Rwanda's securitisation of genocide denial: A political mechanism for power or to combat ontological insecurity?

Bibliography

• Adler, Emanuel. ‘Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics’. European Journal of International Relations 3, no. 3 (1997): 319–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, Paul, Amanda Coffey, and Sara Delamont. Key Themes in Qualitative Research: Continuities and Changes. Walbut Creek: Altarmira, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Balzacq, Thierry. ‘The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context’. European Journal of International Relations 11, no. 2 (2005): 171–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, Jon, and W. Neil Adger. ‘Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict’. Political Geography 26 (2007): 639–655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beloff, Jonathan. Foreign Policy in Post-genocide Rwanda: Elite Perceptions of Global Engagement. Oxon: Routledge, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Beloff, Jonathan. ‘The Limitations of Research Space for the Study of Rwanda’. The SOAS Journal of Postgraduate Research 10 (2016–2017): 48–60.
   Google Scholar
• Beloff, Jonathan R., and Samantha Lakin. ‘Peace and Compromise, Idealism and Constraint: The Case of the Arusha Peace Accords in Rwanda and Burundi’. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal 13, no. 2 (2019): 12.
   Google Scholar
• Buzan, Barry. People, States & Fear. An Agenda for International Security Studies. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Buzan, Barry, and Ole Wæver. ‘Macrosecuritisation and Security Constellations: Reconsidering Scale in Securitisation Theory’. Review of International Studies 35 (2009): 253–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzan, Barry, and Ole Wæver. Regions and Powers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver, and Jaap de Wild. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Crick, Emily. ‘Drugs as an Existential Threat: An Analysis of the International Securitization of Drugs’. International Journal of Drug Policy 23, no. 5 (2012): 407–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallaire, Roméo. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. New York: Carrol & Graf Publishers, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Democratic Green Party of Rwanda.’ Global Greens. Accessed January 20, 2021, https://www.globalgreens.org/parties/democratic-green-party-rwanda.
   Google Scholar
• Ejdus, Filip. ‘Critical Situations, Fundamental Questions and Ontological Insecurity in World Politics’. Journal of International Relations and Development 21, no. 4 (2018): 883–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnemore, Mary. National Interests in International Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Rwanda. Organic Law N° 29/2004 of 03/12/2004 on Rwandan Nationality Code. Kigali, 2004. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/452cf1b74.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Rwanda. Rwanda: Law No. 09/2007 of 2007 on the Attributions, Organisation and Functioning of the National Commission for the Fight Against Genocide. Kigali: National Legislative Bodies/National Authorities, 2007. https://www.refworld.org/type,LEGISLATION,,RWA,476643392,0.html.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Rwanda. Rwanda: Law No. 18/2008 of 2008 Relating to the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Ideology. Kigali: National Legislative Bodies/National Authorities, 2008. https://www.refworld.org/docid/4acc9a4e2.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, Lene. ‘Gender, Nation, Rape: Bosnia and the Construction of Security’. International Feminist Journal of Politics 3, no. 1 (2000): 55–75.
   Google Scholar
• Howell, Alison, and Melanie Richter-Montpetit. ‘Is Securitization Theory Racist? Civilizationism, Methodological Whiteness, and Antiblack thought in the Copenhagen School’. Security Dialogue 51, no. 1 (2020): 3–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humans Rights Watch. ‘Rwanda: 25 Years on, Solidarity with Victims’. Human Rights Watch, Accessed January 21, 2021. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/04/rwanda-25-years-solidarity-victims.
   Google Scholar
• Huysmans, Jef. The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU. London: Routledge, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Innes, Alexandria, and Brent J. Steele. ‘Memory, Trauma and ontological security’. In Memory and Trauma in International Relations: Theories, Cases and Debates, ed. Erica Resende and Dovile Budryte, 15–29. Oxon: Routledge, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Jervis, Robert. ‘Hypotheses on Misperception’. World Politics: A Quarterly Journal of International Relations 20, no. 3 (1968): 454–479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalimba, Stephen. ‘Genocide Denial a Threat to National Security, Says Kabarebe’. The New Times, April 14, 2015. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/187842.
   Google Scholar
• Kigali Genocide Memorial. ‘Kigali Genocide Memorial: Remembrance and Learning’. Kigali Genocide Memorial. Accessed January 24, 2021. kgm.rw.
   Google Scholar
• Kinzer, Stephen. A Thousand Hills: Rwanda‘s rebirth and the Man who dreamed it. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Kwibuka, Eugene. ‘Rwanda: Kwibuka22 to Focus on Fighting Genocide Ideology’. Genocide Watch, March 14, 2016. Accessed January 23, 2021. http://genocidewatch.net/2016/03/14/rwanda-kwibuka22-to-focus-on-fighting-genocide-ideology/.
   Google Scholar
• Lamont, Christopher. Research Methods in International Relations. London: Sage, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Longman, Timothy. Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, Matt. ‘Securitization and the Construction of Security’. European journal of international relations 14, no. 4 (2008): 563–587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitzen, Jennifer. ‘Ontological Security in World Politics, State Identity and the Security Dilemma’. European journal of international relations 12, no. 3 (2006): 341–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musoni, Edwin. ‘Kagame Speaks Out on BBC Genocide Denial’. The New Times, October 15, 2014. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/181977.
   Google Scholar
• Mwai, Collins. ‘Kagame Seeks Global Participation in Fight Against Genocide Denial’. The New Times, February 23, 2019. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/kagame-fights-genocide-denial.
   Google Scholar
• The National Commission for the Fight Against Genocide (CNLG). ‘Background of the Genocide against the Tutsi’. Republic of Rwanda. Accessed March 3, 2021. https://cnlg.gov.rw/index.php?id=80.
   Google Scholar
• Nduhungirehe, Olivier J. P. ‘Denial and Minimisation of the #genocide Against the Tutsi are an Attempt to Erase Part of the History of Humanity, to Absolve Perpetrators, to Torment Victims, to Hinder Unity and Reconciliation and to Bring Back Genocide to #Rwanda’. Twitter. Accessed March 1, 2021. https://twitter.com/onduhungirehe/status/1359799278126960640.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, Edward. ‘Human Security and Constructivism’. International Studies Perspectives 2 (2001): 239–251.
   Google Scholar
• News Time Reporter. ‘New Friends in the Fight Against Genocide Denial’. The New Times Rwanda, April 12, 2016. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/198894.
   Google Scholar
• Nyman, Jonna. ‘Securitization Theory’. In Critical Approach to Security, ed. Laura J. Shepherd, 51–62. Oxon: Routledge, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Prunier, Gerard. Africa’s World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental catastrophe. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Prunier, Gerard. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Rwanda. “Members of Parliament [Christine Mukabunani].” Republic of Rwanda: Parliament. Accessed January 20, 2021, https://www.parliament.gov.rw/index.php?id=125&width=650&detailId=418.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Rwanda. “Parliamentarians Dedicated to Keep the Fight against Genocide Denial On.” Republic of Rwanda. Accessed June 28, 2015, https://www.parliament.gov.rw/index.php?id=223&L=1&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=315&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=f1d7a9d8a73e44cc6050385902caf7b4.
   Google Scholar
• Reyntjens, Filip. Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Reyntjens, Filip. ‘Rwanda, Ten Years on: From Genocide to Dictatorship’. African Affairs 103, no. 411 (2004): 177–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyntjens, Filip. ‘The Struggle over Truth – Rwanda and the BBC’. African Affairs 114, no. 457 (2015): 637–648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe, Paul. ‘Is Securitization a ‘Negative’ Concept? Revisiting the Normative Debate over Normal versus Extraordinary Politics’. Security Dialogue 43, no. 3 (2012): 251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romaniuk, Scott Nicholas, and Stewart Tristan Webb. ‘Extraordinary Measures: Drone Warfare, Securitization, and the ‘War on Terror’’. Slovak Journal of Political Sciences 15, no. 3 (2015): 226.
   Google Scholar
• Ruhumuliza, Gatete Nyiringabo. ‘The Fourth Estate and Genocide Denial in the West’. The New Times, November 25, 2020. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/opinions/fourth-estate-and-genocide-denial-west.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Rwanda Closes ‘Gacaca’ Genocide Court.’ Al Jazeera, June 19, 2012. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/6/19/rwanda-closes-gacaca-genocide-courts.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Rwanda’s Paul Kagame – Visionary or Tyrant?’ BBC News, August 2, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/10479882.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Rwanda Suspends BBC Broadcast over Genocide Film.’ BBC News, October 24, 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29762713.
   Google Scholar
• Schulman, Susan, and Frank Rusagara. ‘Umoja Wetu’. The RUSI Journal 154, no. 2 (2009): 90–97.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, Shirley V. ‘The Securitization of Climate Change in World Politics: How Close Have We Come and Would Full Securitization Enhance the Efficacy of Global Climate Change Policy?’. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 21, no. 3 (2012): 220–230.
   Google Scholar
• Stanton, Gregory. ‘The Eight Stages of Genocide’. Genocide Watch (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Stearns, Jason. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. New York: Public Affairs, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Stritzel, Holger. ‘Towards a Theory of Securitization: Copenhagen and Beyond’. European journal of international relations 13, no. 3 (2007): 357–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subotić, Jelena. Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson, Susan. ‘Peasant Perspective on National Unity and Reconciliation: Building Peace or Promoting Division?’. In Rwanda Fast Forward: Social, Economic, Military, and Reconciliation prospects, ed. Maddalena Campioni, and Patrick Noack, 96–110. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson, Susan. Whispering Truth to Power: Everyday Resistance to Reconciliation in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Trombetta, Marry. ‘Environmental Security and Climate Change: Analysing the Discourse’. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 21, no. 4 (2008): 585–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wæver, Ole. ‘Politics, Security, Theory’. Security Dialogue 42, no. 4–5 (August–October 2011): 465–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wæver, Ole, and Bary Busan. ‘Racism and responsibility – The critical limits of deepfake methodology in security studies: A reply to Howell and Richter-Montpetit’. Security Dialogue 51, no. 4 (2020): 386–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldorf, Lars. ‘Revisiting Hotel Rwanda: Genocide Ideology, Reconciliation, and Rescuers’. Journal of Genocide Research 11, no. 1 (2009): 101–125.
   Google Scholar
• Wallis, Andrew. Stepp’d in Blood: Akazu and the Architects of the Rwandan Genocide Against the Tutsi. Washington: Zer0 Books, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Waugh, Colin M. Paul Kagame and Rwanda: Power, Genocide and the Rwandan Patriotic Front. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Weldes, Jutta. ‘Constructing National Interests’. European Journal of International Relations 2, no. 3 (1996): 275–318.
   Google Scholar
• Wendt, Alexander. ‘Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics’. International Organization 46, no. 2 (1992): 391–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendt, Alexander. ‘Constructing International Politics’. International Security 20, no. 1 (1995): 71–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, Clair. ‘The Copenhagen School on Tour in Kyrgyzstan: Is Securitization Theory Useable Outside of Europe’. Security Dialogue 38, no. 1 (2007): 5–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar