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FEATURE

Niger Delta militancy and the challenge of criminalising terrorism in Nigeria

Pages 28-41 | Published online: 22 Jul 2010

Notes

  • Aziken , Emmanuel and Inalegwu , Shuaibu . 17 September 2008 . “ Nigeria: Niger Delta senators bicker over Anti-Terrorism Bill ” . In Vanguard 17 September , http://allafrica.com/stories/200809170491.html(accessed 19 May 2009)
  • Emeka , Mamah . 5 October 2008 . “ Niger Delta gives me nightmares—Yar'Ardua ” . In The Guardian 5 October , 1
  • United Nations . 28 September 2001 . Security Council Resolution 1373 28 September ,
  • Barber , K . 10 January 2007 . “ Nigeria may be hot spot for terrorism in West Africa ” . In VOA news 10 January , http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007–01/2007–01–10-voa19.cfm?CFID=232100498&CFTOKEN=13594783(accessed 19 May 2009)
  • Okaba , B . 2007 . Petrodollar, the Nigerian state and the crisis of development in the Niger Delta region: challenges and the way forward, Conference on the Nigerian state, oil industry and the Niger Delta, Organised by the Department of Political Science, Niger Delta University and Centre for Applied Environmental Research, University of Missouri, 11–13 March 2007 , Port Harcourt : Harey Publications .
  • Emeka , Nkoro . Conflict in the Niger Delta: the way forward http://www.searchwarp.com/swa20447.htm(accessed 13 October 2008)
  • Valle , Vicente . 2004 . “ US policy towards the Gulf of Guinea ” . In Oil policy in the Gulf of Guinea: security & conflict, economic growth, social development , Edited by: Merz , Rudolf Traub and Yates , Douglas . 52 Bonn : Fredrich Ebert Stiftung .
  • Among others UN Development Programme—Nigeria . 2006 . UNDP Niger Delta—development report , Lagos : UNDP Publications . Jedrzej Georg Frynas, Oil in Nigeria: conflict and litigation between oil companies and village communities, Hamburg: LIT Verlag, 2006; Francis O Adeola, Environmental injustice and human rights abuse: the states, MNCs, and repression of minority groups in the world system, Human Ecology Review, 2001, 8 (1) 39–59
  • UNDP—Nigeria . UNDP Niger Delta—Development Report 35 – 69 .
  • Ibid
  • 1990 . This provision is identical to sections 1(1) of the Petroleum Act, Cap 350, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990 and 3(1) of the Mineral Act, Cap 226, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria
  • 1990 . Cap 202, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria
  • Suberu , Rotimi T. 1996 . Ethnic minority conflicts and governance in Nigeria , 57 Ibadan : Spectrum .
  • Okaba . “ Petrodollar, the Nigerian state and the crisis of development in the Niger Delta region, 27. ” .
  • Imobighe , T O . “ Conflict in Niger Delta: a unique case or model for future conflicts in other oil producing countries? In Merz and Yates ” . In Oil policy in the Gulf of Guinea 102
  • Isaac Jasper Adaka Boro . “ The Niger Delta Volunteer Force ” . In The twelve day revolution , Edited by: Tabakaemi , T . 45 Port Harcourt : Idodo Umeh Publishers . Also available at http://www.adakaboro.org/the12dayrev
  • Ibid
  • Adeola . Environmental injustice and human rights abuse 51
  • Adeola , Francis O. 2000 . Cross national environmental injustice and human rights issues: a review of evidence in the developing world . America Behavioural Scientists , 46 ( 4 ) : 686 – 706 .
  • Adeola . Environmental injustice and human rights abuse 55
  • For more details see Emeka, Conflict in the Niger Delta
  • http://www.dawodu.net/kaiama.htm(accessed 14 October 2008) See the full text of the Kaiama Declaration at
  • Nnoli , O . 1987 . Revolutionary violence, development, equality and justice in South Africa . National Journal of International Affairs , 13 ( 2 ) : 12
  • Ibid
  • See among others articles 1(2) and 55 of the Charter of the United Nations
  • For instance, see the Speech of Xie Bohua (alternate representative of the Chinese delegation to the UN) to the Third Committee of the General Assembly on 10 November 2003, in UN Doc A/C.3/58/SR.27
  • Chunli , Xia . 2007 . Reappraising the right of self determination in the People's Republic of China . Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law , 2 ( 1 ) : 11
  • de Than , C and Shorts , E . 2004 . International criminal law and human rights , 232 London : Sweet and Maxwell .
  • Harmon , C C . 2002 . Terrorism today , 281 London : Frank Cass . who shows that the African National Congress was listed as a terrorist organisation
  • De Than and Shorts . International criminal law and human rights 233
  • Agbo , Anayochukwu . The Road to Niger Delta crisis and conflict http://www.adakaboro.org/resources/articles/37-articles/57-roadtocrisisandconflict(accessed 17 October 2008)
  • Kamedi , D . 2002 . The changing predatory style of international oil companies in Nigeria . Review of International Political Economy , 30 ( 3 ) : 34 – 39 . C Obi, Global, state and local intersections: power, authority and conflict in the Niger Delta oil Communities, in T Callaghy, R Kassimir and R Latham (eds), Intervention and transnationalism in Africa: global-local networks, Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 75; T I Sampson, The paradox of resource wealth and human insecurity: reflections on the Niger Delta area of Nigeria, Africa Insight 38(2) (2008), 62–76; C Obi, Terrorism in West Africa: real, emerging or imagined threats, African Security Journal 15(3)(2006), 97 et seq
  • Howden , Daniel . 17 January 2006 . “ Nigeria: Shell may pull out of Niger Delta after 17 die in boat raid ” . In The Independent (UK) 17 January , http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=13121(accessed 22 October 2008)
  • See article 3 of the Organisation of African Unity, Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism, adopted by the member states of the OAU in Algiers on 14 July 1999
  • The concept is confusing in the sense that terrorism in itself is a crime, which means that the prefix ‘criminal’ is rather superfluous. An act can therefore be terrorism simpliciter or another crime called by this name
  • Wilkinson , P . 1974 . Political terrorism , 29 London : Macmillan .
  • Nwolise , O . Terrorism: evolution and dimensions, Lecture delivered to course 15 participants, at the National War College, Abuja on 7 November 2006, 6
  • Watts , M . The rule of oil: petro-politics and the anatomy of an insurgency . Conference proceedings on the Nigerian state, oil industry and the Niger Delta, organised by the Department of Political Science, Niger Delta University and Centre for Applied Environmental Research, University of Missouri . March 11–13 2007 . Port Harcourt : Harey Publications .
  • Okaba . Petrodollar, the Nigerian state and the crisis of development in the Niger Delta region
  • Okaba , B . 2005 . Development partnership and sustainable development agenda for the Niger Delta region . Pan African Social Science Review , 7 ( 8 ) : 67
  • Watts . The rule of oil 45
  • Centre for Democracy and Development . 2000 . The lingering crisis in Nigeria's Niger Delta and suggestions for a peaceful resolution http://www.cdd.org.uk/resources/workingpapers/niger_delta_eng.htm(accessed 20 October 2008)
  • Ake , Claude . 1995 . Democracy and development in Africa , 2 Ibadan : Spectrum Books .
  • Sankore , Rotimi . 2008 . Anti-terrorism legislation and democracy in Africa http://www.peace.ca/antiterrorlegislationafrica.htm(accessed 20 October 2008)
  • Aziken and Inalegwu . Niger Delta senators bicker
  • Ibid
  • Clarke , Edwin . World press conference . held at Abuja on 30 August 2006, and reported in THISDAY, 30 August 2006 9
  • Kaiama Declaration http://www.dawodu.net/kaiama.htm(accessed 14 October 2008)
  • Ajibola , Soji and Ogundele , Bolaji . 12 September 2008 . “ Militants reject Niger Delta ministry ” . In Daily Tribune 12 September , 1 – 3 . http://www.tribune.com.ng/12092008/news/news1.html http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008–07/2008–07–07-voa1.cfm(accessed 29 October 2008); and Peter Clottey, Leaders in Nigeria's restive Niger Delta reject government-proposed summit, 2008(accessed 29 October 2008)
  • Botha , Anneli . 2008 . “ Initiatives to prevent and combat terrorism in Southern Africa ” . In Understanding terrorism in Africa: building bridges and overcoming the gaps , Edited by: Okumu , Wafula and Botha , Anneli . 73 Pretoria : ISS .
  • UNDP—Nigeria . UNDP Niger Delta—Development Report 16

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