References
- Adler, N.E., Epel, E.S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J.R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, white women. Health Psychology, 19, 586. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586
- Aiken, L.S., West, S.G., & Reno, R.R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1996). The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 1–51. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60235-X
- Boudarene, M., Legros, J.J., & Timsit-Berthier, M. (2002). Study of the stress response: role of anxiety, cortisol and DHEAs. L'Encephale, 28, 139–146.
- Buchanan, T.W., Driscoll, D., Mowrer, S.M., Sollers, J.J., Thayer, J.F., Kirschbaum, C., & Tranel, D. (2010). Medial prefrontal cortex damage affects physiological and psychological stress responses differently in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 56–66. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.09.006
- Campbell, J., & Ehlert, U. (2012). Acute psychosocial stress: Does the emotional stress response correspond with physiological responses? Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1111–1134. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.12.010
- Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F. (1981). Self-consciousness and reactance. Journal of Research in Personality, 15, 16–29. doi: 10.1016/0092-6566(81)90003-9
- Carver, C.S., Scheier, M.F., & Segerstrom, S.C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 879–889. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
- Chan, S., & Debono, M. (2010). Replication of cortisol circadian rhythm: New advances in hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1, 129–138. doi: 10.1177/2042018810380214
- Feldman, P.J., Cohen, S., Hamrick, N., & Lepore, S.J. (2004). Psychological stress, appraisal, emotion and cardiovascular response in a public speaking task. Psychology & Health, 19, 353–368. doi: 10.1080/0887044042000193497
- Ferrando, P.J., Chico, E., & Tous, J.M. (2002). Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test. Psicothema, 14, 673–680. Available from: http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-15630-018
- Gaab, J., Rohleder, N., Nater, U.M., & Ehlert, U. (2005). Psychological determinants of the cortisol stress response: The role of anticipatory cognitive appraisal. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 599–610. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.001
- Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.M., & Hellhammer, D.H. (1993). The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’: A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28, 76–81. doi: 10.1159/000119004
- Kudielka, B.M., Buske-Kirschbaum, A., Hellhammer, D.H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2004). Differential heart rate reactivity and recovery after psychosocial stress (TSST) in healthy children, younger adults, and elderly adults: The impact of age and gender. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 116–121. doi: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm1102_8
- Kudielka, B.M., Schommer, N.C., Hellhammer, D.H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2004). Acute HPA axis responses, heart rate, and mood changes to psychosocial stress (TSST) in humans at different times of day. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 983–992. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.08.009
- Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptation. In W. D. Gentry (Ed.), The handbook of behavioral medicine (pp. 282–325). New York: Guilford.
- Liu, J.J., Ein, N., Peck, K., Huang, V., Pruessner, J.C., & Vickers, K. (2017). Sex differences in salivary cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST): A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 82, 26–37. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.007
- Maestripieri, D., Schino, G., Aureli, F., & Troisi, A. (1992). A modest proposal: Displacement activities as an indicator of emotions in primates. Animal Behaviour, 44, 967–979. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80592-5
- Mallinckrodt, B., Abraham, W.T., Wei, M., & Russell, D.W. (2006). Advances in testing the statistical significance of mediation effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 372–378. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.372.
- Mohiyeddini, C., & Semple, S. (2013). Displacement behaviour regulates the experience of stress in men. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 16, 163–171. doi: 10.3109/10253890.2012.707709
- Nes, L.S., & Segerstrom, S.C. (2006). Dispositional optimism and coping: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 235–251. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_3
- Otero, J.M., Luengo, A., Romero, E., Gómez, J.A., & Castro, C. (1998). Psicología de personalidad. Manual de prácticas. Barcelona: Ariel Practicum.
- Pico-Alfonso, M.A., Mastorci, F., Ceresini, G., Ceda, G.P., Manghi, M., Pino, O., … Sgoifo, A. (2007). Acute psychosocial challenge and cardiac autonomic response in women: The role of estrogens, corticosteroids, and behavioral coping styles. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 451–463. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.02.009
- Preacher, K.J., & Hayes, A.F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, 36, 717–731. doi: 10.3758/BF03206553
- Puig-Pérez, S., Hackett, R.A., Salvador, A., & Steptoe, A. (2017). Optimism moderates psychophysiological responses to stress in older people with Type 2 diabetes. Psychophysiology, 54, 536–543. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12806
- Reschke-Hernández, A.E., Okerstrom, K.L., Bowles Edwards, A., & Tranel, D. (2017). Sex and stress: Men and women show different cortisol responses to psychological stress induced by the Trier social stress test and the Iowa singing social stress test. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 95, 106–114. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23851
- Salvador, A., & Costa, R. (2009). Coping with competition: Neuroendocrine responses and cognitive variables. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 160–170. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.005
- Scheier, M.E., & Carver, C.S. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well‐being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55, 169–210. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00434.x
- Scheier, M.F., & Carver, C.S. (1993). On the power of positive thinking: The benefits of being optimistic. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2, 26–30. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572
- Scheier, M.F., Carver, C.S., & Bridges, M.W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063
- Scheier, M.F., & Carver, C.S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247. doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.4.3.219
- Shreve, E.G., Harrigan, J.A., Kues, J.R., & Kagas, D.K. (1988). Nonverbal expressions of anxiety in physician–patient interactions. Psychiatry, 51, 378–384. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1988.11024414
- Shrout, P.E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
- Spruijt, B.M., van Hooff, J.A., & Gispen, W.H. (1992). The ethology and neurobiology of grooming behavior. Physiological Reviews, 72, 825–852. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1992.72.3.825
- Stephens, M.A., Mahon, P.B., McCaul, M.E., & Wand, G.S. (2016). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to acute psychosocial stress: Effects of biological sex and circulating sex hormones. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 66, 47–55. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.021
- Steptoe, A., Hackett, R.A., Lazzarino, A.I., Bostock, S., La Marca, R., Carvalho, L.A., & Hamer, M. (2014). Disruption of multisystem responses to stress in type 2 diabetes: Investigating the dynamics of allostatic load. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 15693–15698. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1410401111
- Task Force. (1996). Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing an Electrophysiology. Circulation, 93, 1043–1045. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
- Thayer, J.F., Åhs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J.J., & Wager, T.D. (2012). A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 747–756. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009
- Troisi, A. (2002). Displacement activities as a behavioral measure of stress in nonhuman primates and human subjects. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 5, 47–54. doi: 10.1080/102538902900012378
- Troisi, A., Belsanti, S., Bucci, A.R., Mosco, C., Sinti, F., & Verucci, M. (2000). Affect regulation in alexithymia: An ethological study of displacement behavior during psychiatric interviews. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 13–18. doi: 10.1097/00005053-200001000-00003
- Troisi, A., Delle Chime, R., Russo, F., Russo, M.A., Mosco, C., & Pasini, A. (1996). Nonverbal behavior and alexithymic traits in normal subjects individual differences in encoding emotions. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 561–566. doi: 10.1097/00005053-199609000-00008
- Troisi, A., Spalletta, G., & Pasini, A. (1998). Non‐verbal behaviour deficits in schizophrenia: an ethological study of drug‐free patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97, 109–115. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09971.x
- Villada, C., Hidalgo, V., Almela, M., & Salvador, A. (2016). Individual differences in the psychobiological response to psychosocial stress (trier social stress test): The relevance of trait anxiety and coping styles. Stress and Health, 32, 90–99. doi: 10.1002/smi.2582
- Villada, C., Hidalgo, V., Almela, M., Mastorci, F., Sgoifo, A., & Salvador, A. (2014). Coping with an acute psychosocial challenge: Behavioral and physiological responses in young women. PLoS One, 9, e114640. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114640
- Wilhelm, F.H., Rattel, J.A., Wegerer, M., Liedlgruber, M., Schweighofer, S., Kreibig, S.D., … Blechert, J. (2017). Attend or defend? Sex differences in behavioral, autonomic, and respiratory response patterns to emotion-eliciting films. Biological Psychology, 130, 30–40. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.10.006