Reversal of MDR by Verapamil Analogues

References

• Elliott, T. and Sethi, T. (2002) "Integrins and extracellular matrix: a novel mechanism of multidrug resistance", Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 2, 449–459.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosch, I. and Croop, J. (1996) "P-glycoprotein in multidrug resistance and cancer", Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1288, F37—F54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiebaut, F., Tsuruo, T., Hamada, H., Gottesman, M.M., Pastan, I. and Willingham, M.C. (1989) "Immuno-histochemical localization in normal tissues of different epitopes in a multidrug transport protein P170: evidence for localization in brain capillaries and crossreactivity of one antibody with a muscle protein", J. Histochem. Cytochem. 37, 159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, J. and Hirst, B.H. (1997) "Intestinal secretion of drugs. The role of P-glycoprotein and related drug efflux system in limiting oral drug absorption", Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 25, 129–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer, D.K.F., Smit, I.W. and Muller, M. (1997) "Hepatobiliary elimination of cationic drugs: the role of p-glycoprotein and other ATP-dependent transporters", Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 25, 159–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klimecki, W.T., Futscher, B.W., Grogan, T.M. and Dalton, W.S. (1994) "P-glycoprotein expression and function in circulating blood cells from normal volunteers", Blood 83,2451–2458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leith, C.P., Kopecky, K.J., Chen, I.M., Eijdems, L., Slovak, M.L., McConnel, T.S., Head, D.R., Weick, J., Greyer, M.R., Appelbaum, ER. and Willman, C.L. (1999) "Frequency and clinical significance of the expression of the multidrug resistance proteins MDR1 /P-glycoprotein, MRP1 and LRP in cute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group Study", Blood 94, 1086–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marie, J.P., Zittoun, R. and Siki, B. (1996) "Multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene expression in adulte acute leukemia: correlation with treatment outcome and in vitro sensitivity", Blood 78, 586–591.
   Google Scholar
• Del Poeta, G., Stasi, R., Aronica, G., et al. (1996) "Clinical relevance of P-glycoprotein expression in de novo acute myeloid leukemia", Blood 87, 1997–2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuessler, W., Gullis, E., Pelka-Fleischer, R., et al. (1997) "Expression and functional activity of P-glycoprotein in adult acute myelogenous leukemia patients", Ann. Hematol. 75, 17–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norgaard, J.M., Burkh, A., Largkjer, ST., Clausen, N., Palshof, T. and Hokland, P. (1998) "MDR1 gene expression and drug resistance of AML cell", Br. J. Haematol. 100, 534–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senent, L., Jarque, I., Martin, G., Sempere, A., Gonzales-Garcia, Y, Gomis, F., Perez-Sirvent, M., De La Rubia, J. and Sanz, M.A. (1998) "P-glycoprotein expression and progno-stic value in acute myeloid leukemia", Haematologica 83, 783–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samdani, A., Vijapurker, U., Grimm, M.A., Spier, CS., Grogan, T.M., Glinsmann-Gibson, B.J. and List, A.F. (1996) "Cytogenetics and P-glycoprotein (PGP) are indipendent predictors of treatment outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML)", Leuk. Res. 20, 175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, P., Burgess, R., MacGregor, A. and Yin, J.A. (1994) "P-glycoprotein expression on acute myeloid leukemia blast cells at diagnosis predicts response to chemotherapy and survival", Br. J. Haematol. 87, 509–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leith, C.P., Kopecky, K.J., Godwin, J., et al. (1997) "Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: assessment of multidrug resistance (MDR1) and distinguishes biologic subgroup with remarkably distinct responses to standar chemotherapy: a Southwest Oncology Group Study", Blood 89, 3323–3329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broxterman, H.J., Sonneveld, P., van Putten, W.J., Lankelma, J., Eekamn, C.A., Ossenkoppel, G.J., Pinedo, H.M., Lowenmerg, B. and Scuurhuis, G.J. (2000) "P-glycoprotein in primary acute myeloid leukemia and treatment outcome ofidarubicin/ cytosine arabinoside-based inductiontherapy", Leukemia 14, 1018–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, D.D., Wooten, P.J., Sridhara, R., Ordonez, J.V., Lee, E.J. and Schiffer, C.A. (1993) "Enhancement of daunorubicin accumulation, retention and cytotoxicity by verapamil or cyclosporin A in blast cells from patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia", Blood 82, 1288–1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, B.J., Olson, D.P. and Ivy, S.P. (2001) "Detection of P-glycoprotein in cell lines and leukemic blasts: failure of select monoclonal antibodies to detect clinically significant Pgp levels in primary cells", Leuk. Res. 25, 1127–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailly, J.D., Muller, C., Jaffrezou, J.P., Demur, C., Gassar, G., Bordier, C. and Laurent, G. (1995) "Lack of correlation between expression and function of P-glycoprotein in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines", Leukemia 9, 799–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, X.Y., Robb, D., Chow, S. and Hedley, D.W. (1995) "Discordant P-glycoprotein antigen expression and transport function in acute myeloid leukemia", Leukemia 9, 1882–1887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, M.R., Lennartz, K., Boogen, C., Nowrousian, M.R., Rajewsky, M.F. and Seeber, S. (1992) "Cytotoxicity of adriamycin, idarubicin and vincristine in acute myeloid leukemia: chemosensitization by verapamil in relation to P-glycoprotein expression", Ann. Hematol. 65, 206–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broxterman, H.J., Sonneveld, P., van Putten, W.J., Lankelma, J., Eekman, C.A., Ossenkoppele, G.J., Pinedo, H.M., Lowenberg, B. and Schuurhuis, G.J. (2000) "P-glycoprotein in primary acute myeloid leukemia and treatment outcome ofidarubicin/ cytosine arabinoside-based inductiontherapy", Leukemia 14, 1018–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsimberidou, A.M., Paterakis, G., Androutsos, G., Anagnostopoulos, N., Galanopoulos, A., Kalmantis, T., Meletis, J., Rombos, Y., Sagriotis, A., Symeonidis, A., Tiniakou, M., Zoumbos, N. and Yataganas, X. (2002) "Evaluation of the clinical relevance of the expression and function of P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein and lung resistance protein in patients with primary acute myelogenous leukemia", Leuk. Res. 26, 143–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaszi, E., Jakab, K., Homolya, L., Szakacs, G., Hollo, Z., Telek, B., Kiss, A., Rejto, L., Nahajevszky, S., Sarkadi, B. and Kappelmayer, J. (2001) "Calcein assay for multidrug resistance reliably predicts yherapy response and survival rate in acute myeloid leukaemia", Br. J. Haematol. 112, 308–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legrand, O., Simonin, G., Perrot, J.Y., Zittoun, R. and Marie, J.P. (1998) "Pgp and MRP activities using calcein-AM are prognostic factors in adult acute myeloid leukemia patients", Blood 91, 4480–4488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivy, S.P., Olshefski, R.S., Taylor, B.J., Patel, K.M. and Reaman, G. (1996) "Correlation of P-glycoprotein expression and function in childhood acute leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group study", Blood 88, 309–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhooge, C., De Moerloose, B., Laureys, G., Kint, J., Ferster, A., De Bacquer, D., Philippe, J. and Beniot, Y. (1999) "P-glycoprotein is an independent prognostic factor pre-dicting relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of a 6-year prospective study", Br. J. Haematol. 105, 676–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattel, E., Lepelley, P., Merlat, A., Sartiaux, C., Bauters, E, Jouet, J.P. and Fernaux, P. (1874) "Expression of the multidrug resistance P glycoprotein in newly diagnosed adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: absence of correlation with response to treatment", Leukemia 9, 1870–1870.
   Google Scholar
• Nussler, V, Pelka-Fleischer, R., Zwierzina, H., Nerl, C., Beckert, B., Gieseler, F., Diem, H., Ledderose, G., Gullis, E., Sauer, H. and Wilmanns, W. (1996) "P-glycoprotein expression in patients with acute leukemia-clinical relevance", Leukemia 10, S23—S31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den Boer, M.L., Pieters, R., Kazemier, K.M., Rottier, M.M., Zwaan, C.M., Kaspers, G.J., Janka-Schaub, G., Henze, G., Creutzig, U., Scheper, R.J. and Veerman, A.J. (1998) "Relationship between major vault protein/lung resistance protein, multidrug resistance-associated protein, P-glyco-protein expression and drug resistance in childhood leukemia", Blood 91, 2092–2098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanerva, J., Tiirikainem, M., Makipernaa, A., Riikonen, P., Mottonen, M., Salmi, T.T., Krusius, T. and Saarinem-Pihkala, U.M. (1998) "Multiple drug resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein is not a major factor in a slow response to therapy in childhood ALL", Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 15, 11–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tafuri, A., Gregorj, C., Petrucci, M.T., Ricciardi, M.R., Mancini, M., Giuseppe, C., Mecucci, C., Tedeschi, A., Fioritoni, G., Ferrara, F., Di Raimondo, E, et al. (2002) "MDR1 protein expression is an independent predictor of complete remission in newly diagnosed adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia", Blood 100, 974–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattel, E., Lepelley, P., Merlat, A., Sartiaux, C., Bauters, E, Jouet, J.P. and Fenaux, P. (1995) "Expression of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein in newly diagnosed adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: absence of correlation with response to treatment", Leukemia 9, 1870–1874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den Boer, M.L., Zwaan, C.M., Pieters, R., et al. (1997) "Optimal immunocytochemical and flow cytometric detec-tion of Pgp, MRP and LRP in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia", Leukemia 11, 1078–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tafuri, A., Sommaggio, A., Burba, L., et al. (1995) "Prognostic value of rhodamine-efflux and MDR-1/P-170 expression in childhood acute leukemia", Leuk. Res. 19, 927–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goasguen, J.E., Dossot, J.M., Fardel, O., et al. (1993) "Expression of the multidrug resistance-associated P-glycoprotein (P-170) in 59 cases of de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prognostic implication", Blood 81, 2394–2398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Principe, M.I., Del Poeta, G., Maurillo, L., Buccisano, E, Venditti, A., Tamburini, A., Bruno, A., Cox, M.C., Suppo, G., Tendas, A., Giarmi, L., Postorino, M., Masi, M., Del Principe, D. and Amadori, S. (2003) "P-glycoprotein and BCL-2 levels predicts outcome in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia", Br. J. Haematol. 121, 730–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plasschaert, S.L., Vellenga, E., de Bont, E.S., van der Kolk, D.M., Veerman, A.J., Sluiter, W.J., Daenen, S.M., de Vries, E.G. and Kamps, W.A. (2003) "High functional P-glyco-protein activity is more often present in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemic cells in adult than in children", Leuk. Lymphoma 44, 85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhalla, K., Hindenberg, A., Taub, RN. and Grant, S. (1985) "Isolation and characterization of an anthracycline-resistant human leukemic cell line", Cancer Res. 45, 3657–3662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervasoni, J.E., Jr, Taub, RN., Rosado, M., Krishna, S., Stewart, V.J., Knowles, D.M., Bhalla, K., Ross, D.D., Baker, MA., Lutsky, J. and Hindenberg, A.A. (1991) "Membrane glycoprotein changes associated with anthracydine resist-ance in HL60 cells", Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 28, 93–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquardt, D., McCrone, S. and Center, M.S. (1990) "Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in HL-60 cells: detection of resistance-associated proteins with antibodies against synthetic peptides that correspond to the deduced sequence of P-glycoprotein", Cancer Res. 50, 1426–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipits, M., Suchomel, R.W., Zochbauer, S., Brunner, R., Lechner, K. and Pirker, R. (1997) "Multidrug resistance-associated protein in acute myeloi leukemia: no impact on treatment outcome", Clin. Cancer Res. 3, 1419–1425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipits, M., Stranzl, T., Pohl, G., Suchomel, R.W., Zochbauer, S., Brunner, R., Lechner, K. and Pirker, R. (1999) "MRP expression in acute myeloid leukemia. An update", Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 47, 141–150.
   Google Scholar
• Kuss, B.J., Deeley, R.G., Cole, S.P., Willman, CI., Kopecky, K.J., Wolman, SR., Eyre, H.J., Lane, S.A., Nancarrow, J.K., Whitmore, S.A. and Callen, D.F. (1994) "Deletion of gene for multidrug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia with inversion inchromosome 16: prognostic implication", Lancet 343, 1531–1534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheper, R.J., Broxterman, H.J., Scheffer, CL., et al. (1993) "Overexpression of a M 110,000 vescicular protein in non-P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance", Cancer Res. 53, 1475–1479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• List, A.F., Spier, CS., Grigan, TM., Johnson, C., Greer, J.P., Wolff, S.N., Broxterman, H.J., Scheffer, CL., Scheper, R.J. and Dalton, W.S. (1996) "Overexpression of the major vault transporter protein lung-resistance protein predicts treat-ment outcome in acute myeloid leukemia", Blood 87, 2464–2469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipits, M., Pohl, G., Stranzl, T., Suchomel, R.W., Scheper, R.J., Jager, U., Geissler, K., Lechner, K. and Pirker, R. (1998) "Expression of the lung resistance protein predicts poor outcome in de novo acute myeloid leukemia", Blood 91, 1508–1513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izquierdo, MA., van ser Zee, A., Vermoken, J., van der Valk, P., Belien, JAM., Giaccone, G., Scheffer, CL., Hens, M.J., Pinedo, H.M., Kenemans, P., Meijer, C.J.L.M., de Vries, E.G.E. and Scheper, R.J. (1995) "Expression of the new drug resistance-associated marker LRP in ovarian carcinoma predicts poor response to chemotherapy and shorter survival", J. Natl Cancer Inst. 87, 1230–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaijmakers, HG., Izquierdo, M.A., Lokhorst, H.M., de Leeuw, C., Belien, J.A., Bloem, AC., Dekker, A.W., Scheper, R.J. and Sonneveld, P (1998) "Lung-resistance-realted protein expression is a negative predictive factor for response to canoventional low but not to intensified dose alkylating chemotherapy in multiple myeloma", Blood 91, 1029–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michieli, M., Damiani, D., Ermacora, A., Masolini, P., Raspadori, D., Visani, G., Sheper, R.J. and Baccarani, M. (1999) "P-glycoprotein, lung resistance-related protein and multidrug resistance associated protein in de novo acute non-lymphocytic leukemias: biological and clinical impli-cations", Br. J. Haematol. 104, 328–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepelley, P., Poulain, S., Grardel, N., Preudhomme, C., Cosson, A. and Fenaux, P. (1998) "Expression of lung resistance protein and correlation with other drug resistance proteins and outcome in myelodisplastic syndromes", Leuk. Lymphoma 29, 547–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y.N., Mickley, L.A., Schwartz, A.M., Acton, E.M., Hwang, J. and Fojo, A.T. (1990) "Characterization of adriamycin-resistant human breast cancer cells which display overexpression of a novel resistance-related mem-brane protein", J. Biol. Chem. 265, 10073–10080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, L.A., Ross, D.D., Sridhara, R., Fojo, A.T., Kaufmann, S.H., Lee, E.J. and Schiffer, C.A. (1995) "Expression of a 95 kDa membrane protein is associated with low dauno-rubicin accumulation in leukemic blast cells", Br. J. Cancer 71, 52–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, D.D., Karp, J., Yang, W., Gao, Y, Abruzzo, L.V. and Doyle, L.A. (1998) "Expression of breasts cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in blast cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)", Blood 92, 386a.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, D.D. (2000) "Novel mechanisms of drug resistance in leukemia", Leukemia 14, 467–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gualtieri, F. (1996) "Drugs reverting Multidrug resistance (chemosensitizers)", Chim. Industria 78, 1233.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, J.M. (1996) "Experimental reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by pharmacological chemo-sensitisers", Fur. J. Cancer. 32A, 991–1001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert, J. (1997) "Multidrug resistance reversal agents", Drug Future 22, 149–158.
