324
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Implementation of the ECOWAS collective security framework: The role of multilateral cooperation in the Liberian crisis

&

References

  • Aboagye, Festus Boahen. ECOMOG: A Sub-regional Experience in Conflict Resolution, Management, and Peacekeeping in Liberia. Accra: Sedco Pub Limited, 1999.
  • Ackerman, Ruthie. ‘Rebuilding Liberia, One Brick at a Time’. World Policy Journal 26, no. 2 (2009): 83–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/wopj.2009.26.2.83.
  • Adebajo, Adekeye. Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.
  • Ajulo, Sunday Babalola. ‘The Revised ECOWAS Treaty (1993): A Synopsis’. Nigerian Journal of International Affairs 21, no. 1 (1995):120–37.
  • Akabogu, Chike. ‘ECOWAS Takes the Initiative,’ in The Liberian Crisis and ECOMOG: A Bold Attempt at Regional Peace Keeping, ed. Margaret A. Vogt, 79. Lagos: Gabumo Pub. Co., 1992.
  • Akanji, Olajide O. ‘Sub-regional Security Challenge: ECOWAS and the War on Terrorism in West Africa’. Insight on Africa 11, no. 2 (2019): 94–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087818805842.
  • Akindele, R. A. ‘The ECOWAS 1981 Protocol Relating to Mutual Assistance in Defense Revisited’. Nigerian Journal of International Affairs 38, no. 2 (2012): 4.
  • Alagappa, M. ‘Regionalism and Conflict Management: A Framework for Analysis’. Review of International Studies 21, no. 4 (1995): 359–387.
  • Anievas, A. ‘History, Theory, and Contingency in the Study of Modern International Relations: The Global Transformation Revisited’. International Theory 8, no. 3 (2016): 468–480. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971916000154.
  • Arthur, P. ‘Promoting Security in Africa through Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and the African Union’s African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA)’. Insight on Africa (2017): 1–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087816674577.
  • Bah, Alhaji MS. “ECOWAS and the Dynamics of Constructing a Security Regime in West Africa”. Ph.D. diss., Queen's University, 2004.
  • Bah, Alhaji MS. ‘West Africa: From a Security Complex to a Security Community’. African Security Studies 14, no. 2 (2005): 77–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333977354_7.
  • Baldaro, E. ‘Rashomon in the Sahel: Conflict Dynamics of Security Regionalism’. Security Dialogue (2020): 266–283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010620934061.
  • Bryden, A., and F. Chappuis. Learning from West African Experiences in Security Sector Governance. London: Ubiquity Press, 2015.
  • Buzan, B., and G. Lawson. The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Cello, L. ‘Taking History Seriously in IR: Towards a Historicist Approach’. Review of International Studies 44, no. 2 (2018): 236–251. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210517000432.
  • Christensen, D., and D. D. Laitin. African States since Independence: Order, Development, and Democracy. London: Yale University Press, 2019.
  • Crossley, N. ‘The African Union and Human Protection: Towards a Regional Protection Regime’. African Security 13, no. 2 (2020): 147–170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1779528.
  • Decision A/Dec 9/5/90. Relating to the Establishment of the Standing Mediation Committee.
  • ECOWAS: Decision A Dec. 9/5/90 Relating to the establishment of ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in Liberia.
  • ECOWAS: Protocol on Non-Aggression, Lagos, 22nd April 1978, Reprinted in The West African Bulletins No.3, June 1995.
  • ECOWAS: Treaty of the Economic Community of West African States, No. 14843, the United Nations Treaty Series, 1976.
  • “ECOWAS: Milestone in Regional Integration”, Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Lagos, 2009.
  • Eke, Jude Uwakwe, and Kelechi Johnmary Ani. ‘Africa and the Challenges of Regional Integration’. Journal of African Union Studies 6, no. 1 (2017): 63–80.
  • Executive Secretary’s Report, ECOWAS Council of Ministers Meeting, ECW/CM/ (2)/1, 18 - 19 November 1977.
  • Franke, B. ‘A Pan-African Army: The Evolution of an Idea and its Eventual Realisation in the African Standby Force’. African Security Studies 15, no. 4 (2006): 1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2006.9627617.
  • Hall, I. ‘The History of International Thought and International Relations Theory: From Context to Interpretation’. International Relations 31, no. 3 (2017): 241–260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117817723061.
  • Headquarters Nigerian Contingent. “Draft Paper on Participation of Nigerian Contingent in ECOMOG Operations in Sierra Leone,” March 2000.
  • Igwe, Paul Agu, D. Lock, Chinedu Ochinanwata, Ekwutosi Sanita Nwakpu, and Cosmos N Nwedu. ‘The Global Order, Regional Integration and Multiculturally Diverse Stakeholders: The Case of ECOWAS’. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 29, no. 1 (2020): 119–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2019-1896.
  • “Keesings Record of World Events”, Vol. 38, (1992).
  • Ladi, Hamalai, and Mike Obadan, eds. 40 Years of ECOWAS 1975–2015, National Institute for Legislative Studies, Abuja (2015).
  • Michalopoulos, S., and E. Papaioannou. ‘The Scramble for Africa and its Legacy’. In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, eds. Matias Vernengo, Esteban Perez Caldentey, and Barkley J. Rosser Jr, 1–11. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  • Obi, Cyril I. ‘Economic Community of West African States on the Ground: Comparing Peacekeeping in Liberia, Sierra leone, Guinea Bissau, and Côte d’ Ivoire’. African Security 2, no. 2-3 (2009): 119–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19362200903361945.
  • Ogbonnaya, Ufiem Maurice. ‘Regional Integration, Political Crisis and the Transformation of ECOWAS Crisis Management Mechanisms’. Turkish Journal of Politics 4, no. 2 (2013): 49–63.
  • Ogbonnaya, Ufiem Maurice, Kanayo Ogujiuba, and N. Stiegler. ‘Terrorism in Nigeria: Implications of Boko Haram's Movement for Security and Stability in the ECOWAS Sub-region’. African Security Review 23, no. 2 (2014): 145–160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2014.903378.
  • Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo, and Mammo Muchie. Innovation, Regional Integration, and Development in Africa: Rethinking Theories, Institutions, and Policies. Berlin: Springer, 2019.
  • Osadolor, Osarhieme Benson. ‘The evolution of policy on security and defence in ECOWAS, 1978-2008.’ Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 20, (2011): 87–103.
  • Rosecrance, R. ‘Regionalism and the Post—Cold War Era’. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis 46, no. 3 (1991): 373–393.
  • Schmidt, Elizabeth. ‘Anticolonial Nationalism in French West Africa: What made Guinea Unique?’. African Studies Review 52, no. 2 (2009): 1–34.
  • Thies, C. G. ‘A Pragmatic Guide to Qualitative Historical Analysis in the Study of International Relations’. International Studies Perspectives 3, no. 4 (2002): 351–372.
  • Vines, A. ‘Combating Light Weapons Proliferation in West Africa’. International Affairs 81, no. 2 (2005): 341–360.
  • Vogt, M. A. The Liberian Crisis and ECOMOG: A Bold Attempt at Regional Peacekeeping. Lagos: Gabumo pub. Co., 1992.
  • Yearbook of the United Nations. No. 39. 1985-1989, United Nations Department of Public Information (1990).
  • Yetiv, S. ‘History, International Relations, and Integrated Approaches: Thinking about Greater Interdisciplinarity’. International Studies Perspectives 12, no. 2 (2011): 94–118.
  • Yoroms, Gani. ‘Approaches and Challenges in ECOWAS’ Security Sector Reform and Governance in West Africa’. Journal of African Foreign Affairs 1, no. 2 (2014): 30–54.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.