Interrogating the nexus between irregular migration and insecurity along ‘ungoverned’ border spaces in West Africa

Bibliography

• Abbass, M. ‘No Retreat No Surrender Conflict for Survival between Fulani Pastoralists and Farmers in Northern Nigeria’. European Scientific Journal 8, no. 1 (2012): 335–339.
   Google Scholar
• Abebe, T. K., and J. Mugabo. ‘Migration and Security in Africa: Implications for the Free Movement of Persons Agenda’. In Africa Migration Report: Challenging the Narrative, ed. A. Adepoju, C. Fumagalli, and N. Nyabola, 145–154. Addis Ababa: International Organisation for Migration, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ACCORD, OSAA & IOM. Conflict-induced Migration in Africa: Maximising New Opportunities to Address its Peace, Security and Inclusive Development Dimensions. Durban: ACCORD, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Achieng, M., and A. El Fadil. ‘What is Wrong with the Narrative on African Migration?’. In Africa Migration Report: Challenging the Narrative, ed. A. Adepoju, C. Fumagalli, and N. Nyabola, 1–14. Addis Ababa: International Organisation for Migration, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Achumba, I. C., O. S. Ighomereho, and M. O. M. Akpor-Robaro. ‘Security Challenges in Nigeria and the Implications for Business Activities and Sustainable Development’. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 4, no. 2 (2013): 79–99.
   Google Scholar
• Adebajo, A. ‘A middle crisis for Africa’. Mail & Guardian, July 30, 2010. Accessed December 30, 2018. https://mg.co.za/article/2010-07-30-a-midlife-crisis-for-africa.
   Google Scholar
• Adebusuyi, A. I. Migration and Regional Integration in West Africa: A Borderless ECOWAS. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Adedokun, O. A. The Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families: Nigeria. Geneva: UNESCO Series of Country Reports on the Ratification of the UN Convention on Migrants, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Adeola, G. L., and F. Oluyemi. ‘The Political and Security Implications of Cross Border Migration Between Nigeria and her Francophone Neighbours’. International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow 1, no. 3 (2012): 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Adepoju, A. Creating a Borderless West Africa: Constraints and Prospects for Intra-regional Migration. Geneva: UNESCO, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Adepoju, A. ‘Migration in West Africa’. Development 46, no. 3 (2003): 37–41.
   Google Scholar
• Adetula, V. A. O. Nigeria’s Response to Transnational Organised Crime and Jihadist Activities in West Africa. Abuja: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Discussion Paper, No. X, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, F. A. Winning Hearts and Minds in Ungoverned Spaces. UNDP, 2017. Accessed on November 27, 2018 from http://www.undp.org.
   Google Scholar
• Altai Consulting. Irregular Migration between West Africa, North Africa and the Mediterranean. Abuja: IOM & MIDWA, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Aniche, E. T. ‘Migration and Sustainable Development: Challenges and Opportunities’. In Migration Conundrums, Regional Integration and Development: Africa-Europe Relations in a Changing Global Order, ed. I. Moyo, C. Nshimbi, and J. Laine, 37–61. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Bartolotta, C. ‘Terrorism in Nigeria: The rise of Boko Haram’. The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 5, no. 1 (2011): 44–57.
   Google Scholar
• Boeke, S. ‘Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism, insurgency or organised crime?’ Small Wars and Insurgencies 27, no. 5 (2016): 914–936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowd, R., and A. B. Chikwana. Understanding Africa’s Contemporary Conflicts: Origins, Challenges and Peacebuilding. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies (ISS) Monograph, 173, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Cilliers, J. Africa’s Conflict Burden in a Global Context. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies (ISS) paper, 273, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Clunan, A., and H. A. Trinkunas. Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Council on Foreign Relations. Al-Shabab. 10/01. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• De Andrés, A. P. West Africa under Attack: Drugs, Organised Crime and Terrorism as the New Threats to Global Security. Zurich: UNISCI Discussion Papers, 16, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• De Haas, H. The Myth of Invasion Irregular Migration from West Africa to the Maghreb and the European Union. Oxford: International Migration Institute Research Report, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Devillard, A., A. Bacchi, and M. Noack. A Survey on Migration Policies in West Africa. Vienna: IOM & ICMPD, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Economist. Courage, mon brave. Special Report, Niger, Algeria, Libya, Egypt and Sudan, 2013. Accessed December 31, 2018. https://www.economist.com/special-report/2013/03/02/courage-mon-brave.
   Google Scholar
• Edeko, S. E. ‘The Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa: A Case Study of the Niger Delta in Nigeria’. Sacha Journal of Environmental Studies 1, no. 2 (2011): 55–80.
   Google Scholar
• Enwegbara, B. ‘Why is Africa Unstable?’. The Tech 123, no. 27 (2003): 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Florquin, N., and E. G. Berman. Armed and Aimless: Armed Groups, Guns, and Human Security in the ECOWAS Regions. Geneva: Small Arms Survey Publication, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• François, M., and I. Sud. ‘Promoting Stability and Development in Fragile and Failed States’. Development Policy Review 24, no. 2 (2006): 141–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordner, M. ‘Ungoverned Spaces?’ The Islamic State’s Challenge to (post-)Westphalian ‘order’. E-International Relations, June 24, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Hazen, J. M., and J. Horner. Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in perspective. Geneva: Small Arms Survey, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Hovy, B., F. Laczko, and R. N. Kouassi. ‘African Migration: An Overview of Key Trends’. In Africa Migration Report: Challenging the Narrative, ed. A. Adepoju, C. Fumagalli, and N. Nyabola, 15–28. Addis Ababa: International Organisation for Migration, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, M. Democracy and the Menace of Small Arms Proliferation in Nigeria. Lagos: Centre for Democracy and Development, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Idowu, A. J., and B. T. Okunola. ‘Pastoralism as a New Phase of Terrorism in Nigeria’. Global Journal of Human-Social Science 17, no. 4 (2017): 50–54.
   Google Scholar
• Imo, C. K. ‘The Demographıc Implıcatıons of Nomadıc Herdsmen and Farmers Clashes in Nıgerıa’. International Journal of Development and Management Review 12, no. 1 (2017): 45–58.
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP). Global Terrorism Index 2020: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. Sydney: IEP, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• International Organisation for Migration (IOM). National Migration Policy for Nigeria. Abuja: IOM, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Jasper, S., and P. Giarra. ‘Disruptions in the Commons’. In Securing Freedom in the Global Commons, ed. S. Jasper, 1–18. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Keister, J. The Illusion of Chaos: Why Ungoverned Spaces aren’t Ungoverned, and Why that Matters. Washington, DC: Cato Institute Policy Analysis, 766, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Lamptey, A. A. Rethinking Border Management Strategies in West Africa: Experiences from the Sahel. Accra: Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Policy Brief, 12, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, R. B. ‘Ungoverned Spaces and Regional Insecurity: The Case of Mali’. SAIS Review of International Affairs 36, no. 1 (2016): 133–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2016.0012.
   Google Scholar
• Marc, A., N. Verjee, and S. Mogaka. The Challenge of Stability and Security in West Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Marsden, M. Ungoverned Spaces? London: Hurst Publishers, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• McGregor, A. ‘Alleged Connection between Boko Haram and Nigeria’s Fulani Herdsmen Could Spark a Nigerian Civil War’. Terrorism Monitor 12, no. 10 (2014): 8–10.
   Google Scholar
• Menkhaus, K. ‘State Failure and Ungoverned Space’. Adelphi Series 50, no. 412–413 (2010): 171–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19445571.2010.515155.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, K. ‘Ungoverned Space: Global Security and the Geopolitics of Broken Windows’. Political geography 29, no. 2 (2010): 289–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musah, A.-F. West Africa: Governance and Security in a Changing Region. New York: International Peace Institute, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Nunan, T. Humanitarian Invasion: Global Development in Cold War Afghanistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Obi, C. ‘Terrorism in West Africa: Real, Emerging or Imagined Threats?’. African Security Review 15, no. 3 (2006): 87–101.
   Google Scholar
• Ojo, J. S. ‘Governing “Ungoverned Spaces” in the Foliage of Conspiracy: Toward (Re)ordering Terrorism, from Boko Haram Insurgency, Fulani Militancy to Banditry in Northern Nigeria’. African Security 13, no. 1 (2020): 77–110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1731109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaniyan, R. A., and R. T. Akindele. Nigeria’s Ungoverned Spaces: Studies Insecurity, Terrorism and Governance, 2017. Accessed March 15, 2018. http://thenationonlineng.net/studying-nigerias-ungoverned-spaces.
   Google Scholar
• Omilusi, M. O. ‘Transnational Threats and Security Governance in West Africa: Revisiting the Boko Haram Terrorism and Patterns of Refugee Movements’. Asian Journal of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities 3, no. 3 (2015): 7–20.
   Google Scholar
• Onuoha, F. C. A Danger not to Nigeria Alone – Boko Haram’s Transnational Reach and Regional Responses. Abuja: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Onuoha, F. C. ‘Boko Haram’s Tactical Evolution’. African Defence Forum 4, no. 4 (2012): 29–36.
   Google Scholar
• Onwuzuruigbo, I. ‘Enclaves of Banditry: Ungoverned Forest Spaces and Cattle Rustling in Northern Nigeria’. African Studies Review (2020): 1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2020.46.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, S. Are ‘Ungoverned Spaces’ a Threat? New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, S. ‘Failed States and Global Security: Empirical Questions and Policy Dilemmas’. International Studies Review 9, no. 4 (2007): 644–662.
   Google Scholar
• Pham, J. P. Securing the New Strategic Gulf. New York: World Defence Review, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Prinz, J. ‘“Ungoverned Space”: The Concept that Puts Humanitarian aid in the Firing Line of the War on Terror’. The Conversation, 2015. Accessed October 16, 2018. http://theconversation.com.
   Google Scholar
• Prinz, J., and C. Schetter. ‘Conditioned Sovereignty: The Creation and Legitimation of Spaces of Violence in Counterterrorism Operations of the “War on Terror”’. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 41, no. 3 (2016): 119–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabasa, A., and J. E. Peters, ‘Understanding Lack of Governance’. In Ungoverned Territories: Understanding and Reducing Terrorism Risks, ed. A. Rabasa, 1–6. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Raleigh, C. ‘Seeing the Forest for the Trees: The Effects of Physical Geography on Civil War Risk’. International interactions 36, no. 4 (2010): 384–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raleigh, C., and C. Dowd. ‘Governance and Conflict in the Sahel’s “Ungoverned Space”’. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development 2, no. 2 (2013): 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Schette, C. ‘Ungoverned Territories – The Construction of Spaces of Risk in the “War on Terrorism”’. In Spatial dimension of risk, ed. D. Müller-Mahn, 97–108. London: Earthscan, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, W. Migration in Africa: A Review of the Economic Literature on International Migration in 10 Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank Development Prospects Group, 20433, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Stanislawski, B. ‘Para-states, Quasi-states, and Black Spots: Perhaps not States, but Not ‘Ungoverned Territories’ Either’. International Studies Review 10, no. 2 (2008): 366–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, G., and I. Werenfels. ‘Between the ‘Near’ and the ‘Far’ Enemy: Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb’. Mediterranean Politics 12, no. 3 (2007): 407–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Yearbook of World Armaments and Dis-armaments. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Stohl, R., and D. Tuttle. ‘The Challenges of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa’. Conflict Trends 1 (2009): 19–26.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, A. J. ‘Thoughts on the Nature and Consequences of Ungoverned Spaces’. SAIS Review of International Affairs 36, no. 1 (2016): 5–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2016.0002.
   Google Scholar
• Thurston, A. Boko Haram: The History of an African Jihadist Movement. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Tonah, S. ‘Fulani Pastoralists, Indigenous Farmers and the Contest for Land in Northern Ghana’. Africa Spectrum 37, no. 1 (2002): 43–59.
   Google Scholar
• Torres-Soriano, M. R. ‘The Road to Media Jihad: The Propaganda Actions of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb’. Terrorism and Political Violence 23, no. 1 (2010): 72–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan, T. ‘Africa’s Ungoverned Space’. Nacao Defesa 111 (2006): 61–73.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, H. ‘Reversal of Fortune: AQIM’s Stalemate in Algeria and its New Front in the Sahel’. In Global Security Risks and West Africa: Development Challenges, edited by P. Heinrigs and M. Tremilieres, 11–33. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Yabi, G. O. Peace and Security in Africa. Rome: Italian Institute for International Political Studies Background Paper, 4, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Yaro, J. A. Migration in West Africa: Patterns, Issues and Challenges. Accra: University of Ghana Centre for Migration Studies, 2008.
   Google Scholar