Effect of acute alarm odor exposure and biological sex on generalized avoidance and glutamatergic signaling in the hippocampus of Wistar rats

References

• Acheson, D.T., Gresack, J.E., & Risbrough, V.B. (2012). Hippocampal dysfunction effects on context memory: Possible etiology for posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropharmacology, 62, 674–685. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besnard, A., & Sahay, A. (2016). Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, fear generalization, and stress. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 24–44. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, D.C., Griebel, G., & Blanchard, R.J. (2003). Conditioning and residual emotionality effects of predator stimuli: Some reflections on stress and emotion. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 27, 1177–1185. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourtchouladze, R., Lidge, R., Catapano, R., Stanley, J., Gossweiler, S., Romashko, D., … Tully, T. (2003). A mouse model of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: Defective long-term memory is ameliorated by inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 10518–10522. doi:10.1073/pnas.1834280100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechbuhl, J., Klaey, M., & Broillet, M.C. (2008). Grueneberg ganglion cells mediate alarm pheromone detection in mice. Science, 321, 1092–1095. doi:10.1126/science.1160770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechbuhl, J., Klaey, M., Moine, F., Bovay, E., Hurni, N., Nenniger-Tosato, M., & Broillet, M.-C. (2014). Morphological and physiological species-dependent characteristics of the rodent Grueneberg ganglion. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 8, 87. doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechbuhl, J., Moine, F., Klaey, M., Nenniger-Tosato, M., Hurni, N., Sporkert, F., … Broillet, M.-C. (2013). Mouse alarm pheromone shares structural similarity with predator scents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 4762–4767. doi:10.1073/pnas.1214249110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner, J.D. (2005). Effects of traumatic stress on brain structure and function: Relevance to early responses to trauma. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 6, 51–68. doi:10.1300/J229v06n02_06
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bremner, J.D. (2006). The relationship between cognitive and brain changes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 80–86. doi:10.1196/annals.1364.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner, J.D., & Narayan, M. (1998). The effects of stress on memory and the hippocampus throughout the life cycle: Implications for childhood development and aging. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 871–885. doi:10.1017/S0954579498001916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau, N. (2002). Gender differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine : JGSM : The Official Journal of the Partnership for Women's Health at Columbia, 5, 34–40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859685
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bronson, S.L., & Bale, T.L. (2014). Prenatal stress-induced increases in placental inflammation and offspring hyperactivity are male-specific and ameliorated by maternal antiinflammatory treatment. Endocrinology, 155, 2635–2646. doi:10.1210/en.2014-1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney, K.E., Milanese, M., van Nierop, P., Li, K.W., Oliet, S.H.R., Smit, A.B., … Verheijen, M.H.G. (2014). Proteomic analysis of gliosomes from mouse brain: Identification and investigation of glial membrane proteins. Journal of Proteome Research, 13, 5918–5927. doi:10.1021/pr500829z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, H., Kozlovsky, N., Matar, M.A., Zohar, J., & Kaplan, Z. (2014). Distinctive hippocampal and amygdalar cytoarchitectural changes underlie specific patterns of behavioral disruption following stress exposure in an animal model of PTSD. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 1925–1944. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalla, C., Papachristos, E.B., Whetstone, A.S., & Shors, T.J. (2009). Female rats learn trace memories better than male rats and consequently retain a greater proportion of new neurons in their hippocampi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 2927–2932. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809650106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danbolt, N.C. (1994). The high affinity uptake system for excitatory amino acids in the brain. Progress in Neurobiology, 44, 377–396. doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)90033-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, H.E., Masini, C.V., & Campeau, S. (2004). The pattern of brain c-fos mRNA induced by a component of fox odor, 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT), in rats, suggests both systemic and processive stress characteristics. Brain Research, 1025, 139–151. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, H.L.L., Reed, M.M., & Stevenson, C.W. (2016). Sex differences in discriminating between cues predicting threat and safety. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 133, 196–203. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delahanty, D.L., Raimonde, A.J., & Spoonster, E. (2000). Initial posttraumatic urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 940–947. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00896-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derouiche, A., & Frotscher, M. (2001). Peripheral astrocyte processes: Monitoring by selective immunostaining for the actin-binding ERM proteins. Glia, 36, 330–341. doi:10.1002/glia.1120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmedt, A., Marighetto, A., & Piazza, P.V. (2015). Abnormal fear memory as a model for posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 78, 290–297. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieterich, D.C., Karpova, A., Mikhaylova, M., Zdobnova, I., König, I., Landwehr, M., … Kreutz, M.R. (2008). Caldendrin-Jacob: A protein liaison that couples NMDA receptor signalling to the nucleus. PLoS Biology, 6, e34. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkley, P.R., Jarvie, P.E., & Robinson, P.J. (2008). A rapid Percoll gradient procedure for preparation of synaptosomes. Nature Protocols, 3, 1718–1728. doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endres, T., & Fendt, M. (2007). Conditioned behavioral responses to a context paired with the predator odor trimethylthiazoline. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121, 594–601. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.3.594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endres, T., & Fendt, M. (2009). Aversion- vs fear-inducing properties of 2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thiazoline, a component of fox odor, in comparison with those of butyric acid. Journal of Experimental Biology, 212, 2324–2327. doi:10.1242/jeb.028498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferland, C.L., & Schrader, L.A. (2011a). Cage mate separation in pair-housed male rats evokes an acute stress corticosterone response. Neuroscience Letters, 489, 154–158. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferland, C.L., & Schrader, L.A. (2011b). Regulation of histone acetylation in the hippocampus of chronically stressed rats: A potential role of sirtuins. Neuroscience, 174, 104–114. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galatzer-Levy, I.R., Karstoft, K.I., Statnikov, A., & Shalev, A.Y. (2014). Quantitative forecasting of PTSD from early trauma responses: A Machine Learning application. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 59, 68–76. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galliot, E., Laurent, L., Hacquemand, R., Pourie, G., & Millot, J.L. (2012). Fear-like behavioral responses in mice in different odorant environments: Trigeminal versus olfactory mediation under low doses. Behavioural Processes, 90, 161–166. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, M.E., Thompson, M.A., & Sheng, M. (1992). Calcium regulation of immediate early gene transcription. Journal of Physiology-Paris, 86, 99–108. doi:10.1016/S0928-4257(05)80013-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardingham, G.E., & Bading, H. (2002). Coupling of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors to a CREB shut-off pathway is developmentally regulated. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1600, 148–153. doi:10.1016/S1570-9639(02)00455-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardingham, G.E., Fukunaga, Y., & Bading, H. (2002). Extrasynaptic NMDARs oppose synaptic NMDARs by triggering CREB shut-off and cell death pathways. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 405–414. doi:10.1038/nn835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmseth, S., Scott, H.A., Real, K., Lehre, K.P., Leergaard, T.B., Bjaalie, J.G., & Danbolt, N.C. (2009). The concentrations and distributions of three C-terminal variants of the GLT1 (EAAT2; slc1a2) glutamate transporter protein in rat brain tissue suggest differential regulation. Neuroscience, 162, 1055–1071. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homiack, D., O'Cinneide, E., Hajmurad, S., Barrileaux, B., Stanley, M., Kreutz, M.R., & Schrader, L.A. (2017). Predator odor evokes sex-independent stress responses in male and female Wistar rats and reduces phosphorylation of cyclic-adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein in the male, but not the female hippocampus. Hippocampus, 27, 1016–1029. doi:10.1002/hipo.22749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C.C., Chen, J.P., Yeh, C.M., & Hsu, K.S. (2012). Sex difference in stress-induced enhancement of hippocampal CA1 long-term depression during puberty. Hippocampus, 22, 1622–1634. doi:10.1002/hipo.21003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst, J.L. (2009). Female recognition and assessment of males through scent. Behavioural Brain Research, 200, 295–303. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Impey, S., Smith, D.M., Obrietan, K., Donahue, R., Wade, C., & Storm, D.R. (1998). Stimulation of cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated transcription during contextual learning. Nature Neuroscience, 1, 595–601. doi:10.1038/2830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanov, A., Pellegrino, C., Rama, S., Dumalska, I., Salyha, Y., Ben-Ari, Y., & Medina, I. (2006). Opposing role of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) activity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The Journal of Physiology, 572, 789–798. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.105510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanovic, T., Kazama, A., Bachevalier, J., & Davis, M. (2012). Impaired safety signal learning may be a biomarker of PTSD. Neuropharmaco-logy, 62, 695–704. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpova, A., Mikhaylova, M., Bera, S., Bär, J., Reddy, P.P., Behnisch, T., … Kreutz, M.R. (2013). Encoding and transducing the synaptic or extrasynaptic origin of NMDA receptor signals to the nucleus. Cell, 152, 1119–1133. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karst, H., & Joels, M. (2005). Corticosterone slowly enhances miniature excitatory postsynaptic current amplitude in mice CA1 hippocampal cells. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94, 3479–3486. doi:10.1152/jn.00143.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, A.M., Milnerwood, A.J., Sepers, M.D., Coquinco, A., She, K., Wang, L., … Raymond, L.A. (2012). Opposing roles of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signaling in cocultured striatal and cortical neurons. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 3992–4003. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4129-11.2012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keiser, A.A., Turnbull, L.M., Darian, M.A., Feldman, D.E., Song, I., & Tronson, N.C. (2017). Sex differences in context fear generalization and recruitment of hippocampus and amygdala during retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 397–407. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C.B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048–1060. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavialle, M., Aumann, G., Anlauf, E., Prols, F., Arpin, M., & Derouiche, A. (2011). Structural plasticity of perisynaptic astrocyte processes involves ezrin and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 12915–12919. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100957108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y., Ter Horst, G.J., Wichmann, R., Bakker, P., Liu, A., Li, X., & Westenbroek, C. (2009). Sex differences in the effects of acute and chronic stress and recovery after long-term stress on stress-related brain regions of rats. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 1978–1989. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonsdorf, T.B., Haaker, J., Schümann, D., Sommer, T., Bayer, J., Brassen, S., … Kalisc, R. (2015). Sex differences in conditioned stimulus discrimination during context-dependent fear learning and its retrieval in humans: The role of biological sex, contraceptives and menstrual cycle phases. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 40, 368–375. doi:10.1503/jpn.140336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopresto, D., Schipper, P., & Homberg, J.R. (2016). Neural circuits and mechanisms involved in fear generalization: Implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 60, 31–42. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowy, M.T., Wittenberg, L., & Yamamoto, B.K. (1995). Effect of acute stress on hippocampal glutamate levels and spectrin proteolysis in young and aged rats. Journal of Neurochemistry, 65, 268–274. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65010268.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, J., 3rd, Cullen, P.K., Jasnow, A.M., & Riccio, D.C. (2013). Sex differences in the generalization of fear as a function of retention intervals. Learn & Memory, 20, 628–632. doi:10.1101/lm.032011.113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, J.F., 3rd, Winiecki, P., Vanderhoof, T., Riccio, D.C., & Jasnow, A.M. (2016). Hippocampal cytosolic estrogen receptors regulate fear generalization in females. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 130, 83–92. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak, G.K., Enwere, E.K., Gregg, C., Pakarainen, T., Poutanen, M., Huhtaniemi, I., & Weiss, S. (2007). Male pheromone-stimulated neurogenesis in the adult female brain: Possible role in mating behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 1003–1011. doi:10.1038/nn1928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor, I.S., Schrama, L., Ambermoon, P., & Dielenberg, R.A. (2002). Not all 'predator odours' are equal: Cat odour but not 2,4,5 trimethylthiazoline (TMT; fox odour) elicits specific defensive behaviours in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 129, 1–16. doi:10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00324-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitrovic, A.D., Maddison, J.E., & Johnston, G.A. (1999). Influence of the oestrous cycle on L-glutamate and L-aspartate transport in rat brain synaptosomes. Neurochemistry International, 34, 101–108. doi:10.1016/S0197-0186(98)00066-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Gómez, A., Bleymehl, K., Stein, B., Pyrski, M., Birnbaumer, L., Munger, S.D., … Chamero, P. (2015). Innate predator odor aversion driven by parallel olfactory subsystems that converge in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Current Biology, 25, 1340–1346. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petr, G.T., Sun, Y., Frederick, N.M., Zhou, Y., Dhamne, S.C., Hameed, M.Q., … Rosenberg, P.A.. (2015). Conditional deletion of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 reveals that astrocytic GLT-1 protects against fatal epilepsy while neuronal GLT-1 contributes significantly to glutamate uptake into synaptosomes. Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 5187–5201. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4255-14.2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitman, R.K., Rasmusson, A.M., Koenen, K.C., Shin, L.M., Orr, S.P., Gilbertson, M.W., … Liberzon, I. (2012). Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 769–787. doi:10.1038/nrn3339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittenger, C., & Kandel, E. (1998). A genetic switch for long-term memory. Comptes Rendus De L'academie Des Sciences. Serie Iii, Sciences De La Vie, 321, 91–96. doi:10.1016/S0764-4469(97)89807-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popoli, M., Yan, Z., McEwen, B.S., & Sanacora, G. (2011). The stressed synapse: The impact of stress and glucocorticoids on glutamate transmission. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 22–37. doi:10.1038/nrn3138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick, H.S., Yehuda, R., Pitman, R.K., & Foy, D.W. (1995). Effect of previous trauma on acute plasma cortisol level following rape. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1675–1677. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.11.1675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, J.B., Donley, M.P., Gray, D., West, E.A., Morgan, M.A., & Schulkin, J. (2008). Chronic corticosterone administration does not potentiate unconditioned freezing to the predator odor, trimethylthiazoline. Behavioural Brain Research, 194, 32–38. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, J.B., Pagani, J.H., Rolla, K.L., & Davis, C. (2008). Analysis of behavioral constraints and the neuroanatomy of fear to the predator odor trimethylthiazoline: A model for animal phobias. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 1267–1276. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajjad, J., Felice, V.D., Golubeva, A.V., Cryan, J.F., & O’Mahony, S.M. (2016). Sex-dependent activity of the spinal excitatory amino acid transporter: Role of estrous cycle. Neuroscience, 333, 311–319. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekeres, M.J., Neve, R.L., Frankland, P.W., & Josselyn, S.A. (2010). Dorsal hippocampal CREB is both necessary and sufficient for spatial memory. Learning and Memory, 17, 280–283. doi:10.1101/lm.1785510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire, L.R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review, 99, 195–231. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.99.2.195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stigliani, S., Zappettini, S., Raiteri, L., Passalacqua, M., Melloni, E., Venturi, C., … Bonanno, G. (2006). Glia re-sealed particles freshly prepared from adult rat brain are competent for exocytotic release of glutamate. Journal of Neurochemistry, 96, 656–668. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03631.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tempesta, D., Mazza, M., Iaria, G., De Gennaro, L., & Ferrara, M. (2012). A specific deficit in spatial memory acquisition in post-traumatic stress disorder and the role of sleep in its consolidation. Hippocampus, 22, 1154–1163. doi:10.1002/hipo.20961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolin, D.F., & Foa, E.B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 959–992. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullensvang, K., Lehre, K.P., Storm-Mathisen, J., & Danbolt, N.C. (1997). Differential developmental expression of the two rat brain glutamate transporter proteins GLAST and GLT. European Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 1646–1655. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01522.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venero, C., & Borrell, J. (1999). Rapid glucocorticoid effects on excitatory amino acid levels in the hippocampus: A microdialysis study in freely moving rats. European Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 2465–2473. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00668.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernet-Maury, E., Polak, E.H., & Demael, A. (1984). Structure-activity relationship of stress-inducing odorants in the rat. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 10, 1007–1018. doi:10.1007/BF00987509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, K.J., & Rosen, J.B. (2000). Predator odor as an unconditioned fear stimulus in rats: Elicitation of freezing by trimethylthiazoline, a component of fox feces. Behavioral Neuroscience, 114, 912–922. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.114.5.912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R. (1998). Psychoneuroendocrinology of post-traumatic stress disorder. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21, 359–379. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70010-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., Giller, E.L., Southwick, S.M., Lowy, M.T., & Mason, J.W. (1991). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 30, 1031–1048. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90123-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., Teicher, M.H., Trestman, R.L., Levengood, R.A., & Siever, L.J. (1996). Cortisol regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression: A chronobiological analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 40, 79–88. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00451-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., Yang, R.K., Buchsbaum, M.S., & Golier, J.A. (2006). Alterations in cortisol negative feedback inhibition as examined using the ACTH response to cortisol administration in PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 447–451. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar