Update on the Treatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

References

• Bick, R.L. (2003) "Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Current concepts of etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment", Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 17, 149–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, M. and ten Cate, H. (1999) "Disseminated intravascular coagulation", N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 586–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, M., de Jonge, E., Van der Poll, T. and ten Cate, H. (1999) "Disseminated intravascular coagulation", Thromb. Haemo-stasis 82, 695–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, M., de Jonge, E. and Meijers, J. (2002) "The diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation", Blood Rev. 16, 217–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riewald, M. and Riess, H. (1998) "Treatment options for clinically recognized disseminated intravascular coagu-lation", Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 24, 53–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bick, R.L. (1996) "Disseminated intravascular coagulation: objective clinical and laboratory diagnosis, treatment and assessment of therapeutic response", Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 22, 69–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mammen, E.F. (2000) "Disseminated intravascular coagu-lation (DIC)", Clin. Lab. Sci. 13, 239–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu, M., Nardella, B.S. and Pechet, L. (2000) "Screening tests of disseminated intravascular coagulation: guidelines for rapid and specific laboratory diagnosis", Crit. Care Med. 28, 1777–1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust, S.N., Heyderman, R.S. and Levin, M. (2000) "Disseminated intravascular coagulation and purpura fulmi-nans secondary to infection", Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 13, 179–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letsky, E.A. (2001) "Disseminated intravascular coagulation", Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet Gynaecol. 4, 623–644.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, M.J. and Rogers, G.M. (1998) "Disseminated infra-vascular coagulation: clinical and laboratory aspects", Am. J. Hematol. 59, 65–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha, E., Paramo, J.A., Montes, R. and Panizo, C. (1998) "Acute generalized, widespread bleeding. Diagnosis and management", Haematologica 83, 1024–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, M., de Jonge, E., van der Poll, T. and ten Cate, H. (2000) "Novel approach to the management of disseminated intravascular coagulation", Crit. Care Med. 28( Suppl.), 20–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, A.P. and Bernard, G.R. (1999) "Treating patients with severe sepsis", N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, M., de Jonge, E. and van der Poll, T. (2002) "Therapeutic intervention in disseminated intravascular coagulation: have we made any progress in the last millennium?", Blood Rev. 16, 29–34.
   Google Scholar
• van der Poll, T. (2001) "Immunotherapy of sepsis", Lancet Infect. Dis. 1, 165–174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levi, M., de Jonge, E. and van der Poll, T. (2001) "Rationale for restoration of physiological anticoagulant pathways in patients with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagu-lation", Crit. Care Med. 29, 90–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, M., de Jonge, E. and van der Poll, T. (2001) "Advances in the understanding of the pathogenetic pathways of dis-seminated intravascular coagulation result in more insight in the clinical picture and better management strategies", Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 27, 569–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein, D.I. (1982) "Diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation: the role of heparin therapy", Blood 60, 284–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyle, C.F., Swisky, D.M., Freedman, L. and Hayhoe, G.F.J. (1988) "Beneficial effect of heparin in the management of patients with APL", Br. J. Hematol. 68, 283–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, M., Ginsburg, D., Mayer, R., et al. (1987) "Is heparin necessary during induction chemotherapy for patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia?", Blood 69, 187–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodeghiero, F., Avvisati, G., Castaman, G., Barbui, T. and Mandelli, F. (1990) "Early deaths and anti-hemorrhagic treatments in acute promyelocytic leukemia. A GIMEMA retrospective study in 268 consecutive patients", Blood 75, 2112–2117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakuragawa, N., Hasegawa, H., Maki, M., Nakagawa, M. and Nakashima, M. (1993) "Clinical evaluation of low-molecular-weight heparin (FR-860) on disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)—a multicenter co-operative double blind trial in comparison with heparin", Thromb. Haemostasis 72, 475–500.
   Google Scholar
• Majumdar, G. (1996) "Idiopathic chronic DIC controlled with low-molecular-weight heparin", Blood Coagul. Fibrinol. 7, 97–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pernerstorfer, T., Hollenstein, U. and Hansen, J.B. (1999) "Heparin blunts endotoxin-induced coagulation activation", Circulation 100, 2485–2490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham, E., Reinhart, K. and Demeyer, I. (2003) "Efficacy and safety of Tifacogin (recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor) in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial", J. Am. Med. Assoc. 290, 238–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz, M.C., Montes, R., Hermida, J., et al. (1999) "Effect of the administration of recombinant hyrudin and/or tissue-plasminogen activator (T-PA) on endotoxin-induced disse-minated intravascular coagulation model in rabbits", Br. J. Haematol. 105, 117–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pernerstorfer, T., Hollenstein, U., Hansen, J.B., et al. (2000) "Lepirudiun blunts endotoxin-induced coagulation acti-vation", Blood 95, 1729–1734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jonge, E., van der Poll, T., Kesecioglu, J. and Levi, M. (2001) "Anticoagulant factor concentrates in disseminated intravascular coagulation: rationale for use and clinical experience", Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 27, 667–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giudici, D., Baudo, F., Palareti, G., Ravizza, A., Ridolfi, L. and D'Angelo, A. (1999) "Antithrombin replacement in patients with sepsis and severe shock", Haematologica 84, 452–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okajima, K. and Uchiba, M. (1998) "The anti-inflammatory properties of anti-thrombin DI: new therapeutic impli-cations", Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 24, 27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inthorn, D., Hoffman, J., Hartl, W., et al. (1998) "Effect of anti-thrombin DI supplementation on inflammatory response in patients with sever sepsis", Shock 10, 90–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, CM., Tang, Z., Jacobs, H.M. and Szymanski, L.M. (1997) "The suprapharmacological dosing of antithrombin concentrate for Staphylococcus aureus-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in guinea pigs: substantial reduction in mortality and morbidity", Blood 89, 4393–4401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fourrier, F., Jourdain, M. and Tournoys, A. (2000) "Clinical trial results with antithrombin ffi in sepsis", Crit. Care Med. 28, S38–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisele, B., Lamy, M., Thijs, L.G., et al. (1998) "Antithrombin ifi in patients with severe sepsis: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial plus meta-analysis on all randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials with antithrombin Ill in severe sepsis", Intensive Care Med. 24, 663–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudo, F., Caimi, TM., de Cataldo, F., et al. (1998) "Antithrombin ifi (ATM) replacement therapy in patients with sepsis and/or post-surgical complications: a controlled, double blind, randomized multicenter study", Intensive Care Med. 24, 336–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, B.L., Eid, A., Singer, P., et al. (2001) "High-dose antithrombin m in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial", J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1869–1878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, F.B., Chang, A., Esmon, C.T., et al. (1987) "Protein C prevents the coagulopathic and lethal effects of Escherichia coli infusion in the baboon", J. Clin. Investig. 79, 918–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama, I. (1999) "Recombinant thrombomodulin and activated protein C in the treatment of dissemi-nated intravascular coagulation", Thromb. Haemostasis 82, 718–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, G.R., Hartman, D.L., Helterbrand, J.D. and Fisher, C.J. (1998) "Recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) produces a trend toward improvement in morbidity and 28 day survival in patients with sever sepsis", Crit. Care Med. 27, S4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, G.R., Vincent, J.L., Laterre, P.F., et al. (2001) "Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis", N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 699–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki, N., Matsuda, T., Saito, H., et al. (2002) "A comparative double-blind randomized trial of activated protein C and unfractioned heparin in the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation", Int. J. Hematol. 75, 540–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhainaut, J.F., Laterre, P.F., Janes, J.M., et al. (2003) "Drotrecogin alfa (activated) in treatment of severe sepsis patients with multiorgan dysfunction: data from the PROWESS trial", Intensive Care Med. 29, 894–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent, J.L., Angus, D.C., Artigas, A., et al. (2003) "Effects of drotrecogin alfa (activated) on organ dysfunction in the PROVVESSS trial", Crit. Care Med. 31, 834–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, M., de Jonge, E. and van der Poll, T. (2002) "Recombinant human activated protein C (Xigris)", Int. J. Clin. Pract. 56, 542–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastores, S.M. (2003) "Drotrecogin alfa (activated): a novel therapeutic strategy for sever sepsis", Postgrad. Med. J. 79, 5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, H.S., Suffredini, A.F., Eichacker, P.Q. and Munford, R.S. (2002) "Risks and benefits of activated protein C treatment for severe sepsis", N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1027–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajaj, MS. and Bajaj, S.P. (1997) "Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: potential therapeutic applications", Thromb. Haemostasis 78, 471–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham, E. (2000) "Tissue factor inhibition and clinical trials results of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in sepsis", Crit. Care Med. 28, S31—S33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jonge, E., Dekkers, P.E., Creasey, A.A., et al. (2000) "Tissue factor pathway inhibitor dose-dependently inhibits coagula-tion activation without influencing the fibrinolytic and cytokine response during human endotoxemia", Blood 95, 1124–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham, E., Reinhart, K. and Svoboda, P. (2001) "Assessment of the safety of recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor in patients with severe sepsis: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind, dose escalation study", Crit. Care Med. 29, 2081–2089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avvisati, G., ten Cate, J.W., Buller, H.R. and Mandelli, F. (1989) "Tranexamic acid for control of hemorrhage in acute promyelocytic leukemia", Lancet 2, 122–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, K.E., Cotter, M.J. and Stewart, B.J. (2003) "Combined anticoagulant and antiselectin treatments prevent lethal intravascular coagulation", Blood 101, 921–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajkrt, D., van der Poll, T., Levi, M., et al. (1997) "Interleukin-10 inhibits activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis during human endotoxemia", Blood 89, 2701–2705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhart, K. and Waheedullah, K. (2001) "Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in sepsis: update on clinical trials and lessons learned", Crit. Care Med. 29, S121—S125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branger, J., van den Blink, B., Weijer, S., et al. (2003) "Inhibition of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and endothelial cell activation by a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor during human endotoxemia", Blood 101, 4446–4448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbon, A., Meijers, J.C. and Spek, C.A. (2003) "Effects of IC14, an anti-CD14 antibody, on coagulation and fibrinolysis during low-grade endotoxemia in humans", J. Infect Dis. 187, 55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moons, A.H., Peters, R.J., Cate, H., Bauer, K.A., Vlasuk, G.P., Buller, H.R. and Levi, M. (2002) "Recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2, a novel inhibitor of tissue factor-factor Vila activity, abrogates endotoxin-induced coagulation in chimpanzees", Thromb. Haemostasis 88, 627–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biemond, B.J., Levi, M., ten Cate, H., et al. (1995) "Complete inhibition of endotoxin induced coagulation activation in chimpanzees with a monoclonal Fab fragment against factor VII/Vila", Thromb. Haemostasis 75, 223–230.
   Google Scholar