Côte d'Ivoire: Asking for it

ENDNOTES

• 1999 . Ivorian President overthrown after 2-day mutiny . Agence France Presse , 24 December
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• Jeune Afrique Spécial—Côte d'lvoire: Est-ce une révolution? ,
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• Jeune Afrique Spécial—Côte d'lvoire: Est-ce une révolution? , 14 Ivorian president returns to Abidjan Reuters, 23 December 1999
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• Jeune Afrique Spécial—Côte d'lvoire: Est-ce une révolution? , 13 – 14 . M F Dara, Film of events, West Africa, 10–16 January 2000, p 13; Radio says soldiers angry over unpaid allowances Radio Nostalgie, 23 December 1999
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• Phythian , N . 1999 . Soldiers jolt Ivory Coast peaceful image . Reuters , 24 December
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• Kpatindé . Reuters , 15
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• Reuters , 16
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• Reuters , Dara, op cit. There is no way of knowing whether this is an accurate reflection of the introduction of Gueï into the drama, or whether it was a construction designed to disguise a deeper and more elaborate conspiracy. See also Portrait of Côte d'Ivoire's new strongman Agence France Presse, 28 December 1999
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• Kpatindé . Reuters , 16 According to Dara, the soldiers stormed out of the meeting. He also maintains that they had added the release of opposition jailed following demonstrations against the regime to their previous demands. See Dara, op cit, p 13
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• Kpatindé . Reuters , 16
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• Reuters , 17 V Thorin, Noël à la Maca Jeune Afrique Spécial—Côte d'lvoire: Est-ce une révolution?, January 2000, p 19
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• 1999 . Bédié tells RFI relinquishing my post is 'out of question . Radio France Internationale , 24 December
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• 1999 . France strongly condemns apparent putsch in Ivory Coast . Dow Jones International News , 24 December
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• 1999 . Military committee imposes overnight curfew until further notice . Radio Nostalgie , 24 December Abidjan, President Bédié calls for resistance to ‘attempted’ coup Radio France Internationale, 24 December 1999; President Bédié says he is in power, calls Gen Gueï a ‘nitwit’ Radio France Internationale, 24 December 1999
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• 1999 . Ex-army chief announces Ivorian coup . Reuters , 24 December
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• 1999 . Ivorian army ruler heads nine-member council . Reuters , 25 December
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• 1999 . List of members of Ivory Coast's ruling council . Reuters , 25 December Key players in Ivory Coast crisis Reuters, 26 December 1999
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• Phythian , N . 1999 . Who wants what from Ivory Coast coup . Reuters , 26 December F Kpatindé, Qui est Robert Guei? Jeune Afrique Spécial—Côte d'lvoire: Est-ce une révolution?, January 2000, pp 23–25; Côte d'lvoire—Mon general Africa Confidential, 21 January 2000.
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• T'Sas , V . 1999 . Army digs in after Ivory Coast coup . Sunday Times , 26 December
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• 1999 . France strongly condemns apparent putsch in Ivory Coast . Dow Jones International News , 24 December
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• 1999 . Europe condemns Ivorian violence . Reuters , 24 December
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• 1999 . Britain urges return to democracy in Ivory Coast . Reuters , 25 December
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• 1999 . Ivorian ruler Gueï says plans fair elections . Reuters , 25 December Ivorian ruler heads nine-member council, Reuters 25 December 1999
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• Manning , P . 1988 . Francophone sub-Saharan Africa 1880–1985 , Vol. 18 , 18 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Houphouët-Boigny himself was a wealthy planter, with interests in cocoa and coffee. His early political career was built on the promotion of indigenous planters' interests and the erosion of competitive advantages enjoyed by French planters who, until 1946, had access to forced labour in the colonies
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• Bratton and Van de Walle . Reuters , 103 Mundt, ibid, pp 190–191
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• Mundt . Reuters , 192 Ivory Coast's premier was Mr Fixit for economy Reuters, 9 December 1993. Ouattara also held the portfolios of finance and the economy
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• Kotch , N . 1991 . Ivory Coast army chief says soldiers under arrest, denies coup . Reuters , 30 July Gueï quickly built up a reputation as the regime's hard-man, dealing fairly brutally with student and military dissidents. An argument with Colonel Mathias Doué, then commanding the base at Akouédo over the alleged death of a military detainee under torture led to a public row and the arrest of Doué. See M Koffi, Ivory Coast's number two soldier detained Reuters, 7 August 1991
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• Reuters , 195 – 196 . Main players in Ivory Coast's presidential election Reuters, 22 October 1995. At the time, the PDCI position was that Ouattara should be excluded because his father was a Burkinabé. Counter-allegations that Bédié's father was Ghanaian led to the prosecution of the journalists investigating the allegation
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• 1995 . Ivorian president replaces army chief . Reuters , 21 October Government communiqué on the replacement of the army chief of staff Radio Côte d'lvoire, 21 October 1995; J Chiahemen, Ivory Coast poll ends without feared violence Reuters, 23 October 1995
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• Phythian , N . 1995 . Bédié wins Ivorian poll, faces difficult weeks . Reuters , 23 October M Koffi, New Ivorian armed forces chief preaches unity Reuters, 24 October 1995. Gueï was absorbed into the cabinet as minister for the civil service, ostensibly to plan for employment creation, but probably to keep him busy and to compromise his newly won popularity with the opposition. M Koffi, Ivory Coast acknowledges coup bid last October Reuters, 17 May 1996. Gueï was eventually dropped from the cabinet in a reshuffle in August 1996 and was then questioned about his role in the 1995 coup plot. He was subsequently dismissed from the army for serious faults of discipline. See J Chiahemen, Two generals fired from Ivory Coast cabinet Reuters, 10 August 1996; Former Ivorian army chief held over coup claims Reuters, 14 August 1996; Former Ivory Coast army chief faces coup tribunal Reuters, 18 November 1996; Former Ivorian chief of staff thrown out of army Reuters, 30 January 1997
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• Mundt . Reuters , 196 citing Jacques Godfrain's words as reported in the New York Times, 23 October 1995
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• 1999 . State reduces budget by nearly 90 billion CFA francs . PANA , 21 January Economist Intelligence Unit, ibid, p 7
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• 1999 . Finance minister gives details of IMF negotiations . Television Ivorienne , 15 May V T'Sas, Ivorian farmers seen ill-prepared for cocoa reform Reuters, 17 August 1999; Cocoa plummets to a 7-year low on prospects for big African crop Associated Press, 3 November 1999; A Wyley, Ivorian cocoa shake-up needed more time—analysts Reuters, 3 November 1999; V T'Sas, Ivory coast won't renounce cocoa reforms Reuters, 4 November 1999
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• Raybould , A . 1999 . Ivory Coast angry at polemic over IMF loan talks . Reuters , 1 March Ivory Coast's president takes IMF to task Reuters, 5 March 1999; IMF wants end to Ivorian government ‘denigration’ Reuters, 6 March 1999
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• 1999 . European Union accuses Ivorian officials of embezzling aid money . PANA , 24 June This sum amounted to a third of the total disbursed in EU funds to the country
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• 1999 . Ivory Coast to reimburse embezzled EU aid money . Reuters , 6 August A Raybould, Still no date for IMF to resume aid to Ivory coast Reuters, 7 September 1999
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• Raybould , A . 1999 . Ivorian president slams imposed adjustment plans . Reuters , 22 November In a keynote speech, Bédié referred to the programmes as a mixture of bitter pills, nit-picking controls with countless conditions, nay interference in the political life of countries
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• Phythian , N . 1999 . Ivorian opposition leader shuns poll row . Reuters , 7 July Opposition FPI leader slams government's crackdown Le Jour, 15 September 1999; Opposition leaders Ouattara, Gbagbo discuss joint programme Radio France Internationale, 19 September 1999
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• 1–31 March 1999 . Africa Research Bulletin 1–31 March , 13474 – 13475 . According to one anonymous source in this report, the PDCI delegation to the talks admitted that the RDR's claims were just and logical, but urged the RDR representatives to accept the existing political dispensation as normal, arguing that life is full of injustice and the situation is similar all over the world. Government embarks on talks with opposition party Television Ivorienne, 15 March 1999; Government, opposition RDR talks reportedly fail Radio France Internationale, 6 May 1999
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• 1999 . University of Bouake closed down . PANA , 26 March Government issues statement on schools, university crisis Fraternité Matin, 17 May 1999; Government warns young people against demonstrations Fraternité Matin, 29 May 1999; Ivorian police break up attempted student marches Reuters, 1 June 1999; Ivorian students desert schools and universities PANA, 2 June 1999; Civil servants strike in Ivory Coast Reuters, 15 June 1999
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• 1999 . IMF's Ouattara to head Ivorian party from August . Reuters , 31 May
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• 1999 . Ivorian minister annuls Ouattara nationality paper . Reuters , 6 October Moderates within his own party argued that it was foolish to overestimate the electoral threat from Ouattara. that the opposition would remain divided, and that it was unnecessary to take the risk of antagonising the donors. Economist Intelligence Unit, op cit, p 7 Opposition leader Ouattara says nationality certificate valid Radio France Internationale, 9 October 1999; Ivory Coast annuls nationality certificate of ex-PM Reuter, 27 October 1999
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• 1999 . Opposition leaders Ouattara, Gbagbo discuss joint programme . Radio France Internationale , 19 September Paper says legal threat against Ouattara constitutes blackmail Le Patriote, Abidjan, 23 September 1999
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• 1999 . President meets Ivorian opposition leaders . Radio Togo , 18 October Opposition leaders discuss country's crisis with Senegalese president, Le Patriote, 30 November 1999; Gabonese leader says vital that other countries assist in ending Ivorian crisis Radio France Internationale, 3 December, 1999; Ivorian opposition leader welcomes Gabonese president's mediation Radio France Internationale, 21 December 1999
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• Phythian , N . 1999 . Stakes rise in Ivorian political crisis . Reuters , 8 December Ivorian, Guinean leaders back adherence to ‘noninterference in internal affairs’ Fraternité Matin, 6 December 1999. Guinea's Lansana Conté shared Bédié's interest in avoiding too close a perusal of his political system
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• 1999 . Opposition RDR figures arrested after unauthorized demonstration . Television Ivorienne , 27 October Minister regrets ‘over-zealous’ police action Africa No 1 Radio, 27 October 1999; M Koffi, Ivorian opposition chief condemns detention of MPs Reuters, 30 October 1999; M Koffi, Ivorian opposition trial triggers protests Reuters, 4 November 1999; French socialists want Ivorian politicians freed Reuters, 4 November 1999; Ambassador to USA responds to State Department statement on arrests Television Ivorienne, 3 November 1999; Ruling party official responds to French party statement Television Ivorienne, 4 November 1999; M Koffi, Ivorian politicians deny public order charge Reuters, 10 November 1999; Judge jails Ivorian opposition leaders Reuters, 12 November 1999; Côte d'Ivoire opposition leader denounces jail sentences as political Radio France Internationale, 13 November 1999. Ironically, the charges were made under a law promulgated during Ouattara's premiership
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• 1999 . Ivorian opposition leaders held in party bastion . Reuters , 16 November Ivory Coast's Ouattara urged to delay return home Reuters, 16 November 1999; Nine opposition leaders charged in Ivory coast Reuters, 17 November 1999
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• Koffi , M . 1999 . Ivorian president hints at opposition amnesty . Reuters , 22 December
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