Low glucocorticoids in stress-related disorders: the role of inflammation

References

• Ahasan, M. M., Hardy, R., Jones, C., Kaur, K., Nanus, D., Juarez, M., Morgan, S. A., Hassan-Smith, Z., Bénézech, C., Caamaño, J. H., Hewison, M., Lavery, G., Rabbitt, E. H., Clark, A. R., Filer, A., Buckley, C. D., Raza, K., Stewart, P. M., & Cooper, M. S. (2012). Inflammatory regulation of glucocorticoid metabolism in mesenchymal stromal cells. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 64(7), 2404–2413. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.34414
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alderman, S. L., & Vijayan, M. M. (2012). 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in zebrafish brain: A functional role in hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis regulation. The Journal of Endocrinology, 215(3), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-12-0379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almawi, W. Y., Lipman, M. L., Stevens, A. C., Zanker, B., Hadro, E. T., & Strom, T. B. (1991). Abrogation of glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of T cell proliferation by the synergistic action of IL-1, IL-6, and IFN-gamma. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950), 146(10), 3523–3527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altuna, M. E., Lelli, S. M., Martín de Viale, L. C. S., & Damasco, M. C. (2006). Effect of stress on hepatic 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and its influence on carbohydrate metabolism. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 84(10), 977–984. https://doi.org/10.1139/y06-046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arlt, W., & Stewart, P. M. (2005). Adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis, metabolism, and action. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 34(2), 293–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2005.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ban, E., Milon, G., Prudhomme, N., Fillion, G., & Haour, F. (1991). Receptors for interleukin-1 (alpha and beta) in mouse brain: Mapping and neuronal localization in hippocampus. Neuroscience, 43(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(91)90412-H
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, W. A., Kastin, A. J., & Broadwell, R. D. (1995). Passage of cytokines across the blood-brain barrier. Neuroimmunomodulation, 2(4), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1159/000097202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, I., Werdermann, M., Bornstein, S. R., & Steenblock, C. (2019). The adrenal gland in stress - Adaptation on a cellular level. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 190, 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharti, R., Dey, G., Das, A. K., & Mandal, M. (2018). Differential expression of IL-6/IL-6R and MAO-A regulates invasion/angiogenesis in breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 118(11), 1442–1452. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-018-0078-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierer, L. M., Bader, H. N., Daskalakis, N. P., Lehrner, A. L., Makotkine, I., Seckl, J. R., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Elevation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity in Holocaust survivor offspring: Evidence for an intergenerational effect of maternal trauma exposure. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 48, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boero, G., Pisu, M. G., Biggio, F., Muredda, L., Carta, G., Banni, S., Paci, E., Follesa, P., Concas, A., Porcu, P., & Serra, M. (2018). Impaired glucocorticoid-mediated HPA axis negative feedback induced by juvenile social isolation in male rats. Neuropharmacology, 133, 242–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne, P. G., Rose, R. M., & Mason, J. W. (1967). Urinary 17-OHCS levels. Data on seven helicopter ambulance medics in combat. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17(1), 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1967.01730250106015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho, L. A., Bergink, V., Sumaski, L., Wijkhuijs, J., Hoogendijk, W. J., Birkenhager, T. K., & Drexhage, H. A. (2014). Inflammatory activation is associated with a reduced glucocorticoid receptor alpha/beta expression ratio in monocytes of inpatients with melancholic major depressive disorder. Translational Psychiatry, 4, e344https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2013.118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., Polanczyk, G., Pariante, C. M., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: Depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(12), 1135–1143. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Pariante, C. M., Ambler, A., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2008). Elevated inflammation levels in depressed adults with a history of childhood maltreatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(4), 409–415. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.4.409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese, A., Pariante, C. M., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2007). Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(4), 1319–1324. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610362104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kloet, C. S., Vermetten, E., Bikker, A., Meulman, E., Geuze, E., Kavelaars, A., Westenberg, H. G. M., & Heijnen, C. J. (2007). Leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression and immunoregulation in veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 12(5), 443–453. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas Bremner, J. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder: From neurobiology to treatment. Wiley. Retrieved September 19, 2019, from https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Posttraumatic+Stress+Disorder%3A+From+Neurobiology+to+Treatment-p-9781118356111
   Google Scholar
• Dremencov, E., Lapshin, M., Komelkova, M., Alliluev, A., Tseilikman, O., Karpenko, M., Pestereva, N., Manukhina, E., Downey, H. F., & Tseilikman, V. (2019). Chronic predator scent stress alters serotonin and dopamine levels in the rat thalamus and hypothalamus, respectively. General Physiology and Biophysics, 38(2), 187–190. https://doi.org/10.4149/gpb_2019003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncko, R., Makatsori, A., Fickova, E., Selko, D., & Jezova, D. (2006). Altered coordination of the neuroendocrine response during psychosocial stress in subjects with high trait anxiety. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 30(6), 1058–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, C. (2012). Sixty years after Hench-corticosteroids and chronic inflammatory disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 97(5), 1443–1451. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, S. E., Pallikaros, Z., Michael, A. E., & Cooke, B. A. (1999). The effects of different culture media, glucose, pyridine nucleotides and adenosine on the activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat Leydig cells. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 158(1–2), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00186-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipenko, M. L., Beilina, A. G., Alekseyenko, O. V., Dolgov, V. V., & Kudryavtseva, N. N. (2002). Repeated experience of social defeats increases serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase A mRNA levels in raphe nuclei of male mice. Neuroscience Letters, 321(1-2), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02495-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, S. B., Mason, J. W., & Hamburg, D. A. (1963). Urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels in parents of children with neoplastic disease: A study of chronic psychological stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 25, 364–376. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-196307000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fries, E., Hesse, J., Hellhammer, J., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2005). A new view on hypocortisolism. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 1010–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geuze, E., van Wingen, G. A., van Zuiden, M., Rademaker, A. R., Vermetten, E., Kavelaars, A., Fernández, G., & Heijnen, C. J. (2012). Glucocorticoid receptor number predicts increase in amygdala activity after severe stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(11), 1837–1844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, J. M., Saligan, L., Woods, S., & Page, G. (2009). PTSD is associated with an excess of inflammatory immune activities. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 45(4), 262–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2009.00229.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gola, H., Engler, H., Sommershof, A., Adenauer, H., Kolassa, S., Schedlowski, M., Groettrup, M., Elbert, T., & Kolassa, I.-T. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with an enhanced spontaneous production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 40https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goshen, I., & Yirmiya, R. (2009). Interleukin-1 (IL-1): A central regulator of stress responses. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(1), 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goshen, I., Yirmiya, R., Iverfeldt, K., & Weidenfeld, J. (2003). The role of endogenous interleukin-1 in stress-induced adrenal activation and adrenalectomy-induced adrenocorticotropic hormone hypersecretion. Endocrinology, 144(10), 4453–4458. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotovac, K., Sabioncello, A., RabatíC, S., Berki, T., & Dekaris, D. (2003). Flow cytometric determination of glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) expression in lymphocyte subpopulations: Lower quantity of GCR in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 131(2), 335–339. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02075.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinchii, D., Paliokha, R., Tseilikman, V., & Dremencov, E. (2018). Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by proadifen diminishes the excitability of brain serotonin neurons in rats. General Physiology and Biophysics, 37(6), 711–713. https://doi.org/10.4149/gpb_2018040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, V., Khan, A. A., Sasi, B. K., & Mahapatra, N. R. (2015). Molecular mechanism of monoamine oxidase A gene regulation under inflammation and ischemia-like conditions: Key roles of the transcription factors GATA2, Sp1 and TBP. Journal of Neurochemistry, 134(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.13099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez, E. G., Banks, W. A., & Kastin, A. J. (1994). Blood-borne interleukin-1 receptor antagonist crosses the blood-brain barrier. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 55(2), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-5728(94)90005-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammami, M. M., & Siiteri, P. K. (1991). Regulation of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human skin fibroblasts: Enzymatic modulation of glucocorticoid action . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 73(2), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-73-2-326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, E. A., Smart, D., Toulmond, S., Suman-Chauhan, N., Hughes, J., & Hall, M. D. (1999). The interleukin-1 type I receptor is expressed in human hypothalamus. Brain, 122(9), 1697–1707. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/122.9.1697
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardy, R. S., Filer, A., Cooper, M. S., Parsonage, G., Raza, K., Hardie, D. L., & Hewison, M. (2006). Differential expression, function and response to inflammatory stimuli of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in human fibroblasts: A mechanism for tissue-specific regulation of inflammation. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 8(4), R108. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar1993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, H. J., Kotelevtsev, Y., Mullins, J. J., Seckl, J. R., & Holmes, M. C. (2001). Intracellular regeneration of glucocorticoids by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD)-1 plays a key role in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: Analysis of 11beta-HSD-1-deficient mice. Endocrinology, 142(1), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.142.1.7887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauger, R. L., Lorang, M., Irwin, M., & Aguilera, G. (1990). CRF receptor regulation and sensitization of ACTH responses to acute ether stress during chronic intermittent immobilization stress. Brain Research, 532(1-2), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)91738-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellhammer, D. H., & Wade, S. (1993). Endocrine correlates of stress vulnerability. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 60(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1159/000288675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi, Y., Soga, T., & Parhar, I. S. (2017). Regulatory pathways of monoamine oxidase A during social stress. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 604. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, C. J., McKenzie, H. C., Furr, M. O., & Desrochers, A. (2015). Glucocorticoid receptor density and binding affinity in healthy horses and horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 29(2), 626–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori, H., & Kim, Y. (2019). Inflammation and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 73(4), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, L., Frampton, G., Rao, A., Zhang, K-s., Chen, W., Lai, J-m., Yin, X-y., Walker, K., Culbreath, B., Leyva-Illades, D., Quinn, M., McMillin, M., Bradley, M., Liang, L.-J., & DeMorrow, S. (2012). Monoamine oxidase A expression is suppressed in human cholangiocarcinoma via coordinated epigenetic and IL-6-driven events. Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology, 92(10), 1451–1460. https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2012.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichikawa, Y., Yoshida, K., Kawagoe, M., Saito, E., Abe, Y., Arikawa, K., & Homma, M. (1977). Altered equilibrium between cortisol and cortisone in plasma in thyroid dysfunction and inflammatory diseases. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 26(9), 989–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(77)90016-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igarreta, P., Calvo, J. C., & Damasco, M. C. (1999). Activity of renal 11βhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11βHSD2) in stressed animals. Life Sciences, 64(24), 2285–2290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00179-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jäättelä, M., Ilvesmäki, V., Voutilainen, R., Stenman, U.-H., & Saksela, E. (1991). Tumor necrosis factor as a potent inhibitor of adrenocorticotropin-induced cortisol production and steroidogenic P450 enzyme gene expression in cultured human fetal adrenal cells. Endocrinology, 128(1), 623–629. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-128-1-623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jezova, D., Makatsori, A., Duncko, R., Moncek, F., & Jakubek, M. (2004). High trait anxiety in healthy subjects is associated with low neuroendocrine activity during psychosocial stress. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 28(8), 1331–1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jezova, D., Vigas, M., Hlavacova, N., & Kukumberg, P. (2010). Attenuated neuroendocrine response to hypoglycemic stress in patients with panic disorder. Neuroendocrinology, 92(2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1159/000283560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kam, J. C., Szefler, S. J., Surs, W., Sher, E. R., & Leung, D. Y. (1993). Combination IL-2 and IL-4 reduces glucocorticoid receptor-binding affinity and T cell response to glucocorticoids. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950), 151((7), 3460–3466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Känel, R. V., Kraemer, B., Saner, H., Schmid, J.-P., Abbas, C. C., & Begré, S. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder and dyslipidemia: Previous research and novel findings from patients with PTSD caused by myocardial infarction. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry : The Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 11(2), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622970903449846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassi, E., & Papavassiliou, A. G. (2012). Glucose can promote a glucocorticoid resistance state. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 16(5), 1146–1149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01532.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kino, T., Su, Y. A., & Chrousos, G. P. (2009). Human glucocorticoid receptor isoform beta: Recent understanding of its potential implications in physiology and pathophysiology. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : Cmls, 66(21), 3435–3448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0098-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss, K. J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2018). Annual research review: Early adversity, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and child psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 59(4), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazuko, S. S., Kuzhel, O. P., Belyaeva, L. E., Manukhina, E. B., Downey, H. F., Fred Downey, H., Tseilikman, O. B., Komelkova, M. V., & Tseilikman, V. E. (2018). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Disturbs Coronary Tone and Its Regulatory Mechanisms. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 38(1), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-017-0517-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, A. B., Levine, L. M., & Levine, T. B. (2014). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiometabolic Disease. Cardiology, 127(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist, D., Mellon, S. H., Dhabhar, F. S., Yehuda, R., Grenon, S. M., Flory, J. D., Bierer, L. M., Abu-Amara, D., Coy, M., Makotkine, I., Reus, V. I., Aschbacher, K., Bersani, F. S., Marmar, C. R., & Wolkowitz, O. M. (2017). Increased circulating blood cell counts in combat-related PTSD: Associations with inflammation and PTSD severity. Psychiatry Research, 258, 330–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist, D., Wolkowitz, O. M., Mellon, S., Yehuda, R., Flory, J. D., Henn-Haase, C., Bierer, L. M., Abu-Amara, D., Coy, M., Neylan, T. C., Makotkine, I., Reus, V. I., Yan, X., Taylor, N. M., Marmar, C. R., & Dhabhar, F. S. (2014). Proinflammatory milieu in combat-related PTSD is independent of depression and early life stress. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 42, 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longui, C. A., Vottero, A., Adamson, P. C., Cole, D. E., Kino, T., Monte, O., & Chrousos, G. P. (2000). Low glucocorticoid receptor α/β ratio in T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 32(10), 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-978661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes, R. P., Grassi-Oliveira, R., de Almeida, L. R., Stein, L. M., Luz, C., Teixeira, A. L., & Bauer, M. E. (2012). Neuroimmunoendocrine interactions in patients with recurrent major depression, increased early life stress and long-standing posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Neuroimmunomodulation, 19(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoli, I., Le, H., Alesci, S., McFann, K. K., Su, Y. A., Kino, T., Chrousos, G. P., & Blackman, M. R. (2005). Monoamine oxidase-A is a major target gene for glucocorticoids in human skeletal muscle cells. FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 19(10), 1359–1361. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.04-3660fje
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manukhina, E. B., Tseilikman, V. E., Tseilikman, O. B., Komelkova, M. V., Kondashevskaya, M. V., Goryacheva, A. V., Lapshin, M. S., Platkovskii, P. O., Alliluev, A. V., & Downey, H. F. (2018). Intermittent hypoxia improves behavioral and adrenal gland dysfunction induced by posttraumatic stress disorder in rats. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)), 125(3), 931–937. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01123.2017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marik, P. (2007). Mechanisms and clinical consequences of critical illness associated adrenal insufficiency. Current Opinion in Critical Care, 13(4), 363–369. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0b013e32818a6d74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumura, K., & Kobayashi, S. (2004). Signaling the brain in inflammation: The role of endothelial cells. Frontiers in Bioscience : A Journal and Virtual Library, 9, 2819–2826. https://doi.org/10.2741/1439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen, B. S. (2000). Allostasis and allostatic load: Implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 22(2), 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00129-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkulov, V. M., Merkulova, T. I., & Bondar, N. P. (2017). Mechanisms of brain glucocorticoid resistance in stress-induced psychopathologies. Biochemistry. Biokhimiia, 82(3), 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297917030142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. H., Wilson, A. A., Sagrati, S., Miler, L., Rusjan, P., Bloomfield, P. M., Clark, M., Sacher, J., Voineskos, A. N., & Houle, S. (2009). Brain monoamine oxidase A binding in major depressive disorder: Relationship to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment, recovery, and recurrence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(12), 1304–1312. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michopoulos, V., Rothbaum, A. O., Jovanovic, T., Almli, L. M., Bradley, B., Rothbaum, B. O., Gillespie, C. F., & Ressler, K. J. (2015). Association of CRP genetic variation and CRP level with elevated PTSD symptoms and physiological responses in a civilian population with high levels of trauma. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(4), 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14020263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ming, Z., Wotton, C. A., Appleton, R. T., Ching, J. C., Loewen, M. E., Sawicki, G., & Bekar, L. K. (2015). Systemic lipopolysaccharide-mediated alteration of cortical neuromodulation involves increases in monoamine oxidase-A and acetylcholinesterase activity. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 12, 37https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-015-0259-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molijn, G. J., Spek, J. J., van Uffelen, J. C., de Jong, F. H., Brinkmann, A. O., Bruining, H. A., Lamberts, S. W., & Koper, J. W. (1995). Differential adaptation of glucocorticoid sensitivity of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes in patients with sepsis or septic shock. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 80(6), 1799–1803. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.80.6.7775626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morey, R. A., Haswell, C. C., Hooper, S. R., & Bellis, M. D. D. (2016). Amygdala, hippocampus, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex volumes differ in maltreated youth with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(3), 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, M. F., Ten Have, T., Freeman, E. W., Sammel, M. D., & Grisso, J. A. (2001). DHEA-S levels and depressive symptoms in a cohort of African American and Caucasian women in the late reproductive years. Biological Psychiatry, 50(9), 705–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01169-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikkheslat, N., Zunszain, P. A., Horowitz, M. A., Barbosa, I. G., Parker, J. A., Myint, A.-M., Schwarz, M. J., Tylee, A. T., Carvalho, L. A., & Pariante, C. M. (2015). Insufficient glucocorticoid signaling and elevated inflammation in coronary heart disease patients with comorbid depression. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 48, 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Carroll, S. J., Kho, D. T., Wiltshire, R., Nelson, V., Rotimi, O., Johnson, R., Angel, C. E., & Graham, E. S. (2015). Pro-inflammatory TNFα and IL-1β differentially regulate the inflammatory phenotype of brain microvascular endothelial cells. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 12, 131https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-015-0346-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldehinkel, A. J., van den Berg, M. D., Flentge, F., Bouhuys, A. L., ter Horst, G. J., & Ormel, J. (2001). Urinary free cortisol excretion in elderly persons with minor and major depression. Psychiatry Research, 104(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00300-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, N., Sokka, T., Seehorn, C. L., Kraft, B., Maas, K., Moore, J., & Aune, T. M. (2004). A gene expression signature for recent onset rheumatoid arthritis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 63(11), 1387–1392. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2003.017194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott, D., Murgott, J., Rafalzik, S., Wuchert, F., Schmalenbeck, B., Roth, J., & Gerstberger, R. (2010). Neurons and glial cells of the rat organum vasculosum laminae terminalis directly respond to lipopolysaccharide and pyrogenic cytokines. Brain Research, 1363, 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou, X.