   Google Scholar
• Ferry, D.R., Traumecker, IL. and Kerr, D.J. (1996) "Clinical trials of P-glycoprotein reversal in solid tumors", Fur. J. Cancer. 32A, 1070–1081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora, J.M., Pearce, H.L. and Beck, W.T. (1988) "Physical-chemical properties shared by compounds that modulate multidrug resistance in human leukemic cells", Mol. Pharmacol. 33, 454–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehnert, M., Dalton, W.S., Roe, D., Emerson, S. and Salmon, S.E. (1991) "Synergistic inhibition by verapamil and quinine of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in a human myeloma cell line model", Blood 77, 348–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuruo, T., lida, H., Tsukagoshi, S. and Sakurai, Y. (1983) "Potentiation of vincristine and adriamycin effects in human hemopoietic tumor cell lines by calcium channel antagonists and calmoduline inhibitors", Cancer Res. 43, 2267–2272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuruo, T., Iida, H., Kitatani, Y., Yokota, K., Tsukagoshi, S. and Sakurai, Y. (1983) "Effects of quinidine and related compounds on cytotoxicity potentiation of vincristine and adriamycin effects in human hemopoietic tumor cell lines by calcium channel antagonists and calmoduline inhibitors", Cancer Res. 43, 2267–2272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twentyman, P.R. (1988) "A possible role for Cyclosporins in cancer chemotherapy", Anticancer Res. 8, 983–993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuruo, T., lida, H., Tsukagoshi, S. and Sakurai, J. (1981) "Overcoming of vincristine resistance in P388 leukemia in vivo and in vitro through enhanced cytotoxicity of vincristine and vinblastine by verapamil", Cancer Res. 41, 1967–1972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twentyman, P.R., Fox, N.E. and White, D.J.G. (1987) "Cyclosporin A and its analogues as modifier of adriamycin and vincristine resistance in a multidrug resistant human lung cancer cell line", Br. J. Cancer 56, 55–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramu, A., Glaubiger, D. and Fuks, Z. (1984) "Reversal of acquired resistance to doxorubicin in P388 murine leukemia cells by tamoxifen and other triparonol analogues", Cancer Res. 44, 4392–4395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuruo, T., lida, H., Tsukagoshi, S. and Sakurai, Y. (1982) "Increased accumulation of vincristine and adriamycin in drug resistant P388 tumor cells following incubation with calcium antagonists and calmodulin inhibitors", Cancer Res. 42, 4730–4733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna, R. and Mayer, L.D. (2000) "Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Mechanisms reversal using modulators of MDR and the role of MDR modulators in influencing the phrmacokinetics of anticancer drugs", Fur. J. Pharm. Sci. 11, 265–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerr, D.J., Graham, J., Cummings, J., et al. (1986) "The effect of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of adryamicin", Cancer Chemot her. Pharmacol. 18, 239–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drach, D., Zhao, S., Drach, J., et al. (1992) "Subpopulation of normal peripheral blood and bone marrow cells express a functional multidrug resistant phenotype", Blood 80, 2729–2734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozols, R.F., Cunnion, R.E., Klecker, R.W., et al. (1987) "Verapamil and adriamycin in the treatment of drug-resistant ovarian cancer patients", J. Clin. Oncol. 5, 641–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R.D., Kerr, D.J., Harnett, A.N., et al. (1990) "A pilot study of quinidine and epirubicin in the treatment of advanced breast cancer", Br. J. Cancer 62, 133–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairo, M.S., Siegel, S., Anas, N. and Sender, L. (1989) "Clinical trials of continuous infusion verapamil, bolus vinblastin, and continuous infusion VP-16 in drug-resistant pediatric tumors", Cancer Res. 49, 1063–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murren, J.R. and DeVita, V.T. (1995) "Another look at multi-drug resistance", Principles Practice Oncol. Updates 9, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, SE., Dalton, W.S., Grogan, T.M., Plezia, P., Lehnert, M., Roe, D.J. and Miller, T.P. (1991) "Multidrug resistant myeloma: laboratory and clinical effects of verapamil as a chemosensitizier", Blood 78, 44–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• List, A.F., Spier, CS., Greer, J.P., Wolff, S.N., Hutter, J., Dorr, R., et al. (1993) "Phase VII trial of cyclosporine as a chemotherapy-resistance modifier in acute leukemia", J. Clin. Oncol. 11, 1652–1660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaust, E., Porwit-MacDonald, A., Gruber, A., Xu, D. and Peterson, C. (2003) "Different effects of metabolic inhibitors and cyclosporin A on daunorubicin transport in leukemia cells from patients with AML", Leuk. Res. 27, 183–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeets, M., Raymakers, R., Muus, P., Vierwinden, G., Linssen, P., Masereew, R. and de Witte, T. (2001) "Cyclosporin increases cellular idarubicin and idarubicinol concentrations in relapsed or refractory AML mainly due to reduced systemic clearance", Leukemia 15, 80–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damiani, D., Michieli, M., Ermacora, A., Russo, D., Fanin, R., Zaja, F., Baraldo, M., Pea, F., Furlanut, M. and Baccarani, M. (1998) "Adjuvant treatment with cyclosporin A increases the toxicity of chemotherapy for remission induction in acute non-lymphocytic leukemias", Leukemia 12, 1236–1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• List, A.F., Kopecky, K.J., Willman, C.L., Head, D.R., Person, D.L., Slovak, M.L., Door, R., Karanes, C., Hynes, H.E., Doroshow, J.H., Shurafa, M. and Appelbaum, ER. (2002) "Benefit of cyclosporine modulation of drug resistance in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study", Blood 98, 3212–3220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Boekhorst, P.A., van Kapel, J., Schoester, M., et al. (1992) "Reversal of typical multidrug resistance by cyclosporin and its non-immunosuppressive analogue SDZ PSC 833 in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the mdr1 pheno-type", Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 30, 238–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twentyman, P.R. and Bleehen, N.M. (1991) "Resistance modification by PSC-833, a novel non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin", Fur. J. Cancer 27, 1639–1642.
   Google Scholar
• Boesch, D., Gavariaux, C., Jachez, B., Poutier-Manzanedo, A., Bollinger, P. and Loor, F. (1991) "In vivo circumvention of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance of tumor cells with SDZ PSC 833", Cancer Res. 51, 4226–4233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tidefelt, U., Liliemark, J., Gruber, A., Liliemark, E., et al. (2000) "P-glycoprotein inhibitor valspodar (PSC 833) increases the intracellular concentrations of daunorubicin in vivo in patients with P-glycoprotein-positive acute myeloid leukemia", J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 1837–1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, X.R., Kelsey, S.M., Wu, Y.L. and Newland, A.C. (1995) "Circumvention of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in human leukemic cells by non-immunosuppressive analogue, SDZ PSC 833", Br. J. Haematol. 90, 375–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlin, J.L., Guerci, A.P., Marchal, S., Bour, C., Colosetti, P., Kataki, A. and Guerci, O. (1998) "Influence of SDZ PSC 833 on daunorubicin intracellular accumulation in bone marrow from patient with acute myeloid leukemia", Br. J. Haematol. 103, 480–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaunchey, T.R., Rankin, C., Anderson, J.E., Chen, I., Kopecky, K.J., Godwin, J.E., et al. (2000) "A phase I study of induction of chemotheraphy for older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) using mito-xantrone, etoposide, and the MDR modulator PSC 833: a southwest oncology group study 9617", Leuk. Res. 24, 567–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Advani, R., Visani, G., Milligan, D., Saba, H., Tallman, M., Rowe, J.M., et al. (1999) "Treatment of poor prognosis AML patients using P5C833 (valspodar) plus mitoxantrone, etoposide and cytarabine (PSC-MEC)", Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 457, 47–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber, A., Bjorkholm, M., Brinch, L., Evensen, S., Gustavsson, B., Hedenus, M., Juliusson, G., et al. (2003) "A phase I/II study of the MDR modulator valspodar (PSC 833) combined with daunorubicin and cytarabine in patients with relapsed and primary refractory acute myeloid leukemia", Leuk. Res. 27, 323–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germann, U.A., Ford, P.J., Shlyakhter, D., Mason, VS. and Harding, M.W. (1997) "Chemosensitization and drug accumulation effects of VX-710, verapamil, cyclosporin A, MS-209 and GF120918 in multidrug resistant HL60/ADR cells expressing the multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP", Anticancer Drugs 8, 141–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Advani, R., Saba, H., Tallman, M., et al. (1999) "Treatment of refractory and relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia with combination chemotherapy plus the multidrug resistance modulator PSC 833 (Valspodar)", Blood 93, 787–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chico, I., Cang, M.H., Bergan, R., et al. (2001) "Phase I study of infusional paclitaxel in combination with the P-glyco-protein antagonist PSC 833", J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 832–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe, M., Folkes, A., Ashworth, P., et al. (1999) "Reversal of P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug resistance by novel anthranilamide derivatives", Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett. 9, 595–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dantzig, A., Shepard, R.L., Law, K.L., et al. (1999) "Selectivity of the multidrug resistance modulator LY335979 for P-glycoprotein and effect on cytochrome P450 activities", J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 209, 854–862.
   Google Scholar
• Starling, J.J., Shepard, R.L., Cao, J., Law, K.L., Norman, B.H., Kroin, J.S., et al. (1997) "Pharmacological characterization of LY335979: a potent cyclopropyldibenzosuberane modulator of P-glycoprotein", Adv. Enzyme Regul. 37, 335–347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Zuylen, L., Nooter, K., Sparreboom, A., et al. (2000) "Development of multidrug resistance convertors: sense or nonsense?", Investig. New Drugs 18, 205–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zuylen, L., Sparreboom, A., van der Gaast, A., Nooter, K., et al. (2002) "Disposition of docetaxel in the presence of P-glycoprotein inhibition by intravenous administration of R101933", Eur. J. Cancer 38, 1090–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zuylen, L., Sparreboom, A., van der Gaast, A., van der Burg, M.E.L., et al. (2000) "The orally administered P-glycoprotein inhibitor R101933 does not alter the plasma pharmacokinetics of docetaxel", Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 1365–1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry, P. and Folkes, A. (2002) "ONT-093 (Ontogen)", Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 3, 1666–1671.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin, C., Berridge, G., Mistry, P., Higgins, C., Charlton, P. and Callaghan, R. (1999) "The molecular interaction of the high affinity reversal agent XR9576 with P-glycoprotein", Br. J. Pharmacol. 128, 403–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry, P., Stewart, A.J., Dangerfield, W., et al. (2001) "In vitro and in vivo reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by a novel potent modulator: XR9576", Cancer Res. 61, 749–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, A., Steiner, J., Mellows, G., Laguda, B., Norris, D. and Bevan, P. (2000) "Phase I trial of XR9576 in healthy volunteers demonstrated modulation of P-glycoprotein in CD56+ lymphocytes after oral and intravenous adminis-tration", Gin. Cancer Res. 6, 4186–4191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepard, R.L., Cao, J., Starling, J.J. and Dantzig, A.H. (2003) "Modulation of P-glycoprotein but not MRP1- or BCRP-mediated drug resistance by LY335979", Int. J. Cancer 103, 121–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dantzig, A.H., Shepard, R.L., Cao, J., et al. (1996) "Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by a potent cyclopropyldibenzosuberane modulator: LY335979", Cancer Res. 56, 4171–4179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dantzig, A.H., Law, K.L., Cao, J. and Starling, J.J. (2001) "Reversal of multidrug resistance by the P-glycoprotein modulator, LY335979, from the bench to the clinic", Curr. Med. Chem. 8, 39–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callies, S., de Alwis, D.P., Wright, J.G., Sandler, A., Burgess, M. and Aarons, L. (2003) "A population pharmaco-kinetics model for doxorubicin and doxorubicinol in the presence of a novel MDR modulator, zosuquidar trihydro-chloride (LY335979)", Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 51, 107–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cripe, L.D., Tallman, M. and Karanes, C. (2001) "A phase 11 trial of zosuquidar (LY335979), a modulator of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) activity, plus daunorubicin and high-dose cytarabine in patients with newly-diagnosed second-ary acute myeloid leukemia (AML), refractory anemia with excess blast in transformation (RAEB-t) or relapse/refrac-tory AML", Blood 98, 595a.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tura, S., Morschhauser, F., Zinzani, P., et al. (2001) "A phase I trial of the glycoprotein (Pgp) inhibitor zosuquidar (LY335979) and CHOP chemotherapy in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma", Blood 98, 251b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, E.H., de Alwis, D.P., Pouliquen, I., Green, L., Marder, P., Lin, Y, Musanti, R., et al. (2002) "A phase I trial of a potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor, Zosuquidar3HC1 trihydrochloride (LY335979), administered orally in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced malignancies", Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 3710–3717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masanek, U., Stammler, G. and Volm, M. (2002) "Modulation of multidrug resistance in human ovarian cancer cell lines by inhibition of P-glycoprotein 170 and PKC isoenzymes with antisense oligonucleotides", J. Exp. Ther. Oncol. 2, 37–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsumoto, T., Tani, E., Yamaura, I., Miyaji, K. and Kaba, K. (1995) "Effects of protein kinase C modulators on multidrug resistance in human glioma cells", Neurosurgery 36,565–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conseil, G., Perez-Victoria, J.M., Jault, J.M., Gamarro, F., Goffeau, A., Hofmann, J. and Di Pietro, A. (2001) "Protein kinase C effectors bind to multidrug ABC transporters and inhibit their activity", Biochemistry 40, 2564–2571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gekeler, V, Boer, R., Uberall, F., Ise, W., Schubert, C., Utz, I., Hofmann, J., Sanders, K.H., et al. (1996) "Effects of the selective bisindolylmaleimide protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X on P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resist-ance", Br. J. Cancer 74, 897–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt, J.E., Sullivan, J.A., Drew, L., Khan, A., Wilson, K., Mulqueen, M., et al. (1999) "The bisindolylmaleimide protein kinase C inhibitor, Ro32-2241, reverses multidrug resistance in KB tumor cells", Cancer Chemot her. Pharmacol. 43,371–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laredo, J., Huynh, A., Muller, C., Jaffrezou, J.P., Bailly, J.D., Cassar, G., Laurent, G. and Demur, C. (1994) "Effect of the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine on chemosensitivity to daunorubicin of normal and leukemic fresh myeloid cells", Blood 84, 229–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utz, I., Hofer, S., Regenass, U., Hilbe, W., Thaler, J., Grunicke, H. and Hofman, J. (1994) "The protein kinase C inhibitor CGP 41251, a staurosporine derivative with antitumor activity, reverses multidrug resistance", Int. J. Cancer 57, 104–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedlak, J., Hunakova, L., Duraj, J., Chorvath, B. and Novotny, L. (1995) "Effects of protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine derivative CGP 41251, on cell cycle, DNA synthesis and drug uptake in neoplastic cell lines", Anticancer Drugs 6, 70–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sola, J.E. and Colombani, P.M. (1996) "Modulation of multidrug resistance with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to MDR1 mRNA", Ann. Surg. Oncol. 3, 80–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieth, C., Priebsch, A., Stege, A. and Lage, H. (2003) "Modulation of the classical multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype by RNA interference (RNAi)", FEBS Lett. 545, 144–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, E., Teodori, E., Dei, S., Gualtieri, F. and Gamier-Suillerot, A. (1995) "Reversal of multidrug resistance by verapamil analogues", Biochem. Pharmacol. 50, 451–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toffoli, G., Simone, E, Corona, G., Raschach, M., Cappelletto, B., Gigante, M. and Boiocchi, M. (1995) "Structure—activity relationships of verapamil analogues and reversal of multidrug resistance", Biochem. Pharmacol. 50, 1245–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echizen, H., Brecht, T., Niedergan, S., Vogelgesang, B. and Eichelbaum, M. (1985) "The effect of dextro—levo and racemic verapamil on AV-conduction in humans", Am. Heart J. 109, 210–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reicher-Reiss, H. and Barasch, E. (1991) "Calcium antagon-ists in patients with heart failure", Drugs 42, 343–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner, D.A., McCave, C.H., Cutler, S.S., Creager, M.A., Ryan, T.J. and Klein, M.D. (1983) "Efficay and safety of verapamil in patients with angina pectoris after one year of continous high-dose therapy", Am. J. Cardiol. 51, 1251–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruserud, O., Hamann, W., Patel, S. and Pawelec, G. (1992) "CD4+ TCRet WET cell clones derived shortly after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: theophyllamine and vera-pamil inhibit proliferation of functionally heterogeneous T cells", Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 14, 783–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruserud, O. (1992) "Effect of dipyridamole, theophyll-amine and verapamil on spontaneous in vitro proliferation of myelogenous leukemia cells", Acta Oncol. 31, 53–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruserud, O. and Pawelec, G. (1993) "Effects of dipyrida-mole and R-verapamil on in vitro proliferation of blast cells from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia", Leuk. Res. 17, 507–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandy, K.G., DeCoursey, T.E., Kahalan, M.D., McLaughling, C. and Gupta, S. (1984) "Voltage-gated potassium channels are required for human T-lymphocyte activation", J. Exp. Med. 160, 369–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnell, SR., Nelson, D.J., Fozzard, H.A. and Fitch, F.W. (1987) "The effects of K-channel-blocking agents on T-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion are nonspecific", J. Immunol. 139, 3224–3230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solary, E., Bidan, J.M., Calvo, E, Chauffert, B., Caillot, D., Mugneret, E, Gauville, C., Tsuruo, T., Carli, P.M. and Guy, H. (1991) "P-glycoprotein expression and in vitro reversion of doxorubicin resistant by verapamil in clinical speciment from acute leukaemia and myeloma", Leukemia 5, 592–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama, Y, Murohashi, I., Nara, N. and Aoki, N. (1989) "Effects of verapamil on the cellular accumulation of daunorubicin in blast cells and on the chemosensitivity of leukaemic blast progenitors in acute myelogenous leukae-mia", Br. J. Haematol. 72, 357–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cass, C.E., Janowska-Wieczorek, A., Lynch, M.A., Sheinin, H., Hidenburg, A.A. and Beck, W.T. (1989) "Effect of duration of exposure to verapamil on vincristine activity against multidrug-resistant human leukemic cell lines", Cancer Res. 49, 5798–5804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, D.D., Joneckis, C.C. and Schiffer, C.A. (1986) "Effects of verapamil on in vitro intracellular accumulation and retention of daunorubicin in blast cells from patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia", Blood 68, 83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuruo, T., lida, H., Yamashiro, R., Tsukagoshi, S. and Sakurai, Y. (1982) "Enhancement of vincristine- and adriamycin-induced cytotoxicity by verapamil in P388 leukemia and its sublines resistant to vincristine and adriamycin", Biochem. Pharmacol. 31, 3138–3140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presant, C.A., Kennedy, P., Wiseman, C., Gala, K. and Wyress, M. (1984) "Verapamil plus adriamycin: a Phase I-II clinical study [abstract]", Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 3, 32.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, W.S., Grogan, T., Rybski, J., et al. (1989) "Immuno-histochemical detection and quantitation of P-glycoprotein in drug-resistant human multiple myeloma cells: association with level of drug resistant and drug accumulation", Blood 73, 747–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, W.S., Grogan, T.M., Meltzer, P.S., et al. (1989) "Drug-resistance in multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: detection of P-glycoprotein and potential circumvention by addition of verapamil to chemotherapy", J. Clin. Oncol. 7, 415–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, C., Bailly, J.D., Jaffrezou, J.P., Goubin, E and Laurent, G. (1994) "Pharmacological control of P-glycoprotein expression", Bull. Cancer 81, 386–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, C., Bailly, J.D., Goubin, E, Laredo, J., Jaffrezou, J.P., Border, C. and Laurent, G. (1994) "Verapamil decreases P-glycoprotein expression in mutlidrug-resistant human leukemic cell lines", Int. J. Cancer 56, 749–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, C., Goubin, E, Ferrandis, E., Cornil-Scharwtz, I., Bailly, J.D., Bordier, C., Bernard, J., Sikic, B.I. and Laurent, G. (1995) "Evidence for transcriptional control of human mdr1 gene expression by verapamil in multidrug-resistant leukemic cells", Mol. Pharmacol. 47, 51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visani, G., Folgi, M., Tosi, O., Ottaviani, E., Gamberi, B., Cenacchi, A., Manfroi, S. and Tura, S. (1993) "Comparative effects of racemic verapamil vs R-verapamil on normal and leukemic progenitors", Ann. Hematol. 66, 273–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damiani, D., Michieli, M., Michelutti, A., Melli, C., Cerno, M. and Baccarani, M. (1993) "D-verapamil downmodulates P170-associated resistance to doxorubicin, daunorubicin and idarubicin", Anticancer drugs 4, 173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruserud, O. (1996) "In vitro effects of R-verapamil on the cytikine environment and T-lymphocyte proliferation when human T-lymphocyte activation takes place in the presence of acute myelogenous leukemia blasts", Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 39, 71–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruserud, O., Nesthus, I. and Pawelec, G. (1995) "In vitro effect of r-verapamil on acute myelogenous leikemia blast cells: studies of cytokine secretion and cytokine-dependent blast proliferation", Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 37, 70–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuldes, H., Dolderer, J.H., Zimmer, G., Knobloch, J., Bickeboller, R., Jonas, D. and Woodcock, B.G. (2001) "Reversal of multidrug resistance and increase in plasma membrane fluidity in CHO cells with R-verapamil and bile salts", Fur. J. Cancer 37, 660–667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noviello, E., Allievi, E., Russo, P. and Parodi, S. (1997) "Effects of Dex-Verapamil on doxorubicin cytotoxicity in P388 murine leukemia cells", Anticancer Drug Des. 12, 261–276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson, W.H., Jamis-Dow, C., Bryant, G., Balis, EM., Klecker, R.W., Bates, SE., Chabner, BA., Steiberg, S.M., Kohler, D.R. and Wittes, RE. (1995) "Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the multidrug resistance modulator dexverapamil with EPOCH chemotherapy", J. Clin. Oncol. 13, 1985–1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzer, R.J., Lyn, P., Fischer, P., Lianes, P, Ngo, R.L., Cordon-Cardo, C. and O'Brien, J.P. (1995) "Phase I/II trial dexverapamil plus vinblastine for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma", J. Clin. Oncol. 13, 1958–1965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurlimarm, B., Kroger, N., Greiner, J., Mross, K., Schuller, J., Schernhammer, E., Schumacher, K., Gastl, G., Hartlapp, J., Kupper, H., et al. (1995) "Dexverapamil to overcome epirubicin resistance in advanced breast cancer", J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 121, R3—R6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warner, E., Hadley, D., Andrulis, I., Myers, R., Trudeau, M., Warr, D., Pritchard, K.I., Blackstein, M., Goss, P.E., Franssen, E., Roche, K., Knight, S., Webster, S., Fraser, R.A., Oldfield, S., Hill, W. and Kates, R. (1998) "Phase II study of dexverapamil plus anthracycline in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have progressed on the same anthracydine regimen", Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 1451–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheithauer, W., Kornk, G., Raderer, M., Koperna-Mach, K., Muller, C., Kamer, J., Kastner, J. and Tetzner, C. (1995) "Phase I/II trial of dexverapamil, epirubicin and granulo-cyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma", J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 121, R7—R10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tolcher, A.W., Cowan, K.H., Solomon, D., Ognibene, E, Goldspiel, B., Chang, R, Noone, M.H., Denicoff, A.M., Barnes, CS., Gossard, M.R., Fetsch, PA., Berg, S.L., Balis, EM., Venzon, D.J. and O'Shaughnessy, J.A. (1996) "Phase I crossover study of paclitaxel with r-verapamil in patients with metastatic breast cancer", J. Clin. Oncol. 14, 1173–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, W.H., Bates, SE., Fojo, A., et al. (1995) "Controlled trial of dexverapamil, a modulator of multidrug resistance, in lymphomas refractory to EPOCH chemotherapy", J. Clin. Oncol. 13, 1995–2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pea, F., Damiani, D., Michieli, M., Ermacora, A., Baraldo, M., Russo, D., Fanin, R., Baccarani, M. and Furlanut, M. (1999) "Multidrug resistant modulation in vivo: the effect of cyclosporin A alone or with dexverapamil on idarubicin pharmacokinetics in acute leukemia", Fur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 55, 361–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teodori, E., Dei, S., Quidu, P., Budriesi, R., Chiarini, A., Garnier-Suillerot, A., Gualtieri, F., Manetti, D., Romanelli, M.N. and Scapecchi, S. (1999) "Design, synthesis and in vitro activity of catamphiphilic reverters of multidrug resistance: discovery of a selective, highly efficacious chemosensitizer with potency in the nanomolar range", J. Med. Chem. 42, 1687–1697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesada, A.R., Garcia Gravalos, M.D. and Fernandez Puentes, J.L. (1996) "Poliaromatic alkaloids from marine inverte-brates as cytotoxic compounds and inhibitors of multidrug resistance caused by P-glycoprotein", Br. J. Cancer 74,677–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teodori, E., Dei, S., Garnier-Suillerot, A., Quidu, P., Scapecchi, S. and Budriesi, R. (2001) "Structure—activity relationship studies on the potent multidrug resistance (MDR) modulator 2-(3,4-dimethoxypheny1)-2-(methylethyl)-5-[(anthr-9-YL)methylamino]pentanenitrile (MM36)", Med. Chem. Res. 10, 563–576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dei, S., Teodori, E., Garnier-Suillerot, A., Gualtieri, F., Scapecchi, S., Budriesi, R. and Chiarini, A. (2001) "Structure —activity relationships and optimisation of the selective MDR modulator 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphe-ny1)-5-(9-fluorenylamino)-2-(methylethyl) pentanenitrile and its N-Methyl derivative", Bioorg. Med. Chem. 9, 2673–2682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S.U., Lee, C.O., Kim, K.H., Choi, E.J., Park, S.H., Shin, H.S., Yoo, SE., Jung, N.P. and Lee, B.H. (1998) "Reversal of multidrug resistance by novel verapamil analogues in cancer cells", Anticancer Drugs 9, 157–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, B.H., Lee, CO., Kwon, M.J., Yi, K.Y., Yoo, S.E. and Choi, S.U. (2003) "Differential effects of the optical isomers of KR30031 on cardiotoxicity and on multidrug resistance reversal activity", Anticancer Drugs 14, 175–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huet, S., Marie, J.P., Gualde, N. and Robert, J. (1998) "Reference method for cetection of Pgp mediated multidrug resistance in human hematological malignancies: a method validated by the laboratories of the french drug resistance network", Cytometry 34, 248–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biscardi, M., Gavazzi, S., Caporale, R., Teodori, E (2002). Reversal of MDR by new verapamil analogues. 44th Annual Meeting of American Society of Hematology (ASH), Abstract n. 4396.
   Google Scholar