The rhetoric and reality of the AU peace operations in Darfur (Sudan): Is the ‘African Solution’ enough?

Bibliography

• African Union. ‘Main successes of the AU in Peace and Security, challenges and mitigation measures in place’. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, January 27, 2017. https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20170127/main-successes-au-peace-and-security-challenges-and-mitigation-measures-place (accessed May 10, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• African Union PSC Communiqué. ‘Communiqué of the 952nd Meeting of the Peace and Security Council on the situation in Sudan’. PSC/PR/COMM. (CMLII). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 6 October 2020.
   Google Scholar
• African Union PSC Communiqué. ‘Communiqué of the 931st Meeting of the Peace and Security Council on the situation in Sudan’. PSC/PR/COMM. (CMXXXI). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17 June 2020.
   Google Scholar
• African Union PSC Communiqué. ‘Communiqué of the 913rd Meeting of the Peace and Security Council on the situation in Darfur and the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) transition’. PSC/PR/COMM. (CMXIII). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3 March 2020.
   Google Scholar
• African Union PSC Communiqué. ‘Communiqué of the 927th Meeting of the Peace and Security Council on the situation in Darfur and the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) Transition’. PSC/PR/COMM.(CMXXVII). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 21 May 2020.
   Google Scholar
• African Union PSC Communiqué. ‘Communiqué of the 889th Meeting of the Peace and Security Council on the activities of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) and the situation in Darfur’. PSC/PR/COMM. (DCCCLXXXIX). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 24 October 2019.
   Google Scholar
• African Union PSC Communiqué. ‘Communiqué of the 112nd Meeting of the Peace and Security Council on the situation in Darfur’. PSC/PR/Comm(CXII). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28 February 2008.
   Google Scholar
• African Union PSC Communiqué. ‘Communiqué of the 23rd Meeting of the Peace and Security Council on the situation in the Darfur region of the Sudan’. Conf/Plg/3(I). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 10 January 2005.
   Google Scholar
• African Union PSC Communiqué. ‘Communiqué of the 1st Session of the Peace and Security Council on enhancing the effectiveness of the African Union mission in Sudan (AMIS) in the Darfur region of Sudan’. PSC/MSC/2(I). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 18 October 2004.
   Google Scholar
• African Union PSC Communiqué. ‘Communiqué of the Fifth Session of the Peace and Security Council on the crisis in the Darfur region of the Sudan’. PSC/PR/Comm. (V), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 13, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Agena, James E. ‘Contributory factors to the 2003 Darfur Conflict in Sudan and African Union (AU) Intervention Strategies’. Paper presented at the 5th European Conference on African Studies-Conference Proceedings, Lisbon, Portugal, June 27–29, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Ani, Ndubuisi. ‘African Solutions to African Problems: Assessing the African Union's Application of Endogenous Conflict Resolution Approaches’. PhD diss., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Apuuli, Kasaija. ‘The African Union’s Notion of ‘African solutions to African problems’ and the Crises in Côte d’Ivoire (2010–2011) and Libya (2011)’. African Journal Online 12, no. 2 (2012): 135–160.
   Google Scholar
• Ayangafac, Chrysantus, and Cilliers Jan. ‘Assessing the Capacity of African Peace and Security Architecture: Rewiring Regional Security in a Fragmented World’. United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC, 2011: 115 –148.
   Google Scholar
• Bergholm, Linnea. The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur. Oxford, UK: Refugee Studies Centre, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Beza, Yohannes Tekalign. ‘The African Solutions for African Problems: Challenges for the African Standby Force (ASF)’. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 1, no. 4 (2015): 450–457.
   Google Scholar
• Birikorang, Emma. ‘Towards Attaining Peace in Darfur: Challenges to a Successful AU/UN Hybrid Mission in Darfur’. Accra, Ghana: Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Center (KAIPTC) occasional paper no. 25, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Brahimi, Lakhdar. ‘Report of the Panel on United Nations peace operations’. A/55/305-S/2000/809, 21 August 2000. https://www.refworld.org/docid/49997ae61a.html (accessed 13 May 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Brosché, Johan, and Daniel Rothbart. Violent conflict and peace building: the continuing crisis in Darfur. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Commey, Pusch. ‘African Union: So Far So Good’. New African, No. 431, July 2004. https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-119650202/african-union-so-far-so-good-if-anybody-thought (accessed April 12, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Crichton, Andrew Trevor Mark. ‘Prospects of an Effective African Peacekeeping Capability: From Rhetoric to Reality’. PhD diss., Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Daly, Martin W. Darfur's Sorrow: The forgotten History of a Humanitarian Disaster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• De Coning, Cedric. ‘Adapting the African Standby Force to a Just-in-time Readiness Model: Improved Alignment with the African Model of Peace Operations’. In The future of African peace operations: From the Janjaweed to Boko Haram, ed. C. de Coning, L. Gelot, and J. Karlsrud, 120–134. London: Zed Books, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Darfur Consortium. ‘Putting People First: The Protection Challenge Facing UNAMID in Darfur'. Kampala: Darfur Consortium. http://www.darfurconsortium org/darfur_consortium_actions/reports/2008/Putting_People_First_UNAMID_ report.pdf (accessed February 5, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Dersso, Solomon A. ‘The Quest for Pax Africana: The Case of the African Union’s Peace and Security Regime’. African Journal on Conflict Resolution 12, no. 2 (2012): 11–48.
   Google Scholar
• Dersso, Solomon A. ‘The Role and Place of the African Standby Force within the African Peace and Security Architecture’. Pretoria: South Africa, Institute for Security Studies Papers, no. 209 (2010): 24.
   Google Scholar
• Ekengard, Arvid. ‘The African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS): Experiences and Lessons Learned’. FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Stockholm, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Etefa, Tsega. ‘From Inclusion to Exclusion: Marginalization across Nations’. In The Origins of Ethnic Conflict in Africa, 29–55. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Grignon, François, and Daniela Kroslak. ‘The Problem with Peacekeeping’. Current History 107, no. 708 (2008): 186–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute for Peace and Security Studies. ‘African-centered Solutions for Peace and Security’ (AfSol). Addis Ababa: IPSS, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Karari, Peter. ‘Responsibility to Protect in Kenyan and Darfur Crises: A Critical Deconstruction of the Ideology of AfSol in the Lens of R2P, Normative International Relations Theory, and the Jetliners-Rigs Approach for Peace Building and Conflict Resolution’. AfSol Journal 1, no. 1 (2016): 161–199.
   Google Scholar
• Klingebiel, Stephan, Tina Marie Blohm, Rosa Eckle, Katja Grunow, Franziska Heidenreich, Prince Mashele, and Andreas Thermann. Donor contributions to the Strengthening of the African Peace And Security Architecture. Bonn: German Development Institute, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Lobakeng, Remofiloe. African Solutions to African Problems: A Viable Solution Towards a United, Prosperous and Peaceful Africa? Pretoria: Institute for Global Dialogue, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Lotze, Walter. Strengthening African Peace Support Operations: Nine Lessons for the Future of the African Standby Force. Berlin, German: Policy Briefing, December 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Mamdani, Mahmood. ‘How Can We Name the Darfur Crisis: Preliminary Thoughts on Darfur?’. In African Voices on Development and Social Justice: Editorials from Pambazuka News, ed. F. M. Manji, and P. Burnett, 256–262. Cape Town: Pambazuka Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Mays, Terry M. ‘African Solutions for African problems: The Changing Face of African-mandated Peace Operations’. Journal of Conflict Studies 23, no. 1 (2003): 106–125.
   Google Scholar
• Mohale, Barbara. ‘Burden-sharing and hybrid peacekeeping operations in Somalia and Sudan: a critical analysis’. PhD diss., University of the Free State, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Murithi, Tim. ‘The Responsibility to Protect, as Enshrined in Article 4 of the Constitutive Act of the African Union’. African Security Review 16, no. 3 (2007): 14–24. doi:10.1080/10246029.2007.9627428.
   Google Scholar
• Murithi, Tim. ‘The African Union’s foray into peacekeeping: lessons from the Hybrid mission in Darfur’. Journal of Peace, conflict and Development 14, no. 2 (2009). http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/ (accessed May 04, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Nathan, Laurie. African solutions to African problems: South Africa's foreign policy. South Africa: University of Pretoria, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Neethling, Theo. ‘Whither Peacekeeping in Africa: Revisiting the Evolving Role of the United Nations’. African Security Review 18, no. 1 (2009): 1–20. doi:10.1080/10246029.2009.9627511.
   Google Scholar
• Niblock, Tim. Class and power in Sudan: The dynamics of Sudanese politics, 1898–1985. Albany: State University of New York Press (SUNY), 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Ofeibea Quist-Arcton. ‘Powell Promises U.S. Support but Says Africa Must Help Itself’. May 29, 2001. allafrica.com/stories/200105290190.html (accessed 12 April 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Oxfam International. ‘Africa’s Missing Billions: international arms flow and the cost of conflict’. Oxfam Briefing Paper 107. Oxford: IANSA, Oxfam and Safe world, October 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, Kristiana. ‘The African Union's Emerging Peace and Security Regime Opportunities and Challenges for Delivering on the Responsibility to Protect’. Ottawa: Canada, North-South Institute, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Prunier, Gerard. Darfur: The ambiguous genocide. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Ryle, John. ‘Peoples & Cultures of Two Sudans’. In The Sudan Handbook, eds. John Ryle, Justin Willis, Suliman Baldo and Jok Maduk Jok, 31–42. Oxford: James Currey, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Salih, Mohamed. ‘Conflict and Nation Building: Lessons for Darfur from South Sudan’. In Sudan Divided: continuing conflict in a contested state, ed. A.G. Ahmed, and G.M. Sørbø, 185–201. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, Elizabeth. ’Foreign intervention in Africa after the Cold War: Sovereignty, Responsibility, and the War on Terror. Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Sifolo, Ntandazo. ‘Assessing the Role and Capability of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union in Bringing about Peace in Africa: A Case Study of Burundi and Sudan’. PhD diss., University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, Hussein. ‘African Solutions to Africa’s Problems? African Approaches to Peace, Security and Stability’. South African Journal of Military Studies 43, no. 1 (2015): 45–76.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Paul D. ’The African Union's Conflict Management Capabilities. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Paul D. ‘Keeping the Peace in Africa: Why African Solutions are Not Enough’. Ethics & international affairs 22, no. 3 (2008): 309–329.
   Google Scholar
• Yohannes, Dawit. ‘African-Centered Solutions: Building Peace and Security in Africa’. Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University, 2016.
   Google Scholar