-M., Chen, K., & Shih, J. C. (2006). Glucocorticoid and androgen activation of monoamine oxidase A is regulated differently by R1 and Sp1. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(30), 21512–21525. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M600250200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante, C. M. (2017). Why are depressed patients inflamed? A reflection on 20 years of research on depression, glucocorticoid resistance and inflammation. European Neuropsychopharmacology : The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 27(6), 554–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante, C. M., Pearce, B. D., Pisell, T. L., Sanchez, C. I., Po, C., Su, C., & Miller, A. H. (1999). The Proinflammatory Cytokine, interleukin-1alpha, reduces glucocorticoid receptor translocation and function. Endocrinology, 140(9), 4359–4366. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.140.9.6986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson, J. M., Holmes, M. C., Kenyon, C. J., Carter, R., Mullins, J. J., & Seckl, J. R. (2007). Liver-Selective transgene rescue of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1-deficient mice. Endocrinology, 148, 961–966. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0603
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, J., Tarabulsy, G. M., & Bussières, E.-L. (2015). Fetal programming and cortisol secretion in early childhood: A meta-analysis of different programming variables. Infant Behavior and Development, 40, 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin, A. J., Horowitz, M. A., Roelofs, J., Zunszain, P. A., & Pariante, C. M. (2019). Glucocorticoid resistance: Is it a requisite for increased cytokine production in depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrowski, K., Herold, U., Joraschky, P., Wittchen, H.-U., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010). A striking pattern of cortisol non-responsiveness to psychosocial stress in patients with panic disorder with concurrent normal cortisol awakening responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(3), 414–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pivac, N., Knezevic, J., Kozaric-Kovacic, D., Dezeljin, M., Mustapic, M., Rak, D., Matijevic, T., Pavelic, J., & Muck-Seler, D. (2007). Monoamine oxidase (MAO) intron 13 polymorphism and platelet MAO-B activity in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 103(1-3), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plant, D. T., Pawlby, S., Sharp, D., Zunszain, P. A., & Pariante, C. M. (2016). Prenatal maternal depression is associated with offspring inflammation at 25 years: A prospective longitudinal cohort study. Translational Psychiatry, 6(11), e936https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.155
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preez, A. D., Leveson, J., Zunszain, P. A., & Pariante, C. M. (2016). Inflammatory insults and mental health consequences: Does timing matter when it comes to depression? Psychological Medicine, 46(10), 2041–2057. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716000672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinkler, M., Troeger, H., Eigendorff, E., Maser-Gluth, C., Stiglic, A., Oelkers, W., Bähr, V., & Diederich, S. (2003). Enhanced 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in stress adaptation in the guinea pig. The Journal of Endocrinology, 176(2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1760185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohleder, N., Joksimovic, L., Wolf, J. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2004). Hypocortisolism and increased glucocorticoid sensitivity of pro-Inflammatory cytokine production in Bosnian war refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 55(7), 745–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, S., Tsai, S.-W., Nguyen, T. T., Plevyak, M., Padbury, J. F., & Rubin, L. P. (2001). Inhibition of placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by catecholamines via α-adrenergic signaling. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 281(6), R1966–R1974. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.6.R1966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, M., Weidler, C., Naumann, H., Anders, S., Schölmerich, J., & Straub, R. H. (2005). Reduced capacity for the reactivation of glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis synovial cells: Possible role of the sympathetic nervous system? Arthritis and Rheumatism, 52(6), 1711–1720. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.21091
