298
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Current Clinical Practice

Thrombotic microangiopathies: An update

Pages 139-146 | Published online: 04 Sep 2013

References

  • Symmers W. Thrombotic microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (thrombotic micorangiopathy). Br Med J 1952; 2:897–903.
  • Nabhan C, Kwaan HC. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2003;7:177–199.
  • Moschcowitz E. Hyaline thrombosis of the terminal arterioles and capillaries: A hitherto undescribed disease. Proc N Y Pathol Soc 1924;24:21–24.
  • Moake JL. Thrombotic microangiopathies. N Engl J Med 2002;347:589–600.
  • Gasser C, Gautier E, Steek A, Siebenmann RE, Oechslin R. Hämolytisch-uramische syndrome: Bilaterale Nierenrinden-nekrosen bei akuten eroworbenen härnolytischen Andmien. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1955;85:905–909.
  • Furlan M, Lämmle B. Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-new insights into underlying biochemical mechanisms. Nephrol Dial Trans-plant 2000;15:1112–1114.
  • Amorosi EL, Ultmann JE. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Report of 16 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1966;45:139–159.
  • Cuttner J. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: A ten-year experience. Blood 1980;56(302):306.
  • Petitt RM. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: A thirty-year review. Semin Thromb Hemost 1980;6:350–355.
  • Ridolfi RL, Bell WR. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Report of 25 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1981;60:413–428.
  • Kwaan HC. Clinicopathologic features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol 1987;24:71–81.
  • Sagripanti A, Carpi A, Baicchi U, et al. Plasmatic parameters of coagulation activation in thrombotic microangiopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 1996;50:357–362.
  • Allford SL, Hunt BJ, Rose P, Machin SJ, on behalf of the Thrombosis Task Force of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of the thrombotic microangiopathic haemolytic anaemias. Br J Haematol 2003;120:556–573.
  • Bell WR, Braine HG, Ness PM, Kickler TS. Improved survival in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clinical experience in 108 patients. N Engl J Med 1991;325:398–403.
  • Moake JL, Rudy CK, Troll JH, et al. Unusually large plasma factor VIII: von Willebrand factor multimers in chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1432–1435.
  • Furlan M, Robles R, Solenthaler M, Wassmer M, Sandoz P, Lämmle B. Deficient activity of von Willebrand factor cleaving protease in chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombo-cytopenic purpura. Blood 1997;89:3097–3103.
  • Moake JL. Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome: Basic science. Lancet 1994;343:393–397.
  • Kaplan BS, Proesmans W. Hemolytic uremic syndrome of childhood and its variants. Semin Hematol 1987;24: 148–160.
  • Karmali MA, Petric M, Lim C, Fleming PC, Arbus GS, Lior H. The association between idiopathic hemolytic uremic syndrome and infection by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis 1985;151:775–782.
  • Rondeau E, Peraldi M-N. Escherichia coli and hemolytic uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996;335: 660–662.
  • Drummond KN. Hemolytic uremic syndrome-then and now. N Engl J Med 1985;312:116–118.
  • Cimolai N, Carter JE, Morrison BJ, Anderson JD. Risk factors for the progression of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 enteritis to hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Pediatr 1990;116:589–592.
  • Griffin PM, Olmstead LC, Petras RE. Escherichia coli 0157:H7-associated colitis. A clinical and histological study of 11 cases. Gastroenterology 1990;99: 142–149.
  • Griffin PM, Ostroff SM, Tauxe RV, et al. Illnesses associated with Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infections. A broad clinical spectrum. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:705–712.
  • Keusch GT, Acheson DW. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with shiga toxins. Semin Hematol 1997;34:106–116.
  • Raife T, Montgomery R. New aspects in the pathogenesis and treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Rev Clin Exp Hematol 2001;5:236–261.
  • Chandler WL, Jelacic S, Boster DR, et al. Prothrombotic coagulation abnormalities preceding the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002;346:23–32.
  • Warwicker P, Donne RL, Goodship JA, et al. Familial relapsing haemolytic uraemic syndrome and complement factor H deficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999;14: 1229–1133.
  • Warwicker P, Goodship JA, Goodship TH. Factor H-US? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:1921–1923.
  • Warwicker P, Goodship TH, Donne RL, et al. Genetic studies into inherited and sporadic hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney Int 1998;53:836–844.
  • Stratton JD, Warwicker P. Successful treatment of factor H-related haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17:684–685.
  • Noris M, Brioschi S, Caprioli J, et al. International Registry of Recurrent and Familial HUS/TTP Familial haemolytic uraemic syndrome and an MCP mutation. Lancet 2003;362: 1542–1547.
  • Vipan VH. Quinine as a cause of purpura. Lancet 1865;2:37.
  • Gordon LI, Kwaan HC. Cancer- and drug-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Semin Hematol 1997;34:140–147.
  • Van Buren D, Van Buren CT, Flechner SM, Maddox AM, Verani R, Kahan BD. De novo hemolytic uremic syndrome in renal transplant recipients immunosuppressed with cyclo-sporine. Surgery 1985;98(54):62.
  • Dzik WH, Georgi BA, Khettry U, Jenkins RL. Cyclosporine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura following liver transplantation-successful treatment with plasma exchange. Transplantation 1987;44:570–572.
  • Holler E, Kolb HJ, Hiller E, et al. Microangiopathy in patients on cyclosporine prophylaxis who developed acute graft-versus-host disease after HLA- identical bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1989;73:2018–2024.
  • Dhib M, Moulin B, Abderrahim E, Etienne I, Godin M, Fillastre JP. Cyclosporine-associated thrombotic microangio-pathy: Report of two cases with good outcome and successful subsequent reuse. Transplant Proc 1993;25:2294–2296.
  • Holman MJ, Gonwa TA, Cooper B, et al. FK506-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Transplantation 1993;55:205–206.
  • Maguire RB, Stroncek DF, Campbell AC. Recurrent pancytopenia, coagulopathy, and renal failure associated with multiple quinine-dependent antibodies. Ann Int Med 1993;119:215–217.
  • Knower MT, Bowton DL, Owen J, Dunagan DP. Quinine-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: Case report and review of the literature. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:1007–1011 .
  • Parker C, Barnett D. Microangiopathic hemolysis and thrombocytopenia related to penicillin drug. Arch Int Med 1976;126:474–477.
  • Fahal IH, Williams PS, Clark RE, Bell GM. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura due to rifampicin. Br Med J 1992;304:882.
  • Rabadi SJ, Khandekar JD, Miller HJ. Mitomycin-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome: Case presentation and review of the literature. Cancer Treatment Rep 1982;66:1244–1247.
  • Byrnes JJ, Baquerizo H, Gonzalez M, Hensely GT. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura subsequent to acute myelogenous leukemia chemotherapy. Am J Hematol 1986;21 (299) :304.
  • Jackson AM, Rose BD, Graff LG, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy and renal failure associated with antineo-plastic chemotherapy. Ann Int Med 1984;101:41–44.
  • Fisher DC, Sherrill GB, Hussein A, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy as a complication of high-dose chemother-apy for breast cancer. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996;18: 193–198.
  • Page Y, Tardy B, Zeni F, Comtet C, Terrana R, Bertrand JC. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura related to ticlopi-dine. Lancet 1991;337:774–776.
  • Kovacs MJ, Soong PY, Chin-Yee IH. Thrombotic thrombo-cytopenic purpura associated with ticlopidine. Ann Pharmaco-ther 1993;27:1060–1061.
  • Bennett CL, Kiss JE, Weinberg PD, et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after stenting and ticlopidine. Lancet 1998;352:1036–1037.
  • Bennett CL, Weinberg PD, Rozenberg-Ben-Dror K, Yarnold PR, Kwaan HC, Green D. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with ticlopidine. A review of 60 cases. Ann Int Med 1998;128: 541–544.
  • Bennett CL, Connors JM, Carwile JM, et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with clopidogrel. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1773–1777.
  • Walker RW, Rosemblum MK, Kempin SJ, Christian MC. Carboplatin-associated thrombotic microangiopathic hemo-lytic anemia. Cancer 1989;64:1017–1020.
  • Murgo AJ. Thrombotic microangiopathy in the cancer patient including those induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Semin Hematol 1987;24:161–177.
  • Chang JC, Naqvi T. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with bone marrow metastasis and secondary myelofibrosis in cancer. Oncologist 2003;8:375–380.
  • George JN, Li X, McMinn JR, Terrell DR, Vesely SK, Selby GB. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome following allogeneic HPC transplantation: A diagnostic dilemma. Transfusion 2004;44:294–304.
  • Schriber JR, Herzig GP. Transplantation-associated throm-botic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Semin Hematol 1997;34:126–133.
  • McCrae KR, Cines DB. Thrombotic microangiopathy during pregnancy. Semin Hematol 1997;34:148–158.
  • Ezra Y, Rose M, Eldor A. Therapy and prevention of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy: A clinical study of 16 pregnancies. Am J Hematol 1996; 51:1–6.
  • Weiner CP. Thrombotic microangiopathy in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Semin Hematol 1987;24:119–129.
  • Proia A, Paesano R, Torcia F, et al. Thrombotic thrombo-cytopenic purpura and pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature. Ann Hematol 2002;81:210–214.
  • Leaf AN, Laubenstein LJ, Raphael B, Hochster H, Baez L, Karpatkin S. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Ann Int Med 1988;109:194–197.
  • Hymes KB, Karpatkin S. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and thrombotic microangiopathy. Semin Hematol 1997;34:117–125.
  • Meisenberg BR, Robinson WL, Mosley CA, Duke MS, Rabetoy GM, Kosty MR Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in human immunodeficiency (HIV)-seropositive males. Am J Hematol 1988;27:212–215.
  • Rarick MU, Espina B, Mocharnuk R, Trilling Y, Levine AM. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: A report of three cases and review of the literature. Am J Hematol 1992; 40:103–109.
  • Ahmed S, Siddiqui RK, Siddiqui AK, Zaidi SA, Cervia J. HIV associated thrombotic microangiopathy. Postgrad Med J 2002;78:520–525.
  • Jorfen M, Callejas JL, Formiga F, Cervera R, Font J, Ingelmo M. Fulminant thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27:76–77.
  • Miller A, Ryan PF, Dowling JP. Vasculitis and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient with limited scleroderma. J Rheumatol 1997;24:598–600.
  • Espinosa G, Bucciarelli S, Cervera R, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheumatol Dis 2004;63:730–736.
  • Moake JL. Moschcowitz, multimers, and metalloprotease. N Engl J Med 1998;339(1629):1631.
  • Tsai HM. Molecular mechanisms in thrombotic thrombo-cytopenic purpura. Semin Thromb Haemost 2004;30: 549–557.
  • Soejima K, Nakagaki T. Interplay between ADAMTS13 and von Willebrand factor in inherited and acquired thrombotic microangiopathies. Semin Hematol 2005;42:56–62.
  • Nishio K, Anderson PJ, Zheng XL, Sadler JE. Binding of platelet glycoprotein Ibalpha to von Willebrand factor domain Al stimulates the cleavage of the adjacent domain A2 by ADAMTS13. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101: 10578–10583.
  • Crawley JT, Lam JK, Rance JB, Mollica LR, O'Donnell JS, Lane DA. Proteolytic inactivation of ADAMTS13 by thrombin and plasmin. Blood 2005;105: 1085–1093.
  • Furlan M, Robles R, Lämmle B. Partial purification and characterization of a protease from human plasma cleaving von Willebrand factor to fragments produced by in vivo proteolysis. Blood 1996;87:4223–4234.
  • Tsai HM. Physiologic cleavage of von Willebrand factor by a plasma protease is dependent on its conformation and requires calcium ion. Blood 1996;87:4235–4244.
  • Furlan M, Robles R, Solenthaler M, Lämmle B. Acquired deficiency of von Willebrand factor cleaving protease in a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 1998;91:2839–2846.
  • Tsai HM, Lian EC. Antibodies to von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1585–1594.
  • Furlan M, Robles R, Galbusera M, et al. von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1578–1584.
  • Veyradier A, Obert B, Houllier A, Meyer D, Girma JP. Specific von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in throm-botic microangiopathy: A study of 111 cases. Blood 2001; 98:1765–1772.
  • Fujikawa K, Suzuki H, McMullen B, Chung D. Purification of human von Willebrand factor cleaving protease and its identification as a new member of the metalloproteinase family. Blood 2001;98:1662–1666.
  • Gerritsen HE, Robles R, Lammle B, Furlan M. Partial amino acid sequence of purified von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease. Blood 2001;98:1654–1661.
  • Zheng X, Chung D, Takayama TK, Majerus EM, Sadler JE, Fujikawa K. Structure of von Willebrand factor cleaving protease (ADAMTS13), a metalloprotease involved in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:41059–41063.
  • Levy GG, Nichols WC, Lian EC, et al. Mutations in a member of the ADAMTS gene family cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Nature 2001;413:488–494.
  • Kokame K, Miyata T. Genetic defects leading to hereditary thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol 2004;41:34–40.
  • Lindberg AA, Brown JE, Stromberg N, Westling-Ryd M, Schultz JE, Karlsson KA. Identification of the carbohydrate receptor for Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae type 1. J Biol Chem 1987;262: 1779–1785.
  • Ruggenenti P, Noris M, Remuzzi G. Thrombotic micro-angiopathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Kidney hit 2001;60:831–846.
  • Pruimboom-Brees IM, Morgan TW, Ackermann MR, et al. Cattle lack vascular receptors for Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Shiga toxins. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2000;97: 10325–10329.
  • Kiyokawa N, Taguchi T, Mori T, et al. Induction of apoptosis in normal human renal tubular epithelial cells by Escherichia coli Shiga toxins 1 and 2. J Infect Dis 1998;178:178–184.
  • Ray PE, Liu XH. Pathogenesis of Shiga toxin-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2001;16:823–839.
  • Hughes AK, Stricklett PK, Kohan DE. Shiga toxin-1 regulation of cytokine production by human glomerular epithelial cells. Nephron 2001;88: 14–23.
  • Morigi M, Galbusera M, Binda E, Imberti B, Gastoldi S, Remuzzi A. Verotoxin- 1 -induced up-regulation of adhesive molecules renders microvascular endothelial cells thrombo-genic at high shear stress. Blood 200198:1828-1835.
  • Karpman D, Papadopoulou D, Nilsson K, Sjogren AC, Mikaelsson C, Lethagen S. Platelet activation by Shiga toxin and circulatory factors as a pathogenetic mechanism in the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood 2001;97:3100–3108.
  • Wolf G. Not known from ADAM(TS-13)-novel insights into the pathophysiology of thrombotic microangiopathies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 200419:1687-1693.
  • Tsai HM, Chandler WL, Sarode R, et al. von Willebrand factor and von Willebrand factor-cleaving metalloprotease activity in Escherichia coli 0157:H7-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Res 2001;49:653–659.
  • Noris M, Ruggenenti P, Perna A, et al. Hypocomplemente-mia discloses genetic predisposition to hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Role of factor H abnormalities. Italian Registry of Familial and Recurrent Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome/Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10: 281–293.
  • Ohali M, Shalev H, Schlesinger M, et al. Hypocomple-mentemic autosomal recessive hemolytic uremic syndrome with decreased factor H. Pediatr Nephrol 1998;12:619–624.
  • Rougier N, Kazatchkine MD, Rougier JP, et al. Human complement factor H deficiency associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:2318–2326.
  • Zipfel PF. Hemolytic uremic syndrome: How do factor H mutants mediate endothelial damage? Trends Immunol 2001;22:345–348.
  • Rubinstein MA, Kagan BM, MacGillviray MH, Merliss R, Sacks H. Unusual remission in a case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura syndrome following fresh blood exchange. Ann Int Med 1959;51:1409–1419.
  • Byrnes JJ, Khurana M. Treatment of thrombotic thrombo-cytopenic purpura with plasma. N Engl J Med 1977;297: 1386–1389.
  • Moake JL, Byrnes JJ, Troll JH, et al. Effects of fresh-frozen plasma and its cryosupernatant fraction on von Willebrand factor multimeric forms in chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 1985;65:1232–1236.
  • Shepard KV, Bukowski RM. The treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with exchange transfusions, plasma infusions, and plasma exchange. Semin Hematol 1987;24:178–193.
  • Kwaan HC, Soff GA. Management of thrombotic thrombo-cytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Semin Hematol 1997;34:159–166.
  • Hayward CP, Sutton DM, Carter Jr., WH, et al. Treatment outcomes in patients with adult thrombotic thrombocyto-penic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Arch Int Med 1994;154:982–987.
  • Pisciotta AV, Garthwaite T, Darin J, Aster RH. Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura by exchange trans-fusion. Am J Hematol 1977;3:73–82.
  • Roberts AW, Gillett EA, Fleming SJ. Hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Outcome with plasma exchange. J Clin Apheresis 1991;6:150–154.
  • Rock G, Shumak K, Kelton J, et al. Canadian Apheresis Study Group: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Out-come in 24 patients with renal impairment treated with plasma exchange. Transfusion 1992;32:710–714.
  • Fontana S, Hovinga JA, Studt JD, Alberio L, Lämmle B, Taleghani BM. Plasma therapy in thrombotic thrombocyto-penic purpura: Review of the literature and the Bern experience in a subgroup of patients with severe acquired ADAMTS-13 deficiency. Semin Hematol 2004;41: 48–59.
  • Coppo P, Bussel A, Charrier S, et al. High-dose plasma infusion versus plasma exchange as early treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82:27–38.
  • Rock GA, Shumak KH, Buskard NA, et al. Canadian Apheresis Study Group: Comparison of plasma exchange with plasma infusion in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 1991;325: 393–397.
  • Sadler JE, Moake JL, Miyata T, George JN. Recent advances in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2004;407–423.
  • Zheng XL, Kaufman RM, Goodnough LT, Sadler JE. Effect of plasma exchange on plasma ADAMTS13 metalloprotease activity, inhibitor level, and clinical outcome in patients with idiopathic and nonidiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2004;103:4043–4049.
  • de la Rubia J, Lopez A, Arriaga F, et al. Response to plasma exchange and steroids as combined therapy for patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Haematol 1999;102:12–16.
  • Dervenoulas J, Tsirigotis P, Bollas G, et al. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura. A study of 44 cases. Acta Haematol 2001;105:204–208.
  • Zappasodi P, Corso A, Castagnola C, Tajana M, Lunghi M, Bernasconi C. A successful combination of plasma exchange and intravenous cyclophosphamide in a patient with a refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Eur J Haematol 1999;63:278–279.
  • Moake JL, Rudy CK, Troll JH, et al. Therapy of chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with prednisone and azathioprine. Am J Hematol 1985;20:73–79.
  • Yomtovian R, Niklinski W, Silver B, Sarode R, Tsai HM. Rituximab for chronic recurring thrombotic thrombocyto-penic purpura: A case report and review of the literature. Br J Haematol 2004;124:787–795.
  • Ahmad A, Aggarwal A, Sharma D, et al. Rituximab for treatment of refractory/relapsing thrombotic thrombocyto-penic purpura (TTP). Am J Hematol 2004;77:171–176.
  • Kremer Hovinga JA, Studt JD, Demarmels Biasiutti F. Splenectomy in relapsing and plasma-refractory acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Haematologica 2004;89:320–324.
  • Gaddis TG, Guthrie Jr, TH, Drew MJ, Sahud M, Howe RB, Mittelman A. Treatment of plasma refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with protein A immunoabsorp-tion. Am J Hematol 1997;55:55–58.
  • Gutterman LA, Stevenson TD. Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with vincristine. JAMA 1982;247:1433–1436.
  • Ferrara F, Annunziata M, Pollio F, et al. Vincristine as treatment for recurrent episodes of thrombotic thrombo-cytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol 2002;81:7–10.
  • Plaimauer B, Zimmermann K, Volkel D, et al. Cloning, expression, and functional characterization of the von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (ADAMTS13). Blood 2002;100:3626–3632.
  • Plaimauer B, Scheiflinger F. Expression and characterization of recombinant human ADAMTS-13. Semin Hematol 2004;41:24–33.
  • Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P. The hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney hit 1995;47:2–19.
  • Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, Watkins SL, Tarr PI. The risk of the hemolytic—uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infections. N Engl J Med 2000;342: 1930–1936.
  • Byun Y, Ohmura M, Fujihashi K, et al. Nasal immunization with E. coli verotoxin 1 (VT1)-B subunit and a nontoxic mutant of cholera toxin elicits serum neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine 2001;19:2061–2070.
  • Misiani R, Appiani AC, Edefonti A, et al. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome: Therapeutic effect of plasma infusion. Br Med J 1982;285:1304–1306.
  • Sheth KJ, Gill JC, Hanna J, Leichter HE. Failure of fresh frozen plasma infusions to alter the course of hemolytic uremic syndrome. Child Nephrol Urol 1988–89;9: 38–41.
  • Loirat C, Sonsino E, Hinglais N, Jais JP, Landais P, Fermanian J. Treatment of the childhood haemolytic uraemic syndrome with plasma. A multicentre randomized controlled trial. The French Society of Paediatric Nephrology Pediatr Nephrol 1988;2:279–285.
  • Rizzoni G, Claris-Appiani A, Edefonti A, et al. Plasma infusion for hemolytic—uremic syndrome in children: Results of a multicenter controlled trial. J Pediatr 1988;112: 284–290.
  • Dundas S, Murphy J, Soutar RL, Jones GA, Hutchinson SJ, Todd WT. Effectiveness of therapeutic plasma exchange in the 1996 Lanarkshire Escherichia coli 0157:H7 outbreak. Lancet 1999;354:1327–1330.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.