82
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Malignancy

Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Myelofibrosis: A Review

(Consultant Haematologist)
Pages 205-213 | Received 14 Jul 1998, Published online: 13 Jul 2016

References

  • Dameshek, W. (1951). Some speculations on the myeloproliferative syndromes. Blood, 6, 372–376.
  • Dougan, L. E., Matthews, M. L. V. and Armstrong, B. K. (1981). The effects of diagnostic review on the estimated incidence of lymphatic and haematopoietic neoplasms in Western Australia. Cancer, 48, 866–872.
  • Mesa, R. A., Tefferi, A., Jacobsen, S. J., Wollan, P. C. and Silverstein, M. N. (1997). The incidence and epidemiology of essential thrombocythaemia and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: an Olmstead Country study. Blood, 90 (suppl), 347a.
  • Ward, H. P. and Block, M. H. (1971). The natural history of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) and a critical evaluation of its relationship with myeloproliferative syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore), 50, 357–420.
  • Reilly, J. T. (1997). Idiopathic meylofibrosis: pathogenesis, natural history and management. Blood Reviews, 11, 233–242.
  • Thiele, J., Kvasnicka, H. M., Werden, C., Zanovich, R., Diehl, V. and Fischer, R. (1996). Idiopathic primary osteo-myelofibrosis: a clinico-pathological study on 208 patients with special emphasis on evolution of disease features, differentiation from essential thrombocythaemia and variables of prognostic impact. Leuk. Lymph. 22, 303–317.
  • Rawson, R., Parker, F. and Jackson, H. (1941). Industrial solvents as possible etiologic agents in myeloid metaplasia. Science, 93, 541.
  • Hu, H. (1987). Benzene-associated myelofibrosis. Ann. Int. Med., 106, 171–173.
  • Honda, Y., Delzell, E. and Cole, P. (1995). An updated study of mortality among workers at a petroleum manufacturing plant. J. Occupational. and Environmental Medicine, 37, 194–200.
  • Visfeldt, J. and Andersson, M. (1995). Pathoanatomical aspects of malignant haematological disorders among Danish patients exposed to thorium dioxide. APMIS, 103, 29–36.
  • Anderson, R. E., Hoshino, T. and Yamamoto, T. (1964). Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia in survivors of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima. Ann. Int. Med., 60, 1–18.
  • Jacobson, R. J., Salo, A. and Fialkow, P. J. (1978). Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: a clonal proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells with secondary myelofibrosis. Blood, 51, 189–194.
  • Lucas, G. S., Padua, R. A., Masters, G. S., Oscier, D. and Jacobs, A. (1989). The application of X chromosome gene probes to the diagnosis of myeloproliferative disease. Brit. J. Haematol. 72, 530–533.
  • Kreipe, H., Jaquet, K., Felgner, J., Radzun, H.-J. and Parwaresch, M. R. (1991). Clonal granulocytes and marrow cells in the cellular phase of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Blood, 78, 1814–1817.
  • El-Maallem, H. and Fletcher, J. (1977). Impaired neutrophil function and myeloperoxidase deficiency in myeloid metaplasia. Brit. J. Haematol., 37, 323–329.
  • Perianin, A., Labro-Bryskier, M. I., Marquetty, C. and Hakim, J. (1984). Glutathione reductase and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction deficiencies in neutrophils of patients with primary idiopathic myelofibrosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 57, 244–248.
  • Didisheim, P. and Bunting, D. (1966). Abnormal platelet function in myelofibrosis. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 566–573.
  • Kuo, C.-Y., Van Voolen, A. and Morrison, A. N. (1972). Primary and secondary myelofibrosis: its relationship to ‘PNH-like defect’. Blood, 6, 875–880
  • Veer, A., Kosciolek, B. A., Bauman, A. W. and Rowley, P. T. (1979). Acquired haemoglobin H disease in idiopathic myelofibrosis. Am. J. Hematol., 6, 199–206.
  • Silverstein, M. N., Brown, A. L. and Linman, J. W. (1973). Idiopathic myeloid metaplasia: its evolution into acute leukaemia. Arch. Int. Med., 132, 709–712.
  • Reilly, J. T., Barnett, D., Dolan, G., Forrest, P., Eastham, J. and Smith, A. (1993). Characterisation of an acute mictromegakaryocytic leukaemia: evidence for the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 83, 58–62.
  • Garcia, S., Miguel, A., Miguel, A., Linares, M., Navarro, M. and Colomina, P. (1989). Idiopathic myelofibrosis terminating in erythroleukemia. Am. J. Hematol., 32, 70–71.
  • Polliack, A., Prokocimer, M. and Matzner, Y. (1980). Lymphoblastic leukemic transformation (lymphoblastic crisis) in myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. Am. J. Hematol., 9, 211–220.
  • Hernández, J. M., San Miguel, J. K., González, M., Orfao, A., Cañizo, M. C., Bascones, C., Hernández, J. and López Borrasca, A. (1992). Development of acute leukaemia after idiopathic myelofibrosis. J. Clin. Pathol, 45, 427–430.
  • Han, Z. C., Briere, J., Nedellec, G., Abgrall, J. F., Senzebe, L., Parent, D. and Guern, G. (1988). Characteristics of circulating megakaryocyte progenitors (CFU-MK) in patients with myelofibrosis. Eur. J. Hematol., 40, 130–135.
  • Hibbin, J. A. A., Njoku, O. S., Matutes, E., Lewis, S. M. and Goldman, J. M. (1984). Myeloid progenitor cells in the circulation of patients with myelofibrosis and other myeloproliferative disorders. Brit. J. Haematol., 57, 495–503.
  • Carlo-Stella, C., Cazzola, M., Gasner, A., Barosi, G., Dezza, L., Meloni, F., Pedrazzoli, P., Hoelzer, D. and Ascari, E. (1987). Effects of recombinant alpha and gamma interferons on the in vitro growth of circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-GEMM, CFU-Mk, BFU-E, and CFU-GM) from patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood, 70, 1014–1019.
  • Moliterno, A. R., Hankins, W. D. and Spivak, J. L. (1998). Impaired expression of the thrombopoietin receptor by platelets from patients with polycythemia vera. New Eng. J. Med., 338, 572–580.
  • Ritchie, A., Gotoh, A., Gaddy, J., Braun, S. E. and Broxmeyer, H. E. (1997). Thrombopoietin upregulates the promoter conformation of p53 in a proliferative-independent manner coincident with a decreased expression of Bax: potential mechanisms for enhancing effects. Blood, 90, 4394–4402.
  • Greenberg, B. R., Woo, L. and Veomett, I. C. (1987). Cytogenetics of bone marrow fibroblastic cells in idiopathic chronic myelofibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 66, 487–490.
  • Castro-Malaspina, H., Gay, R. E. and Thanwar, S. L. (1982). Characteristics of bone marrow fibroblast colony forming cells and their progeny in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Blood, 59, 1046–1056.
  • Anderson, J. E., Sale, G., Appelbaum, F. R., Chauncey, T. R. and Strob, R. (1997). Allogeneic marrow transplantation for primary myelofibrosis and myelofibrosis secondary to polycythaemia vera or essential thrombocytosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 98, 1010–1016.
  • Guardiola, P., Esperou, H., Cazals-Hatem, D., Ifrah, N., Jouet, J.-P., Buzyn, A., Sutton, L., Gratecos, N., Tilly, H., Lioure, B. and Gluckman, E. (1997). Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Brit. J. Haematol, 98, 1004–1009.
  • Reilly, J. T., Wilson, G., Barnett, D., Watmore, A. and Potter, A. (1994). Karyotypic and ras gene mutational analysis in idiopathic myelofibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol, 88, 575–581.
  • Reilly, J. T., Snowden, J. A., Spearing, R. L., Fitzgerald, P. M., Jones, N., Watemore, A. and Potter, A. (1997). Cytogenetic abnormalities and their prognostic significance in idiopathic myelofibrosis: a study of 106 cases. Brit. J. Haematol, 98, 96–102.
  • Dupriez, B., Morel, P., Demory, J. L., Lai, J. L., Simon, M., Plantier, I. and Bauters, F. (1996). Prognostic factors in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: a report on 195 cases with a new scoring system. Blood, 88, 1013–1018.
  • Trautmann, U., Rubbert, A., Gramatzki, M., Henschke, F. and Gebhart, E. (1992). Multiple chromosomal changes and karyotypic evolution in a patient with myelofibrosis. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics, 61, 6–10.
  • Demory, J. L., Dupriez, B., Fenaux, P., Lai, J. L., Beuscart, R., Jouet, J. P., Deminatti, M. and Bauters, F. (1988). Cytogenetic studies and their prognostic significance in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: a report on 47 cases. Blood, 72, 855–859.
  • Morris, C. M., Cochrane, J. M., Benjes, S. M., Crossen, P. E. and Fitzgerald, P. H. (1991). Molecular definition of interstitial deletions of chromosome 13 in leukaemic cells. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer, 3, 455–460.
  • Lebowtiz, P., Papac, R. and Ghosh, P. K. (1990). Impaired retinoblastoma susceptibility (Rb) gene expression in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Blood, 76 (suppl. 1), 236a.
  • Pastore, C., Nomdedeu, J., Volpe, G., Guerrasio, A., Rege Cambrin, G., Parvis, G., Pautasso, M., Daglio, C., Mazza, U., Saglio, G. and Gaidano, G. (1995). Genetic analysis of chromosomal 13 deletions in bcr/abl negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Genes, Chromosomes and Cytogenetics, 14, 106–111.
  • Gardiner, A. C., Corcoran, M. M., Ibbotson, R. E., Potter, A. and Oscier, D. G. (1998). An analysis of chromosome 13q14 deletions in idiopathic myelofibrosis using FISH and Southern-based hybridisation. Brit. J. Haematol, 101 (suppl 1), 106.
  • La Starza, K., Wlodarska, I., Aventin, A., Falzetti, D., Crescenzi, B., Martelli, M. F., Van den Berghe, H. and Mecucci, C. (1998). Molecular delineation of 13q deletion boundaries in 20 patients with myeloid malignancies. Blood, 91, 231–237.
  • Brown, A. G., Ross, F. M., Dunne, E. M., Steel, C. M. and Weit-Thompson, E. M. (1993). Evidence for a new suppressor locus (DBM) in human B-cell neoplasia telomeric to the retinoblastoma gene. Nat. Genet., 3, 67–72.
  • Mertens, F., Johansson, B., Heim, S., Kristoffersson, U. and Mitelman, F. (1991). Karyotypic patterns in chronic myeloproliferative disorders: report on 74 cases and review of literature. Leukemia, 5, 214–220.
  • Asimakopoulos, F. A. and Green, A. R. (1996). Deletions of chromosome 20q and the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative disorders. Brit. J. Haematol, 95, 219–226.
  • Gahrton, G., Friburg, K., Lindsten, J. and Zech, L. (1978). Duplication of part of the long arm of chromosome 1 in myelofibrosis terminating in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Hereditas, 88, 1–5.
  • Donti, E., Tabilio, A., Bocchini, F., Falzetti, F., Martelli, M. F., Grignani, F. and Donti, G. V. (1990). Partial trisomy 1q in idiopathic myelofibrosis. Leuk. Res., 14, 1035–1040.
  • Zanke, B., Squire, J., Griesser, H., Henry, M., Suzuki, H., Patterson, B., Minden, M. and Mak, T. W. (1994). A hematopoietic protein tyrosine phosphatase (HePTP) gene that is amplified and overexpressed in myeloid malignancies maps to chromosome 1q32.1. Leukaemia, 8, 236–244.
  • Thiele, J., Kuemmel, T., Sander, C. and Fischer, R. (1991). Ultrastructure of the bone marrow tissue in so-called primary (idiopathic) myelofibrosis-osteomyelosclerosis (agnogenic myeloid metaplasia). 1. Abnormalities of megakaryopoiesis and thrombocytes. J. Submicroscopic. Cytol. Pathol., 23, 93–107.
  • Burkhardt, R., Bartl, R., Beil, E., Demmler, K., Hoffman, E. and Kronseder, A. (1974). Myelofibrosis-osteomyelosclerosis syndrome: review of literature in histomorphology. Advances. in the Biosciences, Dahlem Workshop on Myelofibrosis-Osteomyelosclerosis Syndrome, Berlin, pp. 9–54.
  • Den Ottolander, G. J., Te Velde, J., Brederoo, P., Geraedts, J. P. M., Slee, T. H. Th. J., Willemze, R., Zwaan, F. E., Haak, H. I., Muller, H. P. and Bieger, R. (1979). Megakaryoblastic leukaemia (acute myelofibrosis): a report of three cases. Brit. J. Haematol., 42, 9–20.
  • Jantunen, E., Hnninen, A., Naukkarinen, A., Vornanen, M. and Lahtinen, R. (1994). Gray platelet syndrome with splenomegaly and signs of extramedullary hematopoiesis: a case report with review of the literature. Am. J. Hematol., 46, 218–224.
  • Charron, D., Robert, L., Couty, M. C. and Binet, J. L. (1979). Biochemical and histological analysis of bone marrow collagen in myelofibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 41, 151–161.
  • Gay, S., Gay, R. E. and Prchal, J. T. (1984). Immunological studies of bone marrow fibrosis. Myelofibrosis and the Biology of Connective Tissue (Ed. by. Berk, P., Castro-Malaspina. H. and Wasserman, L. R.), pp. 291–306. Alan R. Liss.; New York.
  • Reilly, J. T., Nash, J. R. G., Mackie, M. J. and McVerry, B. A. (1995). Endothelial cell proliferation in myelofibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 60, 625–630.
  • Apaja-Sarkkinen, M., Autio-Harmainen, H., Alavaikko, M., Risteli, J. and Risteli, L. (1986). Immunohistological study of basement membrane proteins and type III procollagen myelofibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 63, 571–580.
  • Reilly, J. T., Dolan, G., Brindley, L., Kay, M., Fielding, S., Kennedy, A. and Smith, A. (1995). Bone marrow and serum connective tissue polypeptides in idiopathic myelofibrosis. Clin. Lab. Haematol., 17, 35–39.
  • Reilly, J. T., Nash, J. G. R., Mackie, M. J. and McVerry, B. A. (1985). Immuno-enzymatic detection of fibronectin in normal and pathological haematopoietic tissue. Brit. J. Haematol., 59, 497–504.
  • Soini, Y., Kamel, D., Apaja-Sarkkinen, M., Virtanen, I. and Lehto, V.-P. (1993). Tenascin immunoreactivity in normal and pathological bone marrow. J. Clin. Pathol., 46, 218–221.
  • Reilly, J. T. and Nash, J. G. R. (1988). Vitronectin (serum spreading factor): its localisation in normal and fibrotic tissue. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 59, 1269–1272.
  • Castro-Malaspina, H., Rabellino, E. M., Yen, A., Nachman, R. L. and Moore, M. A. S. (1981). Human megakaryocyte stimulation of proliferation of bone marrow fibroblasts. Blood, 57, 781–787.
  • Heldin, C.-H., Westermark, B. and Wasteson, A. (1979). Platelet-derived growth factor purification and partial characterisation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 3722–3726.
  • Bernabei, P. A., Arcangeli, A., Casini, M., Grossi, A., Padovani, R. and Ferrini, P. R. (1986). Platelet-derived growth factor(s) mitogenic activity in patients with myeloproliferative disease. Brit. J. Haematol., 63, 353–357.
  • Katoh, O., Kimura, A. and Kuramoto, A. (1988). Platelet-derived growth factor is decreased in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Am. J. Haematol., 27, 276–280.
  • Dolan, G., Forrest, P. L., Eastham, J. M. and Reilly, J. T. (1991). Reduced platelet PDGF levels in idiopathic myelofibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 78, 586–588.
  • Gersuk, G., Carmel, R. and Pattengale, P. K. (1989). Platelet-derived growth factor concentrations in platelet-poor plasma and urine from patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Blood, 74, 2330–2334.
  • Theile, J., Braeckel, C., Wagner, S., Falini, B., Dienemann, D., Stein, H. and Fischer, R. (1991). Macrophages in normal human bone marrow and in chronic myeloproliferative disorders: an immunohistochemical and morphometric study by a new monoclonal antibody (PG-M1) on trephine biopsies. Virchows Archiv A. Pathological. Anatomy and Histopathology, 421, 33–39.
  • Gersuk, G. M., Carmel, R., Pattamakom, S., Challita, P. M., Rabinowitz, A. P. and Pattengale, P. K. (1993). Quantitative and functional studies of impaired natural killer (NK) cells in patients with myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera. Nat. Immun., 12, 136–151.
  • Roberts, A. B. and Sporn, M. B. (1990). The transforming growth factor-betas. In: Peptide Factors and their Receptors (Ed. By Sporn, M. B. and Roberts, A. B.). Springer, New York.
  • Fava, R. A., Casey, T. T., Wilcox, J., Pelton, R. W., Moses, H. L. and Nanney, L. B. (1990). Synthesis of transforming growth factor-β1 by megakaryocytes and its localisation to megakaryocytes and platelet α-granules. Blood, 76, 1946–1955.
  • Varga, J., Rosenbloom, J. and Jimenez, S. A. (1987). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) causes a persistent increase in steady-state amounts of type I and type III collagen and fibronectin mRNAs in normal and human dermal fibroblasts. Biochem. J., 247, 597–604.
  • Nakamura, T., Okuda, S., Miller, D., Ruoslahti, E. and Border, W. (1990). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components by glomerular epithelial cells. Kid. Int., 37, 221–225.
  • Pearson, C. A., Pearson, D., Shibahara, S., Hofsteenage, J. and Chiquet Ehrismann, R. (1988). Tenascin: cDNA cloning and induction by TGF-β. EMBO Journal, 7, 2977–2981.
  • Martyré, M. C., Magdelenat, H., Bryckaert, M. C., Laine-Bidron, C. and Calvo, F. (1991). Increased intraplatelet levels of platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-β in patients with myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. Brit. J. Haematol., 77, 80–86.
  • Zauli, G., Visani, G., Catani, L., Vianelli, N., Gugliotta, L. and Capitani, S. (1993). Reduced responsiveness of bone marrow megakaryocyte progenitors to platelet-derived transforming growth factor-β1, produced in normal amount, in patients with essential thrombocythaemia. Brit. J. Haematol., 83, 14–20.
  • Terui, T., Niitsu, Y., Mahara, K., Fugisaki, Y., Urushizaki, Y., Mogi, Y., Kohgo, Y., Watanabe, N., Ogura, M. and Saito, H. (1990). The production of transforming growth factor-β in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and its possible implications in myelofibrosis. Blood, 75, 1540–1548.
  • Johnson, J. B., Dalal, B. I., Israels, S. J., Oh, S., McMillan, E., Begleiter, A., Michaud, G., Israels, L. G. and Greenberg, A. H. (1995). Deposition of transforming growth factor-β in the marrow in myelofibrosis, and the intracellular localization and secretion of TGF-β by leukemic cells. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 103, 574–582.
  • Titius, B. R., Thiele, J., Schaefer, H., Kreipe, H. and Fischer, R. (1994). Ki-S1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression of bone marrow macrophages. Acta Haem., 91, 144–149.
  • Rameshwar, P., Denny, T. N., Stein, D. and Gascon, P. (1994). Monocyte adhesion in patients with bone marrow fibrosis is required for the production of fibrogenic cytokines. Potential. role for interleukin-1 and TGF-beta. J. Immunol., 153, 2819–1830.
  • Rameshwar, P., Chang, V. T. and Gascón, P. (1996). Implication of CD44 in adhesion-mediated overproduction of TGF-β and IL-1 in monocytes from patients with bone marrow fibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 96, 22–29.
  • Cashman, J. D., Eaves, A. C., Raines, E. W., Ross, R. and Eaves, C. J. (1990). Mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle status of very primitive hematopoietic cells in long-term human marrow cultures. I. Stimulatory role of a variety of mesenchymal cell activators and inhibitory role of TGF-β, Blood, 75, 96–101.
  • Le Bousse-Kerdilés, M.-C., Chevillard, S., Charpentier, A., Romquin, N., Clay, D., Smadja-Jaffe, F., Praloran, V., Dupriez, B., Demory, J.-L., Jasmin, C. and Martyró, M.-C. (1996). Differential expression of transforming growth factor-/I, basic fibroblast growth factor, and their receptors in CD34+ haematopoietic progenitor cells from patients with myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. Blood, 88, 4534–4546.
  • Dalley, A., Smith, J. M., Reilly, J. T. and MacNeil, S. (1996). Investigation of calmodulin and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in idiopathic myelofibrosis: evidence for a role of extracellular calmodulin in fibroblast proliferation. Brit. J. Haematol, 93, 856–862.
  • Martyré, M. C., Le Bousse-Kerdiles, M.-C., Romquin, N., Chevillard, S., Praloran, V., Demory, J.-L. and Dupriez, B. (1997). Elevated levels of basic fibroblast growth factor in megakaryocytes and platelets from patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 97, 441–448.
  • Murate, T., Yamashita, K., Isogai, C., Suzuki, H., Ichihara, M., Hatano, S., Nakahara, Y., Kinoshita, T., Nagasaka, T., Yoshida, S., Komatsu, N., Miura, Y., Hotta, T., Fujimoto, N., Saito, H. and Hayakawa, T. (1997). The production of tissue inhibitors of metallproteinases (TIMPs) in megakaryopoiesis: possible role of platelet- and megakaryocyte-derived TIMPs in bone marrow fibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 99, 181–189.
  • Rondeau, E., Soal-Celigny, P., Dhermy, D., Wroclans, M., Brousse, N., Bernard, J. F. and Boivin, P. (1983). Immune disorders in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: relation to fibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 53, 467–475.
  • Gordon, B. R., Colman, M., Kohen, P. and Day, N. K. (1981). Immunologic abnormalities in myelofibrosis with activation of the complement system. Blood, 58, 904–910.
  • Caligaris Cappio, F., Vigliani, R., Novarino, A., Camussi, G., Campana, D. and Gavosto, F. (1981). Idiopathic myelofibrosis: a possible role for immunecomplexes in the pathogenesis of bone marrow fibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol., 49, 17–21.
  • Lewis, C. M. and Pegrum, G. D. (1972). Immunocomplexes in myelofibrosis: a possible guide to management. British Journal of Haematology, 39, 233–239.
  • Leoni, P., Ruploi, S., Salvi, A., Sambo, P., Cinciripini, A. and Gabrielli, A. (1993). Antibodies against terminal galactosyl α(1–3) galactose epitopes in patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis. Brit. J. Haematol, 85, 313–319.
  • Jack, F. R., Smith, S. R. and Saunders, P. W. G. (1994). Idiopathic myelofibrosis: anaemia may respond to low-dose dexamethasone. Brit. J. Haematol., 87, 876–884.
  • Pietrasanta, D., Clavio, M., Vallebella, E., Beltrami, G., Cavaliere, M. and Gobbi, M. (1997). Long-lasting effect of cyclosporin-A on anaemia associated with idiopathic myelofibrosis. Haematologica, 82, 458–459.
  • Rozman, C., Giralt, M., Feliu, E., Rubio, D. and Cortes, M.-T. (1991). Life expectancy of patients with chronic nonleukemic myeloproliferative disorders. Cancer, 67, 2658–2663.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.