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sesti-Costa, R., Ignacchiti, M. D. C., Chedraoui-Silva, S., Marchi, L. F., & Mantovani, B. (2012). Chronic cold stress in mice induces a regulatory phenotype in macrophages: Correlation with increased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26(1), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slotkin, T. A., Seidler, F. J., & Ritchie, J. C. (1998). Effects of aging and glucocorticoid treatment on monoamine oxidase subtypes in rat cerebral cortex: Therapeutic implications. Brain Research Bulletin, 47(4), 345–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00111-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. A., Davidson, J., Ritchie, J. C., Kudler, H., Lipper, S., Chappell, P., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1989). The corticotropin-releasing hormone test in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 26(4), 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(89)90050-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman, A., Udemgba, C., Fan, I., Xu, X., Miler, L., Rusjan, P., Houle, S., Wilson, A. A., Pruessner, J., Ou, X.-M., & Meyer, J. H. (2012). Convergent effects of acute stress and glucocorticoid exposure upon MAO-A in humans. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 32(48), 17120–17127. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2091-12.2012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommershof, A., Aichinger, H., Engler, H., Adenauer, H., Catani, C., Boneberg, E.-M., Elbert, T., Groettrup, M., & Kolassa, I.-T. (2009). Substantial reduction of naïve and regulatory T cells following traumatic stress. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23(8), 1117–1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stegk, J. P., Ebert, B., Martin, H.-J., & Maser, E. (2009). Expression profiles of human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases type 1 and type 2 in inflammatory bowel diseases. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 301(1-2), 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, M. B., Yehuda, R., Koverola, C., & Hanna, C. (1997). Enhanced dexamethasone suppression of plasma cortisol in adult women traumatized by childhood sexual abuse. Biological Psychiatry, 42(8), 680–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00489-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straub, R. H., & Cutolo, M. (2016). Glucocorticoids and chronic inflammation. Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 55(suppl 2), ii6–ii14. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kew348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ströhle, A., Scheel, M., Modell, S., & Holsboer, F. (2008). Blunted ACTH response to dexamethasone suppression-CRH stimulation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(14), 1185–1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teche, S. P., Rovaris, D. L., Aguiar, B. W., Hauck, S., Vitola, E. S., Bau, C. H. D., Freitas, L. H., & Grevet, E. H. (2017). Resilience to traumatic events related to urban violence and increased IL10 serum levels. Psychiatry Research, 250, 136–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseilikman, V., Dremencov, E., Tseilikman, O., Pavlovicova, M., Lacinova, L., & Jezova, D. (2019). Role of glucocorticoid- and monoamine-metabolizing enzymes in stress-related psychopathological processes. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2019.1641080
   Google Scholar
• Tseilikman, V., Dremencov, E., Tseilikman, O., Pavlovicova, M., Lacinova, L., & Jezova, D. (2020). Role of glucocorticoid- and monoamine-metabolizing enzymes in stress-related psychopathological processes. Stress, 23(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2019.1641080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsugita, M., Iwasaki, Y., Nishiyama, M., Taguchi, T., Shinahara, M., Taniguchi, Y., Kambayashi, M., Terada, Y., & Hashimoto, K. (2008). Differential regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 and -2 gene transcription by proinflammatory cytokines in vascular smooth muscle cells. Life Sciences, 83(11-12), 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2008.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Voort, P. H. J., Gerritsen, R. T., Bakker, A. J., Boerma, E. C., Kuiper, M. A., & de Heide, L. (2003). HDL-cholesterol level and cortisol response to synacthen in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med, 29, 2199–2203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-003-2021-7
   Google Scholar
• Vilibić, M., Jukić, V., Pandžić-Sakoman, M., Bilić, P., & Milošević, M. (2014). Association between total serum cholesterol and depression, aggression, and suicidal ideations in war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A cross-sectional study. Croatian Medical Journal, 55(5), 520–529. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2014.55.520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von, R. K., Hepp, U., Kraemer, B., Traber, R., Keel, M., Mica, L., & Schnyder, U. (2007). Evidence for low-grade systemic proinflammatory activity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(9), 744–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walczewska, J., Rutkowski, K., Wizner, B., Cwynar, M., & Grodzicki, T. (2011). Stiffness of large arteries and cardiovascular risk in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. European Heart Journal, 32(6), 730–736. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehq354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., & Young, M. R. I. (2016). PTSD, a Disorder with an Immunological Component. Frontiers in Immunology, 7, 219https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, J. C., Oakley, R. H., Jewell, C. M., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2001). Proinflammatory cytokines regulate human glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and lead to the accumulation of the dominant negative beta isoform: A mechanism for the generation of glucocorticoid resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(12), 6865–6870. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.121455098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker, A. M., Farooq, M. A., Edwards, S., & Gilpin, N. W. (2016). Post-traumatic stress avoidance is attenuated by corticosterone and associated with brain levels of steroid receptor co-activator-1 in rats. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 19(1), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2015.1094689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, M. L., & Licinio, J. (1994). Localization of interleukin 1 type I receptor mRNA in rat brain. Neuroimmunomodulation, 1(2), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1159/000097143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woon, F. L., & Hedges, D. W. (2008). Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Hippocampus, 18(8), 729–736. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaguchi, H., Tsutsumi, K., Shimono, K., Omura, M., Sasano, H., & Nishikawa, T. (1998). Involvement of high density lipoprotein as substrate cholesterol for steroidogenesis by bovine adrenal fasciculo-reticularis cells. Life Sciences, 62(16), 1387–1395. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(98)00077-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R. (2001). Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62 (Suppl 17), 41–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yehuda, R., Boisoneau, D., Lowy, M. T., & Giller, E. L. (1995). Dose-response changes in plasma cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(7), 583–593. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950190065010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., Golier, J. A., Yang, R. K., & Tischler, L. (2004). Enhanced sensitivity to glucocorticoids in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 55(11), 1110–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., Halligan, S. L., Grossman, R., Golier, J. A., & Wong, C. (2002). The cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor response to low dose dexamethasone administration in aging combat veterans and holocaust survivors with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 52(5), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01357-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., Lowy, M. T., Southwick, S. M., Shaffer, D., & Giller, E. L. (1991). Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number in posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(4), 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.4.499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., Bremner, D., Charney, D. S., & Mason, J. W. (1993). Enhanced suppression of cortisol following dexamethasone administration in posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(1), 83–86. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yirmiya, R., & Goshen, I. (2011). Immune modulation of learning, memory, neural plasticity and neurogenesis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 25(2), 181–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ysrraelit, M. C., Gaitán, M. I., Lopez, A. S., & Correale, J. (2008). Impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 71(24), 1948–1954. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000336918.32695.6b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaba, M., Kirmeier, T., Ionescu, I. A., Wollweber, B., Buell, D. R., Gall-Kleebach, D. J., Schubert, C. F., Novak, B., Huber, C., Köhler, K., Holsboer, F., Pütz, B., Müller-Myhsok, B., Höhne, N., Uhr, M., Ising, M., Herrmann, L., & Schmidt, U. (2015). Identification and characterization of HPA-axis reactivity endophenotypes in a cohort of female PTSD patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 55, 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zallocchi, M., Matkovic, L., & Damasco, M. C. (2004). Adrenal 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in response to stress. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 82(6), 422–425. https://doi.org/10.1139/y04-035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, J., Nagarkatti, P., Zhong, Y., Ginsberg, J. P., Singh, N. P., Zhang, J., & Nagarkatti, M. (2014). Dysregulation in microRNA expression is associated with alterations in immune functions in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. PLOS One, 9(4), e94075https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, C., Wolf, C., Schiele, M. A., Feric Bojic, E., Kucukalic, S., Sabic Dzananovic, E., Goci Uka, A., Hoxha, B., Haxhibeqiri, V., Haxhibeqiri, S., Kravic, N., Muminovic Umihanic, M., Cima Franc, A., Jaksic, N., Babic, R., Pavlovic, M., Warrings, B., Bravo Mehmedbasic, A., Rudan, D., … Domschke, K. (2018). Monoamine oxidase A gene methylation and its role in posttraumatic stress disorder: First evidence from the South Eastern Europe (SEE)-PTSD Study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(5), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar