P. Box. 1978. “On a Measure of Lack of Fit in Time Series Models.” Biometrika 65: 297–303.
- Martini, J., B. Wasser, D. D. Kaye, D. Egel, and C. Ogletree, 2016. The Outlook for Arab Gulf Cooperation. Santa Monica.
- Nerlove, M. 1958. Distributed Lags and Demand Analysis for Agricultural and Other Commodities. Agricultural Handbook No. 141. Washington DC: United States Department of Agriculture.
- Nordhaus, W., J. R. Oneal, and B. Russett. 2012. “The Effects of the International Security Environment on National Military Expenditures: A Multicountry Study.” International Organization 66: 491–513.
- Rosh, R. M. 1988. “Third World Militarization: Security Webs and the States They Ensnare.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 32: 671–698.
- SIPRI, 2019. “Military Expenditure Database”. accessed 30 september 2019. . https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex
- Spangler, E. 2018. “Allies with Benefits: US Effect on European Demand for Military Expenditures.” Defence and Peace Economics 29: 731–747.
- UNDP, 2019. Human Development Indices and Indicators – 2018 Statistical Update. New York. http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update
- Vittori, J., 2019. “Bahrain’s Fragility and Security Sector Procurement”. Working paper – February, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/02/26/bahrain-s-fragility-and-security-sector-procurement-pub-78443
- World Bank, 2019. “World Development Indicators”. accessed 30 september 2019. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/,
- Zellner, A. 1962. “An Effcient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 57: 348–368.
- Zellner, A., and H. Theil. 1962. “Three-stage Least Squares: Simultaneous Estimation of Simultaneous Equations.” Econometrica 30: 54–78.