The Syndrome of Veno-occlusive Disease After Blood or Marrow Transplantation

References

• Selzer, G. and Parker, R. G. F. (1951). Senecio poisoning exhibiting as Chiari's syndrome. Am. J. Pathol., 27, 885–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valla, D. and Benhamou, J. P. (1991). Disorders of the Hepatic veins and venules. In: Oxford textbook of clinical hepatology, Edited by McIntyre, N., Benhamou, J. P., Bircher, J., Rizzetto, M. and Rodés, J., Vol. 2, 1004–11. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rollins, B. J. (1986). Hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Am. J. Med., 81, 297–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, P., Miller, J. L., Uys, C. J. and Dietrich, B. E. (1979). Fatal veno-occlusive disease of the liver after chemotherapy, whole-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation for refractory acute leukemia. S. Afr. Med. J., 55, 5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, H. M. and Hinterberger, W. (1982). Hepatic veno-occlusive disease liver toxicity syndrome after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant., 10, 197–214.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, G. B., Shulman, H. M., Wolford, J. L. and Spencer, G. D. (1987). Liver disease after human marrow transplantation. Semin. Liv. Dis., 7, 210–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreras, E., Grañena, A. and Rozman, C. (1993). Hepatic veno-occlusive disease after Bone Marrow Transplant. Blood Rev., 7, 43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearman, S. J. (1995). The syndrome of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after marrow transplantation. Blood, 85, 3005–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R. J., Lee, K. S., Beschorner, W. E. et al. (1987). Venoocclusive disease of the liver following bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation. 44, 778–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, G. B., Sharma, P., Matthews, D. E., Shulman, H. M. and Thomas, E. D. (1985). The clinical course of 53 patients with venocclusive disease of the liver after marrow transplantation. Transplantation, 39, 603–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugieres, L., Hartmann, O., Benhamou, E. et al. (1988). Veno-occlusive disease of the liver following high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation in children with solid tumors: incidence, clinical course and outcome. Bone Marrow Transplant., 3, 53–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, G. B., Hinds, M. S., Fisher, L. D. et al. (1993). Veno-occlusive disease of the liver and multiorgan failure after Bone Marrow Transplantation: A cohort study of 355 patients. Ann. Intern. Med., 118, 255–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rio, B., Andreu, G., Nicod, A. et al. (1986). Thrombocytopenia in venocclusive disease after bone marrow transplantation or chemotherapy. Blood, 67, 1773–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zager, R. A., O'Quigley, J., Zager, R. N. et al. (1989). Acute renal failure following bone marrow transplantation: A retrospective study of 272 patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 13, 210–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozman, C., Carreras, E., Qian, C. et al. (1996). Risk factors for hepatic veno-occlusive disease following HLA-identical sibling marrow transplants for leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant., 17, 75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, G. B., Sharma, P., Matthews, D. E., Shulman, H. M. and Thomas, D. E. (1984). Venocclusive disease of the liver after bone marrow transplantation: diagnosis, incidence, and predisposing factors. Hepatology, 4, 116–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreras, E., Grañena, A., Navasa, M. et al. (1993). On the reliability of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Ann. Hematol., 66, 77–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, H. M. and McDonald, G. B. (1984). Liver disease after bone marrow transplantation. In: The pathology of bone marrow transplantation, Edited by Sale, G. E. and Shulman, H. M., pp. 104–35, New York: Masson Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Carreras, E., Grañena, A., Navasa, M. et al. (1993). Transjugular liver biopsy in BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant., 11, 21–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fajardo, L. F. and Colby, T. V. (1980). Pathogenesis of veno-occlusive liver disease after radiation. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 104, 584–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, H. M., Gown, A. M. and Nugent, D. J. (1987). Hepatic veno-occlusive disease after bone marrow transplantation. Immunohistochemical identification of the material within occlude central venules. Am. J. Pathol., 127, 549–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, H. M., Fisher, L. B., Schoch, H. G., Kenne, K. W. and McDonald, G. B. (1994). Venoocclusive disease of the liver after marrow transplantation: Histological correlates of clinical signs and symptoms. Hepatology, 19, 1171–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreras, E., García-Pagán, J. C., Bosch, J. and Rozman, C. (1995). Transvenous liver biopsies in marrow transplant recipients. Transplantation, 60, 1375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulman, H. M., Gooley, T., Dudley, M. D. et al. (1995). Utility of transvenous liver biopsies and wedged hepatic venous pressure measurements in sixty marrow recipients. Transplantation, 59, 1015–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, B. P., Abu-Yousef, M., Farner, R., LaBrecque, D. and Gingrich, R. (1990). Doppler sonography: a noninvasive method for evaluation of hepatic venocclusive disease. AJR, 154, 721–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbetko, J., Grigg, A. P., Buckley, A. R. and Phillips, G. L. (1992). Venoocclusive liver disease after bone marrow transplantation: findings at duplex sonography. AJR, 158, 1001–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolau, C., Brú, C., Carreras, E. et al. (1993). Sonographic diagnosis and hemodinamic correlation in veno-occlusive disease of the liver. J. Ultras. Med., 12, 437–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hommeyer, S. C., Teefey, S. A., Jacobson, A. F. et al. (1992). Venocclusive disease of the liver: Prospective study of US evaluation. Radiology, 184, 683–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassau, N., Leclere, J., Auperin, A. et al. (1997). Hepatic veno-occlusive disease after myeloablative treatment and bone marrow transplantation value of gray-scale and Doppler US in 100 patients. Radiology, 204, 545–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, P. L., Jarvis, J., Jennings, I., Luddington, R. and Marcus, R. E. (1990). Changes in the natural anticoagulants following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant., 5, 39–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reverter, J. C., Rozman, M., Monteagudo, J. et al. (1991). Hemostatic alterations in bone marrow transplantation and their relationship with liver venocclusive disease. Schweiz. Med. Wschr., 121 (suppl. 43), 118.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, B., Haire, W., Kessinger, A., Duggan, M. and Armitage, J. (1991). High frequency of antithrombin 3 and protein C deficiency following autologous bone marrow transplantation for lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant., 8, 497–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, P., Jone, B., Uthayakumar, S. et al. (1991). Haemostatic changes in uncomplicated bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant., 7 (suppl. 2), 54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scrobohaci, M. L., Drouet, L., Monem-Mansi, A. et al. (1991). Liver veno-occlusive disease after bone marrow transplantation changes in coagulation parameters and endothelial markers. Thromb. Res., 63, 509–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faioni, E. M., Bearman, S. I., Krachmalnicoff, A. et al. (1991). Procoagulant inbalance due to low levels of protein C in patients with venocclusive disease (VOD) of the liver after bone marrow transplantation. Blood, 78, 193a.
   Google Scholar
• Faioni, E. M. and Mannucci, P. M. (1997). Venocclusive disease of the liver after bone marrow transplantation: the role of hemostasis. Leuk. Lymphoma, 25, 233–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannucchi, A. M., Rafanelli, D., Longo, G. et al. (1994). Early hemostatic alterations following bone marrow transplantation: a prospective study. Haematologica, 19, 519–25.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P., Roderick, A., O'Brien, D. et al. (1994). Factor VIIa and other hemostatic variables following bone marrow transplantation. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 72, 28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catani, L., Gugliotta, L., Mattioli, M. et al. (1993). Hypercoagulability in patients undergoing autologous or allogeneic BMT for hematological malignancies. Bone Marrow Transplant., 12, 253–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salat, C., Holler, E., Reinhardt, B. et al. (1994). Parameters of the fibrinolytic system in patients undergoing BMT: elevation of PAI-1 in veno-occlusive disease. Bone Marrow Transplant., 14, 747–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salat, C., Holler, E., Kolb, H. J. et al. (1997). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 confirms the diagnosis of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in patients with hyper-bilirubinemia after bone marrow transplantation. Blood, 89, 2184–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikinheimo, M., Halila, R. and Fasth, A. (1994). Serum procollagen type III is an early and sensitive marker for veno-occlusive disease of the liver in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Blood, 83, 3036–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rio, B., Bauduer, F., Arrago, J. and Zittoun, R. (1993). N-terminal peptide of type III procollagen: a marker for the development of hepatic veno-occlusive after BMT and basis for determining the timing of prophylactic heparin. Bone Marrow Transplant., 11, 4711–2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eltuni, M., Trivedi, P., Hobbs, J. R. et al. (1993). Monitoring of veno-occlusive disease after bone marrow transplantation by serum aminopropeptide of type III procollagen. Lancet, 342, 518–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hägglund, H., Ringdén, O., Remberger, M., Klaesson, S., Lönngvist, B. and Ljungman, P. (1997). Risk factors for hepatic veno-occlusive disease in 500 allogeneic BMT recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant., 19 (suppl. 1), S17.
   Google Scholar
• Carreras, E., Viguria, M. C., Rovira, M. et al. (1998). Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation: A retrospective analysis of 376 consecutive BMT performed in a single center. Bone Marrow Transplant., 21 (suppl. 1), S239.
   Google Scholar
• Carreras, E., Bertz, H., Arcese, W. et al. (1998). Incidence and outcome of hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) after blood and marrow transplantation (BMT): a prospective cohort study of the European group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Blood (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Wingard, J. R., Mellits, E. D., Jones, R. J. et al. (1989). Association of hepatic veno-occlusive disease with interstitial pneumonitis in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant., 4, 685–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearman, S. I., Mori, M., Hinds, M. S. and McDonald, G. B. (1990). A statistical model to predict unfavourable outcome in patients with venocclusive disease of the liver after marrow transplant. Exp. Hematol., 18, 699.
   Google Scholar
• Bearman, S. I., Appelbaum, F. R., Buckner, C. D. et al. (1988). Regimen-related toxicity in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J. Clin. Oncol., 6, 1562–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dulley, F. L., Kanfer, E. J., Appelbaum, F. R. et al. (1987). Venocclusive disease of the liver after chemoradiotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation, 43, 870–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berk, P. D., Popper, H., Krueger, G. R. F., Decter, J., Herzig, G. and Graw, R. (1979). Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Possible association with graft versus host disease. Ann. Intern. Med., 90, 158–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soiffer, R. J., Dear, K., Rabinowe, S. N. et al. (1991). Hepatic dysfunction following T-cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation, 52, 1014–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganem, G., Saint-Marc Girardin, M. F., Kuentz, M. et al. (1988). Venocclusive disease of the liver after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in man. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 14, 879–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozsahin, M., Pene, F., Touboul, E. et al. (1992). Total-body irradiation before bone marrow transplantation, Results of two randomized instantaneous dose rates in 157 patients. Cancer, 69, 2853–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayash, L. J., Hunt, M., Antman, K. et al. (1990). Hepatic venoocclusive disease in autologous bone marrow transplantation of solid tumors and lymphomas. J. Clin. Oncol., 8, 1699–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucarelli, G., Galimbert, M., Delfini, C. et al. (1985). Marrow transplantation for thalassaemia following busulphan and cyclophosphamide. Lancet, i, 1355–7.
   Google Scholar
• Locasciulli, A., Bacigalupo, A., Alberti, A. et al. (1989). Predictability before transplant of hepatic complications following allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Transplantation, 48, 68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witherspoon, R. P., Storb, R., Shulman, H. M. et al. (1984). Marrow transplantation in hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia. Am. J. Hematol., 17, 269–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, P. M., Fan, S., Hsieh, R. K. et al. (1992). Liver disease in patients with liver dysfunction prior to bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant., 9, 415–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locasciulli, A., Testa, M., Valsecchi, M. G. et al. (1988). The role of hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infection as risk factors for severe liver complications folllowing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant., 21 (suppl. 1), S147.
   Google Scholar
• Deeg, H. J., Shulman, H. M., Schmidt, E., Yee, G. C., Thomas, E. D. and Storb, R. (1986). Marrow graft rejection and veno-occlusive disease of the liver in patients with aplastic anemia conditioned with cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine. Transplantation, 42, 497–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Méresse, V., Hartmann, O., Vassal, G. et al. (1992). Risk factors for hepatic veno-occlusive disease after high-dose busulfan-containing regimens followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation: a study in 136 children. Bone Marrow Transplant., 10, 135–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanfer, E. J., Buckner, C. D., Fefer, A. et al. (1987). Allogeneic and syngeneic marrow transplantation following high dose dimethylbusulfan, cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. Bone Marrow Transplant., 1, 339–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozkaynak, M. F., Weinberg, K., Kohn, D., Sender, L., Parkman, R. and Lenarsky, C. (1991). Hepatic veno-occlusive disease post-bone marrow transplantation in children conditioned with busulfan and cyclophosphamide: incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome. Bone Marrow Transplant., 7, 467–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, P. J., Hugh-Jones, K., Hobbs, J. R., Downie, C. J. C. and Barnes, R. (1986). Busulphan and cyclophsphamide cause little early toxicity during displacement bone marrow transplantation in fifty children. Bone Marrow Transplant., 1, 193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beelen, D. W., Quabeck, K., Graeven, U., Sayer, H. G., Mahmoud, H. K. and Schaefer, U. W. (1989). Acute toxicity ans first clinical results of intensive postinduction therapy using a modified busulfan and cyclophosphamide regimen with autologous bone marrow rescue in first remission of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood, 74, 1507–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsky, R., Topolsky, D., Crilley, P., Bulova, S. and Brodsky, I. (1990). Frequency of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in bone marrow transplantation with a modified busulfan/cyclophosphamide preparative regimen. Am. J. Clin. Oncol., 13, 221–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassal, G., Hartmann, O. and Benhamou, E. (1990). Busulfan and veno-occlusive disease of the liver. Ann. Intern. Med., 112, 881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, M., Dodds, A., Atkinson, K., Szer, J., Downs, K. and Biggs, J. (1991). The toxicity of busulphan and cyclophosphamide as the preparative regimen for bone marrow transplantation. Br. J. Haematol., 77, 529–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, W. P., Dennison, J. D., Reed, E. C. et al. (1991). Improved results of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for advanced hematologic malignancy using busulfan, cyclophosphamide and, etoposide as cytoreductive and immunosuppressive therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant., 8, 489–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Jagt, R. H. C., Appelbaum, F. R., Petersen, F. B. et al. (1991). Busulfan and cyclophosphamide as a preparative regimen for bone marrow transplantation in patients with prior chest rediotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplant., 8, 211–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coperlan, E. A., Biggs, J. C., Thompson, J. M. et al. (1991). Treatment for acute myelocytic leukemia with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation following preparation with BuCy2. Blood, 78, 838–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essell, J. H., Thompson, J. M., Harman, G. S. et al. (1992). Marked increase in veno-occlusive disease of the liver associated with methotrexate use for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in patients receiving Busulfan/Cyclophosphamide. Blood, 79, 2784–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grochow, L. B., Jones, R. J., Brundrett, R. B. et al. (1989). Pharmacokinetics of busulfan: correlation with veno-occlusive disease in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 25, 55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanes, C., Ratanatharathorn, V., Schilder, R. B. et al. (1986). High-dose mytomycin-C with autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with refractory malignancies. Influence of does schedule on pharmacokinetics and nonhematopoietic toxicities. Am. J. Clin. Oncol., 9, 444–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeg, H. J., Sullivan, K. M., Buckner, C. D. et al. (1986). Marrow transplantation for nonlymphosphastic leukemia in first remission: toxicity and long-term follow-up of patients conditioned with single dose or fractionated total body irradiation. Bone Marrow Transplant., 1, 151–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosset, J. M., Baume, D., Pico, J. L. et al. (1989). Single dose versus hyperfractionated total body irradiation before allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a non-randomized comparative study of 54 patients at the Institute Gustave-Roussy. Radiother. Oncol., 15, 151–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, T. H., McGlave, P. B., Ramsay, N. et al. (1990). Comparison of two total body irradiation regimens in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 19, 889–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valls, A., Grañena, A., Carreras, E., Ferrer, E. and Algara, M. (1989). Total body irradiation in bone marrow transplantation: fractionated vs. single dose. Acute toxicity and preliminary results. Bull. Cancer, 76, 797–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevill, T. J., Barnett, M. J., Klingemann, H. G., Reece, D. E., Shepherd, J. D. and Philips, G. L. (1991). Regime related toxicity of busulfan-cyclophosphamide conditioning regimen in 70 patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. J. Clin. Oncol., 9, 1224–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. K., Longnecker, J. P. and Fajardo, L. F. (1982). Differential radiation: response of cultured endothelial cells and smooth myocytes. Ann. Quant. Cytol., 4, 188–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen, J. R., Carstens, L. A. and Katagiri, G. J. (1969). Hepatic veins of monkeys with veno-occlusive disease, Sequential ultrastructural changes. Arch. Pathol., 87, 279–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks, S. E. H., Miller, C. G., McKenzie, K. et al. (1970). Acute veno-occlusive disease of the liver: Fine structure in Jamaican children. Arch. Pathol., 89, 507–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bicher, H. I., Dalrymple, G. V., Ashbrook, D., Smith, R. and Harris, D. (1976). Effect of ionizing radiation on liver microcirculation and oxigenation. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 75, 497–503.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holler, E., Kolb, H. J., Möller, A. et al. (1990). Increased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor precede major complications of bone marrow transplantation. Blood, 75, 1011–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, K. A., Cate, H., Barzegar, S., Spriggs, D. R., Sherman, M. L. and Rosenberg, R. D. (1990). Tumor necrosis factor infusions have a procoagulant effect on the hemostatic mechanism of humans. Blood, 75, 165–8.
   Google Scholar
• Nawroth, P. P., Handley, D. A., Esmon, C. T. and Stern, D. M. (1986). Interleukin-1 induces modulation of endothelial cells procoagulant while suppressing cell surface anticoagulant activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America, 83, 3460–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baars, J. W., De Boer, J. P., Wagstaff, J. et al. (1992). Interleukin-2 induces activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis: resemblance to changes seen during experimental endotoxaemia. Br. J. Haematol, 82, 295–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, L. R. I., Tucker, B. and Kovacs, I. B. (1990). Enhanced in vitro hemostasis and reduced thrombolysis in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation, 49, 905–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pessayre, D. and Larrey, D. (1991). Drug-induced liver injury. In: Oxford textbook of clinical hepatology, Edited by McIntyre, N., Benhamou, J. P., Bircher, J., Rizzetto, M. and Rodés, J., Vol. 2, 873–902, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Teicher, B. A., Crawford, J. M., Holden, S. A. et al. (1988). Glutathione monoethyl ester can selectively protect liver from high dose BCNU or cyclophosphamide. Cancer, 62, 1275–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, H. M., Luk, K., Deeg, H. J., Shuman, W. B. and Storb, R. (1987). Induction of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in dogs. Am. J. Pathol., 126, 114–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebrec, D. and Benhamou, J. P. (1986). Noncirrhotic intrahepatic portal hypertension. Semin. Liver Dis., 6, 332–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasturi, T. E., Manchanda, S. C., Tandon, R. K., Rajani, M. and Bhatia, M. L. (1979). Haemodynamic studies in veno-occlusive disease of the liver. Br. Heart J., 41, 594–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cahn, J. Y., Flesch, M., Plouvier, E., Hervé, P. and Rozenbaum, A. (1985). Maladie veino-occlusive du foie, et autogreffe de moelle osseuse. Rôle préventif de l'heparine? Nouv. Rev. Fr. Hematol., 27, 27–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rio, B., Lamy, T. and Zittoun, R. (1988). Preventive role of heparin for liver venocclusive disease (VOD). Bone Marrow Transplant., 3, 266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearman, S. I., Hinds, M. S., Wolford, J. L. et al. (1990). A pilot study of continuous infusion heparin for the prevention of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant., 5, 407–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsa-Vila, L., Gorin, N. C., Laporte, J. P. et al. (1991). Prophylactic heparin does not prevent liver veno-occlusive disease following autologous bone marrow transplantation. Eur. J. Haematol., 47, 346–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attal, M., Huguet, F., Rubie, H. et al. (1992). Prevention of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after bone marrow transplantation by continuous infusion of low-dose heparin: A prospective, randomized trial. Blood, 79, 2834–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Or, O., Nagler, A., Shpilberg, O. et al. (1996). Low molecular weight heparin for the prevention of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in bone marrow transplantation patients. Transplantation, 61, 1067–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oates, J.A., FitzGerald, G. A., Branch, R. A. et al. (1988). Clinical implications of prostaglandin and thromboxane A2 formation. N. Engl. J. Med., 319, 689–98 & 761–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluckman, E., Jolivet, I., Scrobohaci, M. L. et al. (1990). Use of prostaglandin El for prevention of liver veno-occlusive disease in leukaemic patients treated by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Br. J. Haematol., 74, 277–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearman, S. I., Hinds, M. S. and McDonald, G. B. (1991). Prostaglandin E1 for prevention of hepatic veno-occlusive disease: results of a phase I study. Exp. Hematol, 19, 567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianco, J. A., Appelbaum, F. R., Nemunaitis, J. et al. (1991). Phase I-II trial of pentoxifylline for the prevention of transplant-related toxicities following bone marrow transplantation. Blood, 78, 1205–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attal, M., Huguet, F., Rubiem, H. et al. (1993). Prevention of regimen-related toxicities after bone marrow transplantation by pentoxifylline: A prospective, randomized trial. Blood, 82, 732–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clift, R A., Bianco, J. A., Appelbaum, F. R. et al. (1993). A randomized controlled trial of pentoxifylline for the prevention of regimen-related toxicities in patients undergoing allogeneic marrow transplantation. Blood, 82, 2025–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essell, J. H., Schroeder, M., Thompson, J., Harman, G., Holvorson, R. and Calander, N. (1994). A randomized double-blind trial of prophylactic ursodeoxycholic acid vs. placebo to prevent venocclusive disease of the liver in patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood, 84 (suppl. 1), 250a.
   Google Scholar
• Bacq, Y., Gaudin, C., Hadengue, A. et al. (1991). Systemic, splanchnic and renal hemodinamic effects of a dopaminergic dose of dopamine in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology, 14, 483–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, A., Pico, P. L., Maraninchi, D. et al. (1991). Hepatic veno-occlusive disease following bone marrow transplantation treated by prostaglandin E1. Bone Marrow Transplant., 7 (suppl. 2), 53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bearman, S. I., Lee, J. L., Barón, A. E. and MacDonald, G. B. (1997). Treatment of hepatic venocclusive disease with recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator and heparin in 42 marrow transplant patients. Blood, 89, 1501–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, P., Krishnan, A., Wheeler, C. et al. (1995). The use of defibrotide in BMT-associated veno-occlusive disease. Blood, 86 (suppl. 1), 221a.
   Google Scholar
• de la Rubia, J., Carral, A., Montes, H., Urquijo, J. J., Sanz, G. F. and Sanz, M. A. (1996). Successful treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in a peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant patient with a transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic stentshunt (TIPS). Haematologica, 81, 536–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried, M. W., Connaghan, D. G., Sharma, S. et al. (1995). Transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS) for the management of severe veno-occlusive disease after bone marrow transplantation. Hepatology, 22 (suppl. 2), 254a.
   Google Scholar
• Nimer, S. D., Milewicz, A. L., Champlin, R. E. and Busuttil, R. W. (1990). Successful treatment of hepatic venoocclusive disease in a bone marrow transplant patient with orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation, 49, 819–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport, A. P., Doyle, H. R., Starzl, T., Rowe, J. M., Doeblin, T. and DiPersio, J. F. (1991). Orthotopic liver transplantation for life-threatening veno-occlusive disease of the liver after allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant., 8, 421–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar