Bibliography
- Adebajo, Adekeye. The Curse of Berlin: Africa after the Cold War. London: C. Hurst & Co., 2010.
- Adebanwi, Wale. ‘Terror, Territoriality and the Struggle for Indigeneity and Citizenship in Northern Nigeria’. Citizenship Studies 13, no. 4 (2009): 349–363. doi:10.1080/13621020903011096
- Adejumobi, Said. ‘Ethnic Militia Groups and the National Question in Nigeria’. GSC Quarterly 8 (2003).
- Adesoji, Abimbola. ‘Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Response of the Nigerian State’. Africa Today 57, no. 4 (2011): 98–119. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/441540 doi: 10.2979/africatoday.57.4.99
- Adesoji, Abimbola. ‘The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria’. Africa Spectrum 45, no. 2 (2010): 95–108. http://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/afsp/article/view/330
- Agbiboa, Daniel Egiegba. ‘Boko-Haram and the Global Jihad: “Do Not Think Jihad is Over. Rather Jihad Has Just Begun”’. Australian Journal of International Affairs 68, no. 4 (2014): 400–417. doi:10.1080/10357718.2014.891564
- Alao, Abiodun. ‘Islamic Radicalisation and Violent Extremism in Nigeria’. Conflict, Security and Development 13, no. 2 (2013): 127–147. doi:10.1080/14678802.2013.796205
- Amnesty International. Nigeria: Trapped in the Cycle of Violence. London: Amnesty International, 2012.
- Ayoob, Mohammed. ‘The Security Problematic of the Third World’. World Politics 43, no. 2 (1991): 257–283. doi:10.2307/2010473
- Ayoob, Mohammed. ‘Security in the Third World: The Worm About to Turn?’ International Affairs 60, no. 1 (1984): 41–51. doi:10.2307/2618929
- Azar, Edward E., and Chung-in Moon. ‘Legitimacy, Integration and Policy Capacity: The “Software” Side of Third World National Security’. In National Security in the Third World: The Management of Internal and External Threats, edited by Edward E. Azar and Chung-in Moon, 82–85. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1988.
- Ball, Nicole, and Kayode Fayemi. Security Sector Governance in Africa: A Handbook. Lagos: Centre for Democracy and Development, 2004.
- Bass, Bernard M., and Ronald E. Riggio. Transformational Leadership. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Psychology Press, 2006.
- Bennis, Warren. On Becoming a Leader. Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1989.
- ‘Boko Haram Crisis: Nigeria Fury Over US Arms Refusal’. 2014. BBC News, 11 November. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30006066
- ‘Boko Haram Has Infiltrated My Government, Says Jonathan’. 2012. Premium Times, 8 January. http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/3360-boko-haram-has-infiltrated-my-government-says-jonathan.html
- ‘Boko Haram Leader Vows to Kill Elder Statesmen, Others in New Video’. 2014. Vanguard, 21 February. http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/02/boko-haram-leader-vows-kill-ibb-buhari-atiku-others-new-video/#sthash.RiN4e9a3.dpuf
- Booth, Ken. Security and Self: Reflections of A Fallen Realist (YCISS Occasional Paper 26). 1994.
- Brewer, John D. Peace Process: A Sociological Approach. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010.
- Brodie, Bernard. ‘Strategy as a Science’. World Politics 1, no. 4 (1949): 467–488. doi:10.2307/2008833
- Bryden, Alan, Boubacar N’Diaye, and ’Funmi Olonisakin, eds. Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa. Geneva: DCAF, 2008.
- Bryden, Alan, and ’Funmi Olonisakin, eds. Security Sector Transformation in Africa. Geneva: DCAF, 2010.
- Buzan, Barry. Peoples, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations. Hemel Hempstead: Wheatsheaf Books, 1983.
- Buzan, Barry, and Lene Hansen. The Evolution of International Security Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
- Carr, Edward Hallett. The Twenty Years’ Crisis 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. London: Macmillan & Co., 1946.
- Caux, Helene. 2014. ‘UNHCR Condemns Brutality in Nigeria, Fears New Displacement’. UNHCR, 9 May. http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2014/5/536cabf637/unhcr-condemns-brutality-nigeria-fears-new-displacement.html
- Chanaa, Jane. Security Sector Reforms: Issues, Challenges and Prospects. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- Chouin, Gérard, Manuel Reinert, and Elodie Apard. ‘Body Count and Religion in the Boko Haram Crisis: Evidence from the Nigeria Watch Database’. In Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria, edited by Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos, 213–236. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2014.
- Dixon, Robyn. 2014. ‘In Nigeria, Child Beggars are Easy Recruits for Boko Haram Extremists’. LA Times, 17 August. http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-nigeria-economy-boko-haram-20140817-story.html
- Ebo, Adedeji. ‘Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector in West Africa: Addressing Democratic Governance Deficits’. In Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector in West Africa: Opportunities and Challenges, edited by Adedeji Ebo and Boubacar N’Diaye, 3–24. Geneva: DCAF, 2008.
- Feaver, Peter D. ‘The Civil–Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz and the Question of Civilian Control’. Armed Forces and Society 23, no. 2 (1996): 149–178. doi:10.1177/0095327X9602300203
- Fukuyama, Francis. ‘The End of History’. The National Interest 16 (1989): 3–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/i24023449
- Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. New York, NY: Free Press, 1992.
- Galtung, Johan. ‘Violence, Peace and Peace Research’. Journal of Peace Research 6, no. 3 (1969): 167–191. http://www.jstor.org/stable/422690 doi: 10.1177/002234336900600301
- West, J. 2016. ‘Government by Propaganda: The New Normal?’ This Day, 19 March. http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/03/19/government-by-propaganda-the-new-normal/
- Gow, James, ’Funmi Olonisakin, and Ernst Dijxhoorn. ‘Deep History and International Security: Social Conditions and Competition, Militancy and Violence in West Africa’. Conflict, Security and Development 13, no. 2 (2013): 231–258. doi:10.1080/14678802.2013.796213
- Grint, Keith. Leadership: Limits and Possibilities. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
- Grint, Keith. Leadership: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
- Hollander, Edwin P., and James W. Julian. ‘Contemporary Trends in the Analysis of Leadership Processes’. In Leaders and the Leadership Process: Readings, Self-Assessments and Applications, edited by Jon L. Pierce and John W. Newstrom, 387–397. 4th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2006.
- Huntington, Samuel P. ‘America in the World’. The Hedgehog Review 5, no. 1 (2003): 7–18. http://www.iasc-culture.org/THR/archives/America/5.1CHuntington.pdf
- Huntington, Samuel P. ‘The Clash of Civilizations?’ Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (1993): 22–49. doi:10.2307/20045621
- Ibrahim, Idris. 2016. ‘Another Nigerian Lieutenant Colonel Ambushed, Killed by Boko Haram’. Premium Times, 15 November. http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/215418-breaking-another-nigerian-lieutenant-colonel-ambushed-killed-boko-haram.html
- Ihonvbere, Julius O. ‘Constitutionalism and the National Question in Nigeria’. In Nigeria’s Struggle for Democracy and Good Governance: A Festschrift for Oyeleye Oyediran, edited by Adigun A. B. Agbaje, Larry Diamond, and Ebere Onwudiwe, 243–265. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 2004.
- Isaacs, Dan. 2003. ‘Islam in Nigeria: Simmering Tensions’. BBC News, 24 September. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3155279.stm
- Ismail, Olawale. ‘Radicalisation and Violent Extremism in West Africa: Implications for African and International Security’. Conflict, Security and Development 13, no. 2 (2013): 209–230. doi:10.1080/14678802.2013.796209
- Jackson, Paul. ‘Security Sector Reform and State Building’. Third World Quarterly 32, no. 10 (2011): 1803–1822. doi:10.1080/01436597.2011.610577
- Janowitz, Morris. The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait. Glencoe: The Free Press, 1960.
- Jones, Barbara. 2014. ‘Kidnapped Nigerian Schoolgirls in New Danger as Freedom Deal is Scrapped at 11th Hour’. Daily Mail, 24 May. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2638337/Kidnapped-Nigerian-schoolgirls-new-danger-freedom-deal-scrapped-11th-hour.html
- Kaldor, Mary. New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012.
- Karimi, Faith, and Catherine E. Shoichet. 2014. ‘80 U.S. Troops in Chad Will Aid Search for Abducted Nigerian Girls’. CNN, 22 May. http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/21/world/africa/nigeria-violence/
- Liotta, P. H. ‘Boomerang Effect: The Convergence of National and Human Security’. Security Dialogue 33, no. 4 (2002): 473–488. doi:10.1177/0967010602033004007
- Luckham, Robin, and Eboe Hutchful. ‘Democratic and War-to-Peace Transitions and SST in Africa’. In Security Sector Transformation in Africa, edited by Alan Bryden and ’Funmi Olonisakin, 27–54. Münster: LIT, 2010.
- Merz, Sebastian. Security by Militia, but for Whom? Non-State Actors and Security Governance in Nigeria (Simons Papers in Security and Development No. 9/2010). Vancouver: Simon Fraser University, 2010.
- Mohammed, Kyari. ‘The Message and Methods of Boko Haram’. In Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria, edited by Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos, 9–32. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2014.
- Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.
- Mousseau, Michael. ‘Market Civilization and Its Clash with Terror’. International Security 27, no. 3 (2002): 5–29. doi:10.1162/01622880260553615
- Murphy, Albert J. ‘A Study of the Leadership Process’. American Sociological Review 6, no. 5 (1941): 674–687. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2085506 doi: 10.2307/2085506
- ‘Nigeria: Killings by Government Soldiers Must Be Investigated’. 2001. Amnesty International, 25 October. http://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/nigeria-killings-government-soldiers-must-be-investigated
- ‘Nigeria’s Displaced: A Rising Tide of Misery’. 2014. The Economist, 28 June. http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21605949-islamist-insurgency-spreads-its-net-more-and-more-people-are-fleeing
- Northouse, Peter G. Leadership: Theory and Practice. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2013.
- Obi, Cyril I. ‘Terrorism in West Africa: Real, Emerging or Imagined Threats?’ African Security Review 15, no. 3 (2006): 87–101. doi:10.1080/10246029.2006.9627609
- Okumagba, Paul Oghenero. ‘Oil Exploration and Crisis in the Niger Delta: The Response of Militia Groups’. Journal of Sustainable Society 1, no. 3 (2012): 78–83. http://wscholars.com/index.php/jss/article/view/166
- Olonisakin, ’Funmi. ‘African “Homemade” Peacekeeping Initiatives’. Armed Forces & Society 23, no. 3 (1997): 349–371. doi:10.1177/0095327X9702300303
- Onuoha, Freedom C. ‘From Ahlulsunna wal’jama’ah hijra to Jama’atu Ahlissunnah lidda’awati wal Jihad: The Evolutionary Phases of the Boko Haram Sect in Nigeria’. African Insight 41, no. 4 (2012): 159–175. http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ai/article/view/76522
- Onuoha, Freedom C. ‘The Islamist Challenge: Nigeria’s Boko Haram Crisis Explained’. African Security Review 19, no. 2 (2010): 54–67. doi:10.1080/10246029.2010.503061
- Osumah, Oarhe. ‘Boko Haram Insurgency in Northern Nigeria and the Vicious Cycle of Internal Insecurity’. Small Wars & Insurgencies 24, no. 3 (2013): 536–560. doi:10.1080/09592318.2013.802605
- Osuntokun, A. 2014. ‘Buhari-Bakara-Idiagbon in Retrospect’. This Day, 11 April. http://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/606546/buharibakareidiagbon-in-retrospect.html
- Pérouse de Montclos, Marc-Antoine. ‘Introduction and Overview’. In Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria, edited by Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos, 1–8. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2014.
- Pierce, Jon L., and John W. Newstrom, eds. Leaders and the Leadership Process: Readings, Self-Assessments & Applications. 4th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2006.
- Rapoport, David C. ‘Four Waves of Modern Terrorism’. Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy. Audrey Kurth Cronin, James M. Ludes (eds.) Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004, 46–73.
- ‘Report: Attacks by Terror Group Boko Haram Increasing, 2,053 Killed This Year’. 2014. Fox News, 15 July. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/07/15/report-attacks-by-terror-group-boko-haram-increasing-2053-killed-this-year/
- Roggio, Billy. 2013. ‘US Offers Rewards for Boko Haram, African Al Qaeda Leaders’. Long War Journal, 4 June. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/06/us_offers_rewards_fo.php
- Rothschild, Emma. ‘What Is Security?’. Daedalus, 124, No. 3, (1995): 53–98.
- Saad-Filho, Alfredo. Growth, Poverty and Inequality: From Washington Consensus to Inclusive Growth (DESA Working Paper No. 100). New York, NY: UN, 2010.
- Sampson, Isaac Terwase. ‘Religious Violence in Nigeria: Causal Diagnoses and Strategic Recommendations to the State and Religious Communities’. African Journal on Conflict Resolution 12, no. 1 (2012): 103–134. http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcr/article/view/78703
- Schiff, Rebecca L. ‘Civil–Military Relations Reconsidered: Israel as an “Uncivil” State’. Security Studies 1, no. 4 (1992): 636–658. doi:10.1080/09636419209347488
- Simon, Okolo Ben. ‘2015 and the Survival of the Nigerian State’. African Security Review 23, no. 2 (2014): 161–171. doi:10.1080/10246029.2014.904235
- Swails, Brent, and David McKenzie. 2016. ‘Kidnapped to Kill: How Boko Haram Is Turning Girls into Weapons’. CNN, 13 April. http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/12/africa/cameroon-boko-haram-child-bombers/
- Taylor, Brendan. The Evolution of National Security Studies (National Security College Occasional Paper 3). Canberra: Australian National University, 2012.
- Thomas, Caroline. Global Governance, Development and Human Security: The Challenge of Poverty and Inequality. London: Pluto Press, 2000.
- Tickner, J. Ann. Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1992.
- Townshend, Charles. Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 1994. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1994.
- Vinci, Anthony. Armed Groups and the Balance of Power: The International Relations of Terrorists, Warlords and Insurgents. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.
- Walker, Andrew. What is Boko Haram? (USIP Special Report 308). Washington, DC: USIP, 2012.
- Waltz, Kenneth. Man, the State and War. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2001.
- Weiss, Thomas G. What’s Wrong with the United Nations and How to Fix It. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012.
- Wolfers, Arnold. ‘National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol’. Political Science Quarterly 67, no. 4 (1952): 481–502. doi:10.2307/2145138
- Yusuf, Hakeem O. ‘Harvest of Violence: The Neglect of Basic Rights and the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria’. Critical Studies on Terrorism 6, no. 3 (2013): 371–391. doi:10.1080/17539153.2013.835528
- Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1978.
- Zartman, I. William, and Guy Olivier Faure. ‘Introduction: Why Engage, and Why Not?’ In Engaging Extremists: Trade-Offs, Timing and Diplomacy, edited by I. William Zartman and Guy Olivier Faure, 1–22. Washington, DC: USIP, 2011.