Monitoring of Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Pregnancy

References

• Barbour, L.A. (1997) "Current concepts of anticoagulant therapy in pregnancy", Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am. 24, 499–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinelli, I., De Stefano, V, Taioli, E., Paciaroni, K. and Rossi, E. (2002), Thromb. Haemostasis 87, 791–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson-Piercy, C., Letsky, E.A. and de Swiet, M. (1997) "Low-molecular weight heparin for obstetric thrombo-prophylaxis: experience of sixty-nine pregnancies in sixty-one women at high risk", Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 176, 1062–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, JAG., Pauli, R.M. and Wilson, KM. (1980) "Maternal and fetal sequelae of anticoagulation during pregnancy", Am. J. Med. 68, 122–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, R., Scrimgeour, A., Yusuf, S. and Peto, R. (1988) "Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. Overview of results of randomised trials in general, orthopaedic and urologic surgery", N. Engl. J. Med. 318, 1162–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flessa, H.C., Kapstrom, A.B., Glueck, HI. and Will, J.J. (1965) "Placental transport of heparin", Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 93, 570–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg, J.S., Greer, I. and Hirsh, J. (2001) "Use of Antithrombotic agents in pregnancy", Chest 119, 122S–131S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, MM. (2000) "Emerging concepts in the diagnosis and management of venous thromboembolism during preg-nancy", J. Thromb. Thrombolysis 10, 59–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbour, L.A., Smith, J.M. and Marlar, R.A. (1995) "Heparin levels to guide thromboembolism prophylaxis during pregnancy", Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 173, 1869–1873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brancazio, L.R., Roperti, K.A., Stierer, R. and Laifer, S.A. (1995) "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of sub-cutaneous heparin during the early third trimester of pregnancy", Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 173, 1240–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirrup, C.A., Lucas, D.N., Cox, ML., Rucklidge, M., Nel, M.R., Acton, L.J., Costello, C. and Yentis, S.M. (2001) "Maternal anti-factor Xa activity following subcutaneous unfractionated heparin after Caesarean section", Anaesthesia 56, 855–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, J.L., Ekevall, K., Walker, I. and Greer, I.A. (1998) "Puerperal thromboprophylaxis: comparison of the anti-Xa activity of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin", Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 105, 795–797.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Omri, A., Delaloye, J.F., Anderson, H. and Bachmarm, F. (1989) "Low molecular weight heparin Novo (LNH-1) does not cross the placenta during the second trimester of pregnancy", Thromb. Haemostasis 61, 55–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forestier, F., Sole, Y., Aiach, M., Alhenc Gelas, M. and Daffos, F. (1992) "Absence of transplacental passage of Fragmin (Kabi) during the second and third trimester of pregnancy", Thromb. Haemostasis 67, 180–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harenberg, J., Schneider, D., Hellmann, L. and Wolf, H. (1993) "Lack of anti factor Xa activity in umbilical cord vein samples after sub cutaneous administration of heparin or low molecular mass heparin in pregnant women", Thromb. Haemostasis 23, 314–320.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, C., Wadt, B. and Jacobsen, B. (1994) "Thromboembolic prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin during pregnancy", Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 147, 121–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melissari, E., Parker, C., Wilson, N.V., Monte, M., Kanthou, C., Pemberton, K.D., Nicolaides, K.H., Barrett, J.J. and Kakkar, V.V. (1992) "Use of low molecular weight heparin in pregnancy", Thromb. Haemostasis 68, 652–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boda, Z., Laszlo, P., Reit& L., Tornai, I., Pflieger, G., Blaskó, G. and Rak, K. (1996) "Low molecular weight heparin as thromboprophylmds in familial thrombophilia during the whole period of pregnancy", Thromb. Haemostasis 76, 128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillis, S., Shushan, A. and Eldor, A. (1992) "Use of low molecular weight heparin for prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolism in pregnancy", Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 39, 297–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dulitzki, M., Pauzner, R., Langevitz, P., Pras, M., Many, A. and Schiff, E. (1996) "Low molecular weight heparin during pregnancy and delivery: preliminary experience with 41 pregnancies", Obstet. Gynecol. 87, 380–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettild, V, Kaaja, R., Leinonen, P., Ekblad, U., Kataja, M. and Ikkala, E. (1999) "Thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (Dalteparin) in pregnancy", Thromb. Res. 96, 275–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ensom, M.H.H. and Stephenson, M.D. (1999) "Low molecular weight heparins in pregnancy", Pharmacotherapy 19, 1013–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACOG (1999) "Anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin during pregnancy", Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 65, 89–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, A.J., Walker, I.D. and Greet I.A. (1998) "Low molecular weight heparin for immediate manage-ment of thromboembolic disease in pregnancy", Lancet 352, 1904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laifer, S.A., Stiller, R.J., Dunston-Boone, G. and Whetham, J.C.G. (1999) "Low molecular weight heparin for treatment of pulmonary embolism in a pregnant woman", Thromb. Haemostasis 82, 1361–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, L.H., Livaw, P.C.Y. and Ng, ASH. (1996) "Low molecular weight heparin for thromboprophylmds during pregnancy in 2 patients with mechanical mitral valve replacement", Thromb. Haemostasis 76, 628–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casele, H.L., Laifer, S.A., Woelkers, D.A. and Venkataramanan, R. (1999) "Changes in the pharmacokinetics of the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin sodium during pregnancy", Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 181, 1113–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, B.J., Doughty, H.-A., Majumdar, G., Copplestone, A., Kerslake, S., Buchanan, N., Hughes, G. and Khamashta, M. (1997) "Thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) in high risk pregnancies", Thromb. Haemostasis 77, 39–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettila, V, Kaaja, R., Leinonen, P., Ekblad, P., Kataja, M. and Ihkala, E. (1999) "Thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (Dalteparin) in pregnancy", Thromb. Res. 96, 275–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnar, J., Green, R. and Norris, L. (1999) "Perinatal aspects of inherited thrombophilia", Semin. Thromb. Haemostasis 25, 481–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blombäck, M., Bremme, K., Hellgren, M., Siegbahn, A. and Lindberg, H. (1998) "Thromboprophylaxis with low molecu-lar mass heparin, 'Fragmin' (dalteparin), during pregnancy—a longitudinal safety study", Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 9, 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremme, K., van Rooijen, M., Yu, A. and Blombäck, M. (2001) "Accumulation of low molecular mass heparin during prophylactic treatment in pregnancy", Blood Coagul. Fibrino-lysis 12, 149–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, J., Walker, ID. and Greer, I.A. (2000) "Antenatal use of enoxaparin for prevention and treatment of thromboembo-lism in pregnancy", Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 107, 1116–1121.
   Google Scholar
• Crowther, M.A., Spitzer, K., Julian, J., Ginsberg, J., Johnston, M., Crowther, R. and Laskin, C. (2000) "Pharmacokinetic profile of a low molecular weight heparin (Reviparin) in pregnant patients: a prospective cohort study", Thromb. Res. 98, 133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laposata, M., Green, D., Van Cott, RM., Barrowcliffe, T.W., Goodnight, S.H. and Sosolik, R.C. (1998) "College of American Pathologists Conference XXXI on Laboratory Monitoring of Anticoagulant Therapy. The clinical use of low molecular weight heparin, danaparoid, hirudin and related compounds, and argatroban", Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 122, 799–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrowcliffe, T.W., Curtis, AD., Johnson, E.A., Thomas, D.P. (1988) "An International Standard for low molecular weight heparin", Thromb. Haemostasis 60, 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchen, S., Iampietro, R., Woolley, A.M. and Preston, F.E. (1999) "Anti Xa monitoring during treatment with low molecular weight heparin or danaparoid: inter-assay vari-ability", Thromb. Haemostasis 82, 1289–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leizorovicz, A., Bara, L., Samama, MM. and Haugh, M.C. (1993) "Factor Xa inhibition: correlation between the plasma levels of anti-Xa activity and occurrence of thrombosis and haemorrhage", Haemostasis 23 (Suppl. 1), 89–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laposata, M., Green, D., Van Cott, E., Barrowcliffe, T.W., Goodnight, S.H. and Sosolik, R.C. (1998) "College of American Pathologists Conference XXXI on laboratory monitoring of anticoagulant therapy", Arch. Pat hol. Lab. Med. 122, 799–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duplaga, B.A., Rivers, C.W. and Nutescu, E. (2001) "Dosing and monitoring of low-molecular-weight heparins in Special populations", Pharmacotherapy 21, 218–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ensom, M.H.H. and Stephenson, M.D. (1999) "Reviews of Therapeutics. Low-molecular-weight heparins in preg-nancy", Pharmacotherapy 19, 1013–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer, I.A. (1999) "Thrombosis in pregnancy: maternal and fetal issues", Lancet 353, 1258–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzan, M. and Donvito, V. (2001) "Low molecular weight heparin during pregnancy", Thromb. Res. 101, 175–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backos, M., Rai, R., Thomas, E., Murphy, M., Dore, C. and Regan, L. (1999) "Bone density changes in pregnant women treated with heparin: a prospective, longitudinal study", Hum. Reprod. 14, 2876–2880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brill-Edwards, P., Ginsberg, J.S., Gent, M., Hirsh, J., Burrows, R., Kearon, C., Geerts, W., Kovacs, M., Weitz, J.I., Robinson, S., Whittom, R. and Couture, G. (2000) "Safety of withholding heparin in pregnant women with a history of venous thromboembolism", N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 1439–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar