Current Clinical Practice: Treatment of Hairy Cell Leukemia at the Close of the 20th Century

References

• Bouroncle, B. A., Wiseman, B. K. and Doan, C. A. (1958). Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Blood, 13, 609–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheson, B. D. and Martin, A. (1987). Clinical trials in hairy cell leukemia. Current status and future directions [published erratum appears in Ann Intern Med 1987 Oct; 107(4), 604], Ann Intern Med, 106, 871–8.
   Google Scholar
• Landis, S. H., Murray, T., Bolden, S. and Wingo, P. A. (1999). Cancer Statistics, 1999. CA Cancer J. Clin., 49, 8–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flandrin, G., Sigaux, F., Sebahoun, G. and Bouffette, P. (1984). Hairy cell leukemia: clinical presentation and follow-up of 211 patients. Semin Oncol, 11, 458–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb, H. M., Catovsky, D. and Golde, D. W. (1978). Hairy cell leukemia: a clinical review based on 71 cases. Ann Intern Med, 89,677–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frassoldati, A., Lamparelli, T., Federico, M., Annino, L., Capnist, G., Pagnucco, G., Dini, E., Resegotti, L., Damasio, E. E. and Silingardi, V. (1994). Hairy cell leukemia: a clinical review based on 725 cases of the Italian Cooperative Group (ICGHCL). Italian Cooperative Group for Hairy Cell Leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma, 13, 307–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katayama, I., Li, C. Y. and Yam, L. T. (1972). Histo-chemical study of acid phosphatase isoenzyme in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Cancer, 29, 157–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins, B. A., Ellison, D. J., Spinosa, J. C., Carey, C. A., Lukes, R. J., Poppema, S., Saven, A. and Piro, L. D. (1993). Diagnostic application of two-color flow cytometry in 161 cases of hairy cell leukemia. Blood, 82, 1277–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, I. B., Hagberg, H. and Sundstrom, C. (1990). Immunophenotype of hairy-cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol, 45, 172–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blasinska-Morawiec, M., Robak, T., Krykowski, E., Hellmann, A. and Urbanska-Rys, H. (1997). Hairy cell leukemia-variant treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine—a report of three cases. Leuk Lymphoma, 25, 381–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, P., Shih, L. Y., Ho, Y.S. and Tien, H.F. (1995). Hairy cell leukemia variant. Acta Haematologica, 94, 105–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainati, L., Matutes, E., Mulligan, S., de Oliveira, M. P., Rani, S., Lampert, I. A. and Catovsky, D. (1990). A variant form of hairy cell leukemia resistant to alpha-interferon: clinical and phenotypic characteristics of 17 patients. Blood, 76, 157–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azemar, M., Masche, A., Schaefer, H. E. and Unger, C. (1998). Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes—Difficulties in differential diagnosis. Onkologie, 21, 235–239.
   Google Scholar
• Treton, D., Valensi, F., Troussard, X., Gras, G., Flandrin, G., Galanaud, P. and Richard, Y. (1996). Cytokine response of B lymphocytes from splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes: Correlation with TNF-RII (p75) and CD11c expression. Hematology and Cell Therapy, 38, 345–352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golomb, H. M. (1981). Progress report on chlorambucil therapy in postsplenectomy patients with progressive hairy cell leukemia. Blood, 57, 464–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb, H. M., Catovsky, D. and Golde, D. W. (1983). Hairy cell leukemia: a five-year update on seventy-one patients. Ann Intern Med, 99, 485–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen, J. and Hermans, J. (1982). Clinical staging system for hairy-cell leukemia. Blood, 60, 571–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, D. J., Smith, T. L., Keating, M. J., McCredie, K. B., Hersh, E. M., Quesada, J. and Freireich, E. J. (1984). Prognostic factors in hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis). Cancer, 53, 1198–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Norman, A. S., Nagorney, D. M., Martin, J. K., Phyliky, R. L. and Ilstrup, D. M. (1986). Splenectomy for hairy cell leukemia. A clinical review of 63 patients. Cancer, 57, 644–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen, J., Hermans, J., Remme, J., den Ottolander, G. J. and Cardozo, P. L. (1978). Hairy cell leukaemia. Clinical features and effect of splenectomy. Scand J Haematol, 21, 60–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansen, J. and Hermans, J. (1981). Splenectomy in hairy cell leukemia: a retrospective multicenter analysis. Cancer, 47, 2066–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouroncle, B. A. (1984). The history of hairy cell leukemia: characteristics of long-term survivors. Semin Oncol, 11, 479–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merigan, T. C., Sikora, K., Breeden, J. H., Levy, R. and Rosenberg, S. A. (1978). Preliminary observations on the effect of human leukocyte interferon in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med, 299, 1449–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutterman, J. U., Blumenschein, G. R., Alexanian, R., Yap, H. Y., Buzdar, A. U., Cabanillas, F., Hortobagyi, G. N., Hersh, E. M., Rasmussen, S. L., Harmon, M., Kramer, M. and Pestka, S. (1980). Leukocyte interferon-induced tumor regression in human metastatic breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and malignant lymphoma. Ann Intern Med, 93, 399–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talpaz, M., McCredie, K. B., Mavligit, G. M. and Gutterman, J. U. (1983). Leukocyte interferon-induced myeloid cytoreduction in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood, 62, 689–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesada, J. R., Reuben, J., Manning, J. T., Hersh, E. M. and Gutterman, J. U. (1984). Alpha interferon for induction of remission in hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med, 310, 15–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesada, J. R., Hersh, E. M., Manning, J., Reuben, J., Keating, M., Schnipper, E., Itri, L. and Gutterman, J. U. (1986). Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with recombinant α-interferon. Blood, 68, 493–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. A., Brady, J., Kidd, P. and Fefer, A. (1985). Recombinant alpha-2 interferon in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep, 69, 791–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehmann, W. C. and Silber, R. (1986). Recombinant alpha-2 interferon for treatment of hairy cell leukemia without prior splenectomy. Am J Med, 80, 1111–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb, H. M., Jacobs, A., Fefer, A., Ozer, H., Thompson, J., Portlock, C., Ratain, M., Golde, D., Vardiman, J., Burke, J. S., et al., (1986). Alpha-2 interferon therapy of hairy-cell leukemia: a multicenter study of 64 patients. J Clin Oncol, 4, 900–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platanias, L. C., Pfeffer, L. M., Barton, K. P., Vardiman, J. W., Golomb, H. M. and Colamonici, O. R. (1992). Expression of the IFN alpha receptor in hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol, 82, 541–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauria, F., Raspadori, D., Foa, R., Zinzani, P. L., Buzzi, M., Gugliotta, L., Macchi, S. and Tura, S. (1990). Reduced hematologic response to alpha-interferon therapy in patients with hairy cell leukemia showing a peculiar immunologic phenotype. Cancer, 65, 2233–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauria, F., Zinzani, P. L., Raspadori, D., Foa, R., Buzzi, M., Gugliotta, L., Bocchia, M., Benfenati, D. and Tura, S. (1990). Relationship between immunological phenotype and hematological response to alpha-IFN treatment in 35 patients with hairy cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol Suppl, 52, 3–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grever, M., Kopecky, K., Foucar, M. K., Head, D., Bennett, J. M., Hutchison, R. E., Corbett, W. E., Cassileth, P. A., Habermann, T., Golomb, H., et al., (1995). Randomized comparison of pentostatin versus interferon alfa-2a in previously untreated patients with hairy cell leukemia: an intergroup study [see comments]. J Clin Oncol, 13, 974–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aderka, D., Levo, Y., Ramot, B., Michalevicz, R., Meytes, D., Shaklai, M., Hahn, T., Holtmann, H., Revel, M. and Wallach, D. (1987). Reduced production of tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells in hairy cell leukemia patients and improvement following interferon therapy. Cancer, 60, 2208–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foon, K. A., Maluish, A. E., Abrams, P. G., Wrightington, S., Stevenson, H. C., Alarif, A., Fer, M. F., Overton, W. R., Poole, M., Schnipper, E. F., et al., (1986). Recombinant leukocyte A interferon therapy for advanced hairy cell leukemia. Therapeutic and immunologic results. Am J Med, 80, 351–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aderka, D., Michalevicz, R., Daniel, Y., Levo, Y., Douer, D., Ben-Bassat, I., Ramot, B., Shaklai, M., Prokocimer, M., Berrebi, A., et al., (1988). Recombinant interferon alpha-C for advanced hairy cell leukemia. An Israeli multicenter study. Cancer, 61, 2207–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, C. L., Westbrook, C. A., Gruber, B. and Golomb, H. M. (1986). Hairy cell leukemia and mucormycosis. Treatment with alpha-2 interferon. Am J Med, 81, 1065–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maziarz, R. T., Tepler, I., Antin, J. H., Keroack, M. A., Churchill, W. H., Holmes, W. and Rappeport, J. (1988). Reversal of infection with Mycobacterium avium intra-cellulare by treatment with alpha-interferon in a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Ann Intern Med, 109, 292–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb, H. M., Ratain, M. J., Mick, R. and Daly, K. (1992). Interferon treatment for hairy cell leukemia: an update on a cohort of 69 patients treated from 1983–1986. Leukemia, 6, 1177–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai, K. R., Davey, F., Peterson, B., Schiffer, C., Silver, R. T., Ozer, H., Golomb, H. and Bloomfield, C. D. (1995). Recombinant alpha-2b-interferon in therapy of previously untreated hairy cell leukemia: long-term follow-up results of study by Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Leukemia, 9, 1116–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratain, M. J., Golomb, H. M., Vardiman, J. W., Westbrook, C. A., Barker, C., Hooberman, A., Bitter, M. A. and Daly, K. (1988). Relapse after interferon alfa-2b therapy for hairy-cell leukemia: analysis of prognostic variables. J Clin Oncol, 6, 1714–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaigne, S., Sigaux, F., Degos, L. and Flandrin, G. (1989). Hairy cell leukemia: follow-up after completion of alpha interferon treatment. Now Rev Fr Hematol, 31, 321–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zinzani, P. L., Lauria, F., Raspadori, D., Rondelli, D., Benfenati, D., Pileri, S., Sabattini, E. and Tura, S. (1992). Results in hairy-cell leukemia patients treated with alpha-interferon: predictive prognostic factors. Eur J Haematol, 49, 133–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilosi, M., Semenzato, G., Cetto, G., Ambrosetti, A., Fiore-Donati, L., Perona, G., Berton, G., Lestani, M., Scarpa, A., Agostini, C., et al., (1987). Soluble interleukin-2 receptors in the sera of patients with hairy cell leukemia: relationship with the effect of recombinant alpha-interferon therapy on clinical parameters and natural killer in vitro activity. Blood, 70, 1530–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauria, F., Rondelli, D., Raspadori, D., Zinzani, P. L., Benfenati, D., Pileri, S., Sabattini, E. and Tura, S. (1992). Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in hairy cell leukemia: correlation with clinical and hematological parameters and with alpha-interferon treatment. Leuk Lymphoma, 7, 103–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steis, R. G., Marcon, L., Clark, J., Urba, W., Longo, D. L., Nelson, D. L. and Maluish, A. E. (1988). Serum soluble IL-2 receptor as a tumor marker in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood, 71, 1304–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flinn, I. W., Kopecky, K. J., Foucar, M. K., Head, D., Bennett, J. M., Hutchison, R. E., Corbett, W. E. N., Cassileth, P. A., Habermann, T., Golomb, H., Rai, K., Eisenhauer, E., Appelbaum, F. R., Cheson, B. D. and Grever, M. (1997). Long-term results in hairy cell leukemia treated with pentostatin. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 90(1), 578a.
   Google Scholar
• Golomb, H. M., Ratain, M. J., Fefer, A., Thompson, J., Golde, D. W., Ozer, H., Portlock, C., Silber, R., Rappeport, J., Bonnem, E., et al., (1988). Randomized study of the duration of treatment with interferon alfa-2B in patients with hairy cell leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst, 80, 369–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb, H. M., Fefer, A., Golde, D. W., Ozer, H., Portlock, C., Silber, R., Rappeport, J., Ratain, M. J., Thompson, J., Bonnem, E., et al., (1988). Report of a multi-institutional study of 193 patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with interferon-alfa2b. Semin Oncol, 15, 7–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb, H. M., Fefer, A., Golde, D. W., Ozer, H., Portlock, C., Silber, R., Rappeport, J., Ratain, M. J., Thompson, J., Bonnem, E. M., et al., (1987). Sequential evaluation of alpha-2b-interferon treatment in 128 patients with hairy cell leukemia. Semin Oncol, 14, 13–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J. W. d., Longo, D. L., Urba, W.J., Clark, J. W., Watson, T., Beveridge, J., Conlon, K. C., Sznol, M., Creekmore, S. P., Alvord, W. G., et al., (1991). Prolonged continuous treatment of hairy cell leukemia patients with recombinant interferon-alpha 2a. Blood, 78, 1664–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, B. and Braide, I. (1992). Three years' continuous low-dose interferon-alpha treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia: evaluation of response and maintenance dose [see comments]. Eur J Haematol, 49, 174–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. A., Kidd, P., Rubin, E. and Fefer, A. (1989). Very low dose alpha-2b interferon for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia [see comments]. Blood, 73, 1440–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moormeier, J. A., Ratain, M. J., Westbrook, C. A., Vardiman, J. W., Daly, K. M. and Golomb, H. M. (1989). Low-dose interferon alfa-2b in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst, 81, 1172–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinzani, P. L., Lauria, F., Raspadori, D., Buzzi, M., Benfenati, D., Bocchia, M., Rondelli, D. and Tura, S. (1991). Comparison of low-dose versus standard-dose alpha- interferon regimen in the hairy cell leukemia treatment. Acta Haematol, 85, 16–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Dwyer, P. J., Wagner, B., Leyland-Jones, B., Wittes, R. E., Cheson, B. D. and Hoth, D. F. (1988). 2′-Deoxyco-formycin (pentostatin) for lymphoid malignancies. Rational development of an active new drug. Ann Intern Med, 108, 733–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, J. B., Begleiter, A., Pugh, L., Leith, M. K., Wilkins, J. A., Cavers, D. J. and Israels, L. G. (1986). Bio-chemical changes induced in hairy-cell leukemia following treatment with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor 2′-deoxycoformycin. Cancer Res, 46, 2179–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershfield, M. S. (1998). Adenosine deaminase deficiency: Clinical expression, molecular basis, and therapy. Seminars in Hematology, 35, 291–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiers, A. S., Parekh, S. J. and Bishop, M. B. (1984). Hairy-cell leukemia: induction of complete remission with pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin). J Clin Oncol, 2, 1336–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraut, E. H., Bouroncle, B. A. and Grever, M. R. (1986). Low-dose deoxycoformycin in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Blood, 68, 1119–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraut, E. H., Bouroncle, B. A. and Grever, M. R. (1989). Pentostatin in the treatment of advanced hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol, 7, 168–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, J. B., Glazer, R. I., Pugh, L. and Israels, L. G. (1986). The treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Br J Haematol, 63, 525–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalal, B. I., Freier, L., Johnston, J. B., Merry, C. C. and Israels, L. G. (1989). Peripheral blood and bone marrow changes following 2′-deoxycoformycin therapy in hairy cell leukemia. Results of 200 weeks' follow-up. Cancer, 63, 14–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daeninck, P. J., Morales, C., Dalal, B. I., Israels, L. G. and Johnston, J. B. (1996). Single institution experience with hairy cell leukemia: long-term follow-up of patients treated with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Blood, 88(1), 1915a.
   Google Scholar
• Dearden, C. and Catovsky, D. (1990). Deoxycoformycin in the treatment of mature B-cell malignancies. Br J Cancer, 62, 4–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearden, C. and Catovsky, D. (1990). Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 1, 179–185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston, J. B., Eisenhauer, E., Corbett, W. E., Scott, J. G. and Zaentz, S. D. (1988). Efficacy of 2′-deoxycoformycin in hairy-cell leukemia: a study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Natl Cancer Inst, 80, 765–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daeninck, P. J., Johnston, J. B., Eisenhauer, E., Wainman, N., Corbett, W. E. N. and Zaentz, S. D. (1997). Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with low-dose 2′-deoxycoformycin: results of long-term follow-up. Proc. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 16, A60.
   Google Scholar
• Spiers, A. S., Moore, D., Cassileth, P. A., Harrington, D. P., Cummings, F. J., Neiman, R. S., Bennett, J. M. and MJ, O. C. (1987). Remissions in hairy-cell leukemia with pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin). N Engl J Med, 316, 825–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassileth, P. A., Cheuvart, B., Spiers, A. S., Harrington, D. P., Cummings, F. J., Neiman, R. S., Bennett, J. M. and MJ, O. C. (1991). Pentostatin induces durable remissions in hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol, 9, 243–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grem, J. L., King, S. A., Cheson, B. D., Leyland-Jones, B. and Wittes, R. E. (1989). Pentostatin in hairy cell leukemia: treatment by the special exception mechanism. J Natl Cancer Inst, 81, 448–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catovsky, D., Matutes, E., Talavera, J. G., NT, O. C., Johnson, S. A., Emmett, E., Corbett, L. and Swansbury, J. (1994). Long term results with 2′ deoxycoformycin in hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma, 14(1), 109–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foon, K. A., Nakano, G. M., Roller, C. A., Longo, D. L. and Steis, R. G. (1986). Response to 2′-deoxycoformycin after failure of interferon-alpha in nonsplenectomized patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood, 68, 297–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, A. D., Kuse, R., Prummer, O., Porzsolt, F. and Hunstein, W. (1987). 2′-Deoxycoformycin (Pentostatin) in hairy cell leukemia: response in patients refractory to interferon alpha. Klin Wochenschr, 65, 975–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durrleman, S., Grem, J. L. and Cheson, B. D. (1989). 2′-Deoxycoformycin after failure of alpha-interferon in hairy cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol, 43, 297–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, A. D., Thaler, J., Mandelli, F., Lauria, F., Zittoun, R., Willemze, R., McVie, G., Marmont, A. M., Prummer, O., Stryckmans, P., et al., (1989). Response to pentostatin in hairy-cell leukemia refractory to interferon-alpha. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol, 7, 1533–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blick, M., Lepe-Zuniga, J. L., Doig, R. and Quesada, J. R. (1990). Durable complete remissions after 2′-deoxycoformycin treatment in patients with hairy cell leukemia resistant to interferon alpha. Am J Hematol, 33, 205–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour, J. F., Talpaz, M. and Kurzrock, R. (1997). Response duration and recovery of CD4+ lymphocytes following deoxycoformycin in interferon-alpha-resistant hairy cell leukemia: 7-year follow-up. Leukemia, 11, 42–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annino, L., Ferrari, A., Giona, F., Cimino, G., Crescenzi, S., Cava, M. C., Pacchiarotti, A. and Mandelli, F. (1994). Deoxycoformycin induces long-lasting remissions in hairy cell leukemia: clinical and biological results of two different regimens. Leuk Lymphoma, 14(1), 115–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golomb, H. M., Dodge, R., Mick, R., Budman, D., Hutchison, R., Homing, S. J. and Schiffer, C. A. (1994). Pentostatin treatment for hairy cell leukemia patients who failed initial therapy with recombinant alpha-interferon: a report of CALGB study 8515. Leukemia, 8, 2037–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeim, F. and Jacobs, A. D. (1985). Bone marrow changes in patients with hairy cell leukemia treated by recombinant alpha 2-interferon. Hum Pathol, 16, 1200–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardawil, R. G., Groves, C., Ratain, M. J., Golomb, H. M. and Vardiman, J. W. (1986). Changes in peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens following therapy with recombinant alpha 2 interferon for hairy cell leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol, 85, 194–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, A., Nerenstone, S., Urba, W. J., Longo, D. L., Lawrence, J. B., Clark, J. W., Hawkins, M. J., Creekmore, S. P., Smith, J. W. d. and Steis, R. G. (1990). Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with alternating cycles of pentostatin and recombinant leukocyte A interferon: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol, 8, 721–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermann, T. M., Andersen, J. W., Cassileth, P. A., Bennett, J. M. and Oken, M. M. (1992). Sequential administration of recombinant interferon alpha and deoxycoformycin in the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol, 80, 466–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraut, E. H., Grever, M. R. and Bouroncle, B. A. (1994). Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after treatment with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Blood, 84, 4061–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, P., Bouaffia, F., Peaud, P. Y., Blanc, M., Salles, B., Salles, G. and Coiffier, B. (1999). Long term outcome of patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with pentostatin. Cancer, 85, 65–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urba, W. J., Baseler, M. W., Kopp, W.C., Steis, R.G., Clark, J. W., Smith, J. W. d., Coggin, D. L. and Longo, D. L. (1989). Deoxycoformycin-induced immunosuppression in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood, 73, 38–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraut, E. H., Neff, J. C., Bouroncle, B. A., Gochnour, D. and Grever, M. R. (1990). Immunosuppressive effects of pentostatin. J Clin Oncol, 8, 848–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steis, R. G., Urba, W.J., Kopp, W.C., Alvord, W.G., Smith, J. W. d. and Longo, D. L. (1991). Kinetics of recovery of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of deoxycoformycin-treated patients. J Natl Cancer Inst, 83, 1678–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, D. A., Wasson, D. B. and Beutler, E. (1984). Antileukemic and immunosuppressive activity of 2- chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 81, 2232–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrera, C. J., Piro, L. D., Saven, A., Beutler, E., Terai, C. and Carson, D. A. (1991). 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine chemotherapy triggers programmed cell death in normal and malignant lymphocytes. Adv Exp Med Biol, 309A, 15–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piro, L. D., Carrera, C. J., Carson, D. A. and Beutler, E. (1990). Lasting remissions in hairy-cell leukemia induced by a single infusion of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. N Engl J Med, 322, 1117–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saven, A. and Piro, L. D. (1993). 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Cancer Invest, 11, 559–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saven, A. and Piro, L. D. (1993). Complete remissions in hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine after failure with 2′-deoxycoformycin [see comments]. Ann Intern Med, 119, 278–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saven, A., Burian, C., Koziol, J. A. and Piro, L. D. (1998). Long-term followup of patients with hairy cell leukemia after cladribine treatment. Blood, 92, 1918–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estey, E. H., Kurzrock, R., Kantarjian, H. M., SM, O. B., McCredie, K. B., Beran, M., Koller, C., Keating, M. J., Hirsch-Ginsberg, C., Huh, Y. O., et al., (1992). Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA). Blood, 79, 882–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour, J. F., Kurzrock, R., Freireich, E. J. and Estey, E. H. (1994). 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine induces durable remissions and prolonged suppression of CD4+ lymphocyte counts in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood, 83, 2906–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallman, M. S., Hakimian, D., Rademaker, A. W., Zanzig, C., Wollins, E., Rose, E. and Peterson, L. C. (1996). Relapse of hairy cell leukemia after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine: long-term follow-up of the Northwestern University experience. Blood, 88, 1954–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheaton, S., Tallman, M. S., Hakimian, D. and Peterson, L. (1996). Minimal residual disease may predict bone marrow relapse in patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Blood, 87, 1556–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakimian, D., Tallman, M. S., Kiley, C. and Peterson, L. (1993). Detection of minimal residual disease by immunostaining of bone marrow biopsies after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for hairy cell leukemia. Blood, 82, 1798–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juliusson, G. and Liliemark, J. (1992). Rapid recovery from cytopenia in hairy cell leukemia after treatment with 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (CdA): relation to opportunistic infections. Blood, 79, 888–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juliusson, G., Heldal, D., Hippe, E., Hedenus, M., Malm, C., Wallman, K., Stolt, C. M., Evensen, S. A., Albertioni, F., Tjonnfjord, G., et al., (1995). Subcutaneous injections of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for symptomatic hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol, 13, 989–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juliusson, G., Lenkei, R. and Liliemark, J. (1994). Flow cytometry of blood and bone marrow cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia: phenotype of hairy cells and lymphocyte subsets after treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Blood, 83, 3672–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauria, F., Rondelli, D., Raspadori, D., Benfenati, D. and Tura, S. (1994). Rapid restoration of natural killer activity following treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in 22 patients with hairy-cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol, 52, 16–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauria, F., Rondelli, D., Zinzani, P. L., Bocchia, M., Marotta, G., Salvucci, M., Raspadori, D., Ventura, M. A., Birtolo, S., Forconi, F. and Tura, S. (1997). Long-lasting complete remission in patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with 2-CdA: a 5-year survey. Leukemia, 11, 629–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauria, F., Bocchia, M., Marotta, G., Raspadori, D., Zinzani, P. L. and Rondelli, D. (1997). Weekly administration of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in patients with hairy-cell leukemia: a new treatment schedule effective and safer in preventing infectious complications [letter]. Blood, 89, 1838–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robak, T., Blasinska-Morawiec, M., Krykowski, E., Hansz, J., Komarnicki, M., Kazimierczak, M., Konopka, L., Maj, S., Hellmann, A., Zaucha, J. M., Urasinski, L., Zdziarska, B., Kotlarek-Haus, S., Usnarska-Zubkiewicz, L., Kuratowska, Z., Dwilewicz-Trojaczek, J., Holowiecki, J., Krawczyk-Kulis, M. and Grieb, P. (1996). 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) in 2-hour versus 24-hour intravenous infusion in the treatment of patients with hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma, 22, 107–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrobak, L., Zak, P., Podzimek, K., Pliskova, L., Foglova, J., Maisnar, V., Dulicek, P. and Dedic, K. (1997). Long-term results in hairy cell leukemia treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove), 40, 41–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chrobak, L., Podzimek, K., Pliskova, L., Kerekes, Z., Zak, P., Voglova, J., Spacek, J. and Palicka, V. (1996). Serum soluble IL-2 receptor as a reliable and noninvasive marker of disease activity in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Neoplasma, 43, 321–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. A., Janson, D., Rose, E. and Rai, K. R. (1997). Treatment of hairy-cell leukemia with cladribine: response, toxicity, and long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol, 15, 1138–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, A., Eting, E., Zeidman, A., Djaldetti, M., Mittelman, M. and Savir, H. (1996). Ocular manifestation of hairy cell leukemia with dramatic response to 2-chlorodeoxy-adenosine. Am J Ophthalmol, 121, 97–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeidman, A., Floru, S., Robinson, A., Polliack, A., Djaldeti, M., Savir, H. and Mittelman, M. (1996). Panuveitis responsive to 2-CdA: an unusual ocular presentation of hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma, 20, 501–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheson, B. D., Sorensen, J. M., Vena, D. A., Montello, M. J., Barrett, J. A., Damasio, E., Tallman, M., Annino, L., Connors, J., Coiffier, B. and Lauria, F. (1998). Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine via the Group C protocol mechanism of the National Cancer Institute: a report of 979 patients. J Clin Oncol, 16, 3007–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saven, A. and Piro, L. (1994). Newer purine analogues for the treatment of hairy-cell leukemia [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med, 1994 Apr 28; 330(17), 1247], N Engl J Med, 330, 691–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellison, D. J., Sharpe, R. W., Robbins, B. A., Spinosa, J. C., Leopard, J. D., Saven, A. and Piro, L. D. (1994). Immunomorphologic analysis of bone marrow biopsies after treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for hairy cell leukemia. Blood, 84, 4310–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filleul, B., Delannoy, A., Ferrant, A., Zenebergh, A., Van Daele, S., Bosly, A., Doyen, C., Mineur, P., Glorieux, P., Driesschaert, P., et al., (1994). A single course of 2-chloro-deoxyadenosine does not eradicate leukemic cells in hairy cell leukemia patients in complete remission. Leukemia, 8, 1153–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone, A., Reato, G., Di Celle, P. F., Lauria, F. and Foa, R. (1994). Disease eradication in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine [letter]. Leukemia, 8, 2019–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• di Celle, P. F., Reato, G., Raspadori, D., Carbone, A., Rondelli, D., Lauria, F. and Foa, R. (1994). Molecular evaluation of clonal remission in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Leuk Lymphoma, 14(1), 139–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegal, F. P., Shodell, M., Shah, K., Drake, D., Hoffman, M., Sawitsky, A., Janson, D., Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P. and Rai, K. R. (1994). Impaired interferon alpha response in hairy cell leukemia is corrected by therapy with 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine: implications for susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Leukemia, 8, 1474–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikpeazu, E. V. and Kaplon, M. K. (1998). Cryptococcal meningitis occurring at 19 months after cladribine therapy for hairy cell leukemia. European Journal of Haematology, 61, 286–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rak, K., Kiss, A., Posan, E., Telek, B., Szakall, S., Ujj, G. and Durie, B. G. M. (1988). Hairy cell leukemia variant treated with success by 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Blood, 92(1), 4215a.
   Google Scholar
• Tetreault, S. and Saven, A. (1998). Treatment of hairy cell leukemia-variant (HCL-V) with cladribine. Blood, 92(1), 4222a.
   Google Scholar
• Cheson, B. D., Vena, D. A., Foss, F. M. and Sorensen, J. M. (1994). Neurotoxicity of purine analogs—a review. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 12, 2216–2228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juliusson, G., Lenkei, R., Tjonnfjord, G., Heldal, D. and Liliemark, J. (1995). Neutropenic fever following cladribine therapy for symptomatic hairy-cell leukemia: predictive factors and effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Ann Oncol, 6, 371–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saven, A., Cheung, W. K., Smith, I., Moyer, M., Johannsen, T., Rose, E., Gollard, R., Kosty, M., Miller, W. E. and Piro, L. D. (1996). Pharmacokinetic study of oral and bolus intravenous 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in patients with malignancy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 14, 978–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio, E. E., Resegotti, L., Masoudi, B., Bruni, R., Cerri, R., Isaza, A., Clavio, M., Risso, M., Rossi, E., Spriano, M. and Truini, M. (1998). Five day intermittent vs seven day continuous 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine infusion for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. A study by Italian Group for the Hairy Cell Leukemia. Recenti Prog Med, 89, 68–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kantarjian, H. M., Schachner, J. and Keating, M. J. (1991). Fludarabine therapy in hairy cell leukemia. Cancer, 67, 1291–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraut, E. H. and Chun, H. G. (1991). Fludarabine phosphate in refractory hairy cell leukemia. Am J Hematol, 37, 59–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, P., Grillo-Lopez, A. J., Link, B. K., Levy, R., Czuczman, M. S., Williams, M. E., Heyman, M. R., Bence-Bruckler, I., White, C. A., Cabanillas, F., Jain, V., Ho, A. D., Lister, J., Wey, K., Shen, D. and Dallaire, B. K. (1998). Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol, 16, 2825–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloney, D. G., Grillo-Lopez, A. J., Bodkin, D. J., White, C. A., Liles, T. M., Royston, I., Varns, C., Rosenberg, J. and Levy, R. (1997). IDEC-C2B8: results of a phase I multiple-dose trial in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [see comments]. J Clin Oncol, 15, 3266–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreitman, R. J. and Pastan, I. (1995). Targeting Pseudomonas exotoxin to hematologic malignancies. Semin. Cancer. Biol., 6, 297–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreitman, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Robbins, D., Margulies, I., Stetler-Stevenson, M., Waldmann, T. A. and Pastan, I. (1999). Responses in refractory hairy cell leukemia to a recombinant immuntoxin, Blood, 94, in press.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreitman, R. J., Wang, Q. C., FitzGerald, D. J. P. and Pastan, I. (1998). Complete regression of human B-cell lymphoma xenografts in mice treated with recombinant anti-CD22 immunotoxin RFB4(dsFv)-PE38 at doses tolerated by Cynomolgus monkeys. Int. J. Cancer, [in press].
   Google Scholar
• Sharpe, R. W., Rector, J. T., Rushin, J. M., Garvin, D. F. and Cotelingam, J. D. (1993). Splenic metastasis in hairy cell leukemia. Cancer, 71, 2222–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, J. E., Robbins, B. A., Pankey, L. R., Elias, A. L. and Anderson, W. F. (1995). The simultaneous occurrence of variant hairy cell leukemia and chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia. A case report. Cancer, 75, 2089–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamine, H., Okamoto, Y., Tsuda, T., Shimizu, E., Nishino, E., Ohta, K., Takenaka, T. and Maeda, J. (1987). Hodgkin's disease in hairy cell leukemia. Phenotypic characterization of neoplastic cells. Cancer, 60, 1751–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbondanzo, S. L. and Sulak, L. E. (1991). Ki-1-positive lymphoma developing 10 years after the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Cancer, 67, 3117–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crump, M., Sutton, D. M. and Pantalony, D. (1991). Sezary syndrome in a patient with hairy cell leukemia in remission. Cancer, 68, 829–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor, E., DS, O. B., Finn, T., Ward, R., Rogers, F. M., AA, O. B. and Daly, P. A. (1987). The simultaneous presentation of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia. Cancer, 60, 1537–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb, H. M., Ratain, M. J., Mick, R. and Daly, K. (1992). The treatment of hairy cell leukemia: an update. Leukemia, 6(2), 24–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spielberger, R. T., Dickstein, J. I., Le Beau, M. M., Larson, R. A., Daly, K. M., Vardiman, J. W. and Golomb, H. M. (1993). Acute myeloid leukaemia following interferon-alfa treatment of hairy cell leukaemia [see comments]. Br J Haematol, 83, 519–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampmeier, P., Spielberger, R., Dickstein, J., Mick, R., Golomb, H. and Vardiman, J. W. (1994). Increased incidence of second neoplasms in patients treated with interferon alpha 2b for hairy cell leukemia: a clinicopathologic assessment [see comments]. Blood, 83, 2931–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawson, R., R, A. H. and Catovsky, D. (1996). Second malignancy in hairy cell leukaemia: no evidence of increased incidence after treatment with interferon alpha. Leuk Lymphoma, 22, 103–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzrock, R., Strom, S. S., Estey, E., S, O. B., Keating, M. J., Jiang, H., Adams, T. and Talpaz, M. (1997). Second cancer risk in hairy cell leukemia: analysis of 350 patients. J Clin Oncol, 15, 1803–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au, W. Y., Klasa, R. J., Gallagher, R., Le, N., Gascoyne, R. D. and Connors, J. M. (1998). Second malignancies in patients with hairy cell leukemia in british Columbia: a 20-year experience. Blood, 92, 1160–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheson, B. D., Vena, D. A., Barrett, J. and Freidlin, B. (1999). Second malignancies as a consequence of nucleoside analog therapy for chronic lymphoid leukemias. J. Clin. Oncol., 17, 2454–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, B., Braide, I. and Hasselbalch, H. (1992). Evidence for an association between hairy cell leukemia and renal cell and colorectal carcinoma. Cancer, 70, 2087–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar