Brain mechanisms of HPA axis regulation: neurocircuitry and feedback in context Richard Kvetnansky lecture

References

• Ahima, R. S., & Harlan, R. E. (1990). Charting of Type II glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience, 39(3), 579–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(90)90244-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahima, R. S., Krozowski, Z., & Harlan, R. E. (1991). Type I corticosteroid receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat CNS: Distribution and regulation by corticosteroids. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 313(3), 522–538. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903130312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, A. E. A., Wilson, Y. M., & Murphy, M. (2012). Identification of neurons specifically activated after recall of context fear conditioning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 98(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2012.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoni, F. A. (1986). Hypothalamic control of adrenocorticotropin secretion: Advances since the discovery of 41-residue corticotropin-releasing factor. Endocrine Reviews, 7(4), 351–378. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-7-4-351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashokan, A., Hegde, A., & Mitra, R. (2016). Short-term environmental enrichment is sufficient to counter stress-induced anxiety and associated structural and molecular plasticity in basolateral amygdala. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 69, 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery, S. N., Clauss, J. A., & Blackford, J. U. (2016). The human BNST: Functional role in anxiety and addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 126–141. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, T. W., & Dimicco, J. A. (2001). Chemical stimulation of the dorsomedial hypothalamus elevates plasma ACTH in conscious rats. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 280(1), R8–R15. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.1.R8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bains, J. S., Cusulin, J. I. W., & Inoue, W. (2015). Stress-related synaptic plasticity in the hypothalamus. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16, 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtold, A. G., Patel, G., Hochhaus, G., & Scheuer, D. A. (2009). Chronic blockade of hindbrain glucocorticoid receptors reduces blood pressure responses to novel stress and attenuates adaptation to repeated stress. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 296, R1445–R1454. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00095.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M. E., Bhatnagar, S., Akana, S. F., Choi, S. J., & Dallman, M. F. (2000). Disruption of arcuate/paraventricular nucleus connections changes body energy balance and response to acute stress. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 20(17), 6707–6713. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-17-06707.2000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, Claude (1865). Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale. Paris / Leipzig: J.-B. Baillère et fils /Jung-Treuttel
   Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar, S., & Dallman, M. (1998). Neuroanatomical basis for facilitation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to a novel stressor after chronic stress. Neuroscience, 84(4), 1025–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00577-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar, S., Huber, R., Nowak, N., & Trotter, P. (2002). Lesions of the posterior paraventricular thalamus block habituation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to repeated restraint. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 14(5), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0007-1331.2002.00792.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury, M. J., Akana, S. F., Cascio, C. S., Levin, N., Jacobson, L., & Dallman, M. F. (1991). Regulation of basal ACTH secretion by corticosterone is mediated by both type I (MR) and type II (GR) receptors in rat brain. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 40(1–3), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-0760(91)90176-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury, M. J., Strack, A. M., & Dallman, M. F. (1993). Lesions of the hippocampal efferent pathway (fimbria-fornix) do not alter sensitivity of adrenocorticotropin to feedback inhibition by corticosterone in rats. Neuroendocrinology, 58(4), 396–407. https://doi.org/10.1159/000126569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning, K. N., & Travagli, R. A. (2014). Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions. Comprehensive Physiology, 4(4), 1339–1368. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c130055 25428846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckingham, J. C., Solito, E., John, C., Tierney, T., Taylor, A., Flower, R., Christian, H., & Morris, J. (2003). Annexin 1: A paracrine/juxtacrine mediator of glucorticoid action in the neuroendocrine system. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 21(3), 217–221. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.1076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundzikova-Osacka, J., Ghosal, S., Packard, B. A., Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., & Herman, J. P. (2015). Role of nucleus of the solitary tract noradrenergic neurons in post-stress cardiovascular and hormonal control in male rats. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 18(2), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2015.1013531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory. American Journal of Psychology, 39, 106–124. https://doi.org/10.2307/1415404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon, W. B. (1939). The wisdom of the body (2nd ed.). Norton & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Cascio, C. S., Shinsako, J., & Dallman, M. F. (1987). The suprachiasmatic nuclei stimulate evening ACTH secretion in the rat. Brain Research, 423(1–2):173–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)90837-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centanni, S. W., Bedse, G., Patel, S., & Winder, D. G. (2019). Driving the downward spiral: Alcohol-induced dysregulation of extended amygdala circuits and negative affect. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 43(10), 2000–2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, P. B., Hu, R. K., Wu, Y. E., Pan, L., Huang, S., Micevych, P. E., & Hong, W. (2019). Sexually dimorphic control of parenting behavior by the medial amygdala. Cell, 176(5), 1206–1221.e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, D. C., Evanson, N. K., Furay, A. R., Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., Ostrander, M. M., & Herman, J. P. (2008). The anteroventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis differentially regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis responses to acute and chronic stress. Endocrinology, 149(2), 818–826. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, D. C., Furay, A. R., Evanson, N. K., Ostrander, M. M., Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., & Herman, J. P. (2007). Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis subregions differentially regulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: Implications for the integration of limbic inputs. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(8), 2025–2034. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4301-06.2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coover, G. D., Goldman, L., & Levine, S. (1971). Plasma corticosterone levels during extinction of a lever-press response in hippocampectomized rats. Physiology & Behavior, 7(5), 727–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(71)90140-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullinan, W. E., Herman, J. P., Battaglia, D. F., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (1995). Pattern and time course of immediate early gene expression in rat brain following acute stress. Neuroscience, 64(2), 477–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(94)00355-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullinan, W. E., Herman, J. P., & Watson, S. J. (1993). Ventral subicular interaction with the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: Evidence for a relay in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 332(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903320102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullinan, W. E., Ziegler, D. R., & Herman, J. P. (2008). Functional role of local GABAergic influences on the HPA axis. Brain Structure & Function, 213(1–2), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-008-0192-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, E. T., Bohn, M. C., & Sawchenko, P. E. (1990). Organization of adrenergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 292(4), 651–667. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902920413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, E. T., & Sawchenko, P. E. (1988). Anatomical specificity of noradrenergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 274(1), 60–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902740107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallman, M. F., Pecoraro, N., Akana, S. F., La Fleur, S. E., Gomez, F., Houshyar, H., Bell, M. E., Bhatnagar, S., Laugero, K. D., & Manalo, S. (2003). Chronic stress and obesity: A new view of “comfort food. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(20), 11696–11701. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1934666100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallman, M. F., & Yates, F. E. (1969). Dynamic asymmetries in the corticosteroid feedback path and distribution metabolism‐binding elements of the adrenocortical system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 156(2), 696–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb14008.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Damasio, A. R. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 351(1346), 1413–1420. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis, M., Walker, D. L., Miles, L., & Grillon, C. (2010). Phasic vs sustained fear in rats and humans: Role of the extended amygdala in fear vs anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 105–135. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayas, C. V., Buller, K. M., Crane, J. W., Xu, Y., & Day, T. A. (2001). Stressor categorization: Acute physical and psychological stressors elicit distinctive recruitment patterns in the amygdala and in medullary noradrenergic cell groups. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 14(7), 1143–1152. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01733.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayas, C. V., Buller, K. M., & Day, T. A. (1999). Neuroendocrine responses to an emotional stressor: Evidence for involvement of the medial but not the central amygdala. European Journal of Neuroscience, 11(7), 2312–2322. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00645.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kloet, A. D., & Herman, J. P. (2018). Fat-brain connections: Adipocyte glucocorticoid control of stress and metabolism. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 48, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kloet, E. R., Karst, H., & Joëls, M. (2008). Corticosteroid hormones in the central stress response: quick-and-slow. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 29(2), 268–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kloet, E. R., Meijer, O. C., de Nicola, A. F., de Rijk, R. H., & Joëls, M. (2018). Importance of the brain corticosteroid receptor balance in metaplasticity, cognitive performance and neuro-inflammation. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 49, 124–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kloet, E. R., Vreugdenhil, E., Oitzl, M. S., & JoëLs, M. (1998). Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease 1. Endocrine Reviews, 19(3), 269–301. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.19.3.0331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Kloet, E. R., & Reul, J. M. H. M. (1987). Feedback action and tonic influence of corticosteroids on brain function: A concept arising from the heterogeneity of brain receptor systems. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 12(2), 83–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(87)90040-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decavel, C., & Van Den Pol, A. N. (1990). GABA: A dominant neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 302(4), 1019–1037. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903020423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di, S., Malcher-Lopes, R., Halmos, K. C., & Tasker, J. G. (2003). Nongenomic glucocorticoid inhibition via endocannabinoid release in the hypothalamus: A fast feedback mechanism. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 23(12), 4850–4857. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-12-04850.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, J., da Silva, M. S., Lingeman, J., Chen, X., Shi, Y., Han, F., & Meijer, O. C. (2019). Late glucocorticoid receptor antagonism changes the outcome of adult life stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 107, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diorio, D., Viau, V., & Meaney, M. J. (1993). The role of the medial prefrontal cortex (cingulate gyrus) in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 13(9), 3839–3847. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-09-03839.1993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, H. W., Petrovich, G. D., & Swanson, L. W. (2001). Topography of projections from amygdala to bed nuclei of the stria terminalis. Brain Research Reviews, 38(1–2), 192–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00079-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evanson, N. K., Tasker, J. G., Hill, M. N., Hillard, C. J., & Herman, J. P. (2010). Fast feedback inhibition of the HPA axis by glucocorticoids is mediated by endocannabinoid signaling. Endocrinology, 151(10), 4811–4819. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federenko, I., Wüst, S., Hellhammer, D. H., Dechoux, R., Kumsta, R., & Kirschbaum, C. (2004). Free cortisol awakening responses are influenced by awakening time. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(2), 174–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00021-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feillet, C. A., Albrecht, U., & Challet, E. (2006). “Feeding time” for the brain: A matter of clocks. Journal of physiology, Paris, 100(5–6), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2007.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, S., Saphier, D., & Weidenfeld, J. (1992). Corticosterone implants in the paraventricular nucleus inhibit ACTH and corticosterone responses and the release of corticotropin-releasing factor following neural stimuli. Brain Research, 578(1-2), 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90254-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueiredo, H. F., Bruestle, A., Bodie, B., Dolgas, C. M., & Herman, J. P. (2003). The medial prefrontal cortex differentially regulates stress-induced c-fos expression in the forebrain depending on type of stressor. European Journal of Neuroscience, 18(8), 2357–2364. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02932.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flak, J. N., Myers, B., Solomon, M. B., Mcklveen, J. M., Krause, E. G., & Herman, J. P. (2014). Role of paraventricular nucleus-projecting norepinephrine/epinephrine neurons in acute and chronic stress. European Journal of Neuroscience, 39(11), 1903–1911. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flak, J. N., Solomon, M. B., Jankord, R., Krause, E. G., & Herman, J. P. (2012). Identification of chronic stress-activated regions reveals a potential recruited circuit in rat brain. European Journal of Neuroscience, 36(4):2547–2555. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08161.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaillet, S., Alonso, G., Le Borgne, R., Barbanel, G., Malaval, F., Assenmacher, I., & Szafarczyk, A. (1993). Effects of discrete lesions in the ventral noradrenergic ascending bundle on the corticotropic stress response depend on the site of the lesion and on the plasma levels of adrenal steroids. Neuroendocrinology, 58(4), 408–419. https://doi.org/10.1159/000126570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaillet, S., Lachuer, J., Malaval, F., Assenmacher, I., & Szafarczyk, A. (1991). The involvement of noradrenergic ascending pathways in the stress-induced activation of ACTH and corticosterone secretions is dependent on the nature of stressors. Experimental Brain Research, 87(1), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00228518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosal, S., Bundzikova-Osacka, J., Dolgas, C. M., Myers, B., & Herman, J. P. (2014). Glucocorticoid receptors in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) decrease endocrine and behavioral stress responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 45, 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosal, S., Myers, B., & Herman, J. P. (2013). Role of central glucagon-like peptide-1 in stress regulation. Physiology & Behavior, 122, 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosal, S., Packard, A. E. B., Mahbod, P., McKlveen, J. M., Seeley, R. J., Myers, B., Ulrich-Lai, Y., Smith, E. P., D'Alessio, D. A., & Herman, J. P. (2017). Disruption of glucagon-like peptide 1 signaling in Sim1 neurons reduces physiological and behavioral reactivity to acute and chronic stress. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 37(1), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1104-16.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosal, S., Packard, A. E. B., Mahbod, P., McKlveen, J. M., Seeley, R. J., Myers, B., Ulrich-Lai, Y., Smith, E. P., D'Alessio, D. A., & Herman, J. P. (2017). Disruption of glucagon-like peptide 1 signaling in Sim1 neurons reduces physiological and behavioral reactivity to acute and chronic stress. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Oscience, 37(1), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1104-16.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies, G. E., Linton, E. A., & Lowry, P. J. (1982). Corticotropin releasing activity of the new CRF is potentiated several times by vasopressin. Nature , 299(5881), 355–357. https://doi.org/10.1038/299355a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goode, T. D., Kim, J. J., & Maren, S. (2015). Reversible inactivation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis prevents reinstatement but not renewal of extinguished fear. eNeuro, 2(3), ENEURO.0037-15.2015. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0037-15.2015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goode, T. D., & Maren, S. (2017). Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in aversive learning and memory. Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), 24(9), 480–491. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.044206.116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goode, T. D., & Maren, S. (2019). Common neurocircuitry mediating drug and fear relapse in preclinical models. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 236(1), 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5024-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gungor, N. Z., & Paré, D. (2016). Functional heterogeneity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Journal of Neuroscience, 36(31), 8038–8049. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0856-16.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haller, J. (2018). The role of central and medial amygdala in normal and abnormal aggression: A review of classical approaches. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 85, 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harfstrand, A., Fuxe, K., Cintra, A., Agnati, L. F., Zini, I., Wikström, A. C., Okret, S., Yu, Z. Y., Goldstein, M., & Steinbusch, H. (1986). Glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in monoaminergic neurons of rat brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 83(24), 9779–9783. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.24.9779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. P. (1993). Regulation of adrenocorticosteroid receptor mRNA expression in the central nervous system. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 13(4), 349–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00711577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. P., Cullinan, W. E., Morano, M. I., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (1995). Contribution of the ventral subiculum to inhibitory regulation of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 7(6), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00784.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. P., Cullinan, W. E., Ziegler, D. R., & Tasker, J. G. (2002). Role of the paraventricular nucleus microenvironment in stress integration. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 16(3), 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02133.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. P., Dolgas, C. M., & Carlson, S. L. (1998). Ventral subiculum regulates hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical and behavioural responses to cognitive stressors. Neuroscience, 86(2), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00055-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. P., Figueiredo, H., Mueller, N. K., Ulrich-Lai, Y., Ostrander, M. M., Choi, D. C., & Cullinan, W. E. (2003). Central mechanisms of stress integration: Hierarchical circuitry controlling hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responsiveness. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 24(3), 151–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2003.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. P., McKlveen, J. M., Ghosal, S., Kopp, B., Wulsin, A., Makinson, R., Scheimann, J., & Myers, B. (2016). Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical stress response. Comprehensive Physiology, 6(2), 603–621. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c150015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. P., Ostrander, M. M., Mueller, N. K., & Figueiredo, H. (2005). Limbic system mechanisms of stress regulation: Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 29(8), 1201–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. P., Patel, P. D., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (1989). Localization and regulation of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor messenger RNAs in the hippocampal formation of the rat. Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.), 3(11), 1886–1894. https://doi.org/10.1210/mend-3-11-1886
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill, M. N., McLaughlin, R. J., Pan, B., Fitzgerald, M. L., Roberts, C. J., Lee, T. T. Y., Karatsoreos, I. N., Mackie, K., Viau, V., Pickel, V. M., McEwen, B. S., Q. Song, Gorzalka, B.B, L., & Hillard, C. J. (2011). Recruitment of prefrontal cortical endocannabinoid signaling by glucocorticoids contributes to termination of the stress response. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(29):10506–10515. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0496-11.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, D. T., Kirouac, G. J., Zubieta, J. K., & Bhatnagar, S. (2014). Contributions of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus in the regulation of stress, motivation, and mood. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 73. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, W., & Bains, J. S. (2014). Beyond inhibition: GABA synapses tune the neuroendocrine stress axis. Bioessays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, 36(6), 561–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201300178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, L., Akana, S. F., Cascio, C. S., Shinsako, J., & Dallman, M. F. (1988). Circadian variations in plasma corticosterone permit normal termination of adrenocorticotropin responses to stress. Endocrinology, 122(4), 1343–1348. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-122-4-1343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, L., & Sapolsky, R. (1991). The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Endocrine Reviews, 12(2), 118–134. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-12-2-118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafari, M., Seese, R. R., Babayan, A. H., Gall, C. M., & Lauterborn, J. C. (2012). Glucocorticoid receptors are localized to dendritic spines and influence local actin signaling. Molecular Neurobiology, 46(2), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-012-8288-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaferi, A., Nowak, N., & Bhatnagar, S. (2003). Negative feedback functions in chronically stressed rats: Role of the posterior paraventricular thalamus. Physiology & Behavior, 78(3), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00014-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, W. (1994). The physical basis of emotion. Psychological Review, 101(2), 205–210. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.101.2.205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janak, P. H., & Tye, K. M. (2015). From circuits to behaviour in the amygdala. Nature, 517(7534), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasper, M. S., & Engeland, W. C. (1997). Splanchnicotomy increases adrenal sensitivity to ACTH in nonstressed rats. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 273(2), E363–E368. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.2.E363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joëls, M. (2006). Corticosteroid effects in the brain: U-shape it. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 27(5), 244–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2006.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joëls, M., Angela Sarabdjitsingh, R., & Karst, H. (2012). Unraveling the time domains of corticosteroid hormone influences on brain activity: Rapid, slow, and chronic modes. Pharmacological Reviews, 64(4), 901–938. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.112.005892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. R., Farb, C., Morrison, J. H., McEwen, B. S., & LeDoux, J. E. (2005). Localization of glucocorticoid receptors at postsynaptic membranes in the lateral amygdala. Neuroscience, 136(1), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karst, H., & Joëls, M. (2005). Corticosterone slowly enhances miniature excitatory postsynaptic current amplitude in mice CA1 hippocampal cells. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94(5), 3479–3486. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00143.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller-Wood, M. E., & Dallman, M. F. (1984). Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion. Endocrine Reviews, 5(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-5-1-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koolhaas, J. M., Bartolomucci, A., Buwalda, B., de Boer, S. F., Flügge, G., Korte, S. M., Meerlo, P., Murison, R., Olivier, B., Palanza, P., Richter-Levin, G., Sgoifo, A., Steimer, T., Stiedl, O., van Dijk, G., Wöhr, M., & Fuchs, E. (2011). Stress revisited: A critical evaluation of the stress concept. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(5), 1291–1301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korte, S. M., Koolhaas, J. M., Wingfield, J. C., & McEwen, B. S. (2005). The Darwinian concept of stress: Benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(1), 3–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs, K. J., & Mezey, E. (1987). Dexamethasone inhibits cortioctropin-releasing factor gene expression in the rat paraventricular nucleus. Neuroendocrinology, 46(4), 365–368. https://doi.org/10.1159/000124846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachize, S., Apostolakis, E. M., Van Der Laan, S., Tijssen, A. M. I., Xu, J., De Kloet, E. R., & Meijer, O. C. (2009). Steroid receptor coactivator-1 is necessary for regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone by chronic stress and glucocorticoids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(19), 8038–8042. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812062106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laryea, G., Schütz, G., & Muglia, L. J. (2013). Disrupting hypothalamic glucocorticoid receptors causes HPA axis hyperactivity and excess adiposity. Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.), 27(10), 1655–1665. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2013-1187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levin, N., Shinsako, J., & Dallman, M. F. (1988). Corticosterone acts on the brain to inhibit adrenalectomy-induced adrenocorticotropin secretion. Endocrinology, 122(2), 694–701. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-122-2-694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H. Y., Ericsson, A., & Sawchenko, P. E. (1996). Distinct mechanisms underlie activation of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons and their medullary catecholaminergic afferents in categorically different stress paradigms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93(6), 2359–2364. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.6.2359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lightman, S. L., Birnie, M. T., & Conway-Campbell, B. L. (2020). Dynamics of ACTH and cortisol secretion and implications for disease. Endocrine Reviews, 41(3), 470–490. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., & Kirouac, G. J. (2012). Sources of inputs to the anterior and posterior aspects of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Brain Structure & Function, 217(2), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-011-0360-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Garza, J. C., Truong, H. V., Henschel, J., Zhang, W., & Lu, X. Y. (2007). The melanocortinergic pathway is rapidly recruited by emotional stress and contributes to stress-induced anorexia and anxiety-like behavior. Endocrinology, 148(11), 5531–5540. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luyck, K., Arckens, L., Nuttin, B., & Luyten, L. (2020). It takes two: Bilateral bed nuclei of the stria terminalis mediate the expression of contextual fear, but not of moderate cued fear. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 101, 109920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mains, R. E., & Eipper, B. A. (1999). Neuropeptide functions and regulation. In: Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, et al., editors. Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1999. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28128/
   Google Scholar
• Maniscalco, J. W., & Rinaman, L. (2017). Interoceptive modulation of neuroendocrine, emotional, and hypophagic responses to stress. Physiology & Behavior, 176, 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen, B. S., Nasca, C., & Gray, J. D. (2016). Stress effects on neuronal structure: Hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153(18), 2093–2101. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1993.00410180039004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, L. I., & Cidlowski, J. A. (1998). Cross-talk between nuclear factor-κB and the steroid hormone receptors: Mechanisms of mutual antagonism. Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.), 12(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1210/mend.12.1.0044
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKlveen, J. M., Morano, R. L., Fitzgerald, M., Zoubovsky, S., Cassella, S. N., Scheimann, J. R., Ghosal, S., Mahbod, P., Packard, B. A., Myers, B., Baccei, M. L., & Herman, J. P. (2016). Chronic stress increases prefrontal inhibition: A mechanism for stress-induced prefrontal dysfunction. Biological Psychiatry, 80(10):754–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.2101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKlveen, J. M., Myers, B., Flak, J. N., Bundzikova, J., Solomon, M. B., Seroogy, K. B., & Herman, J. P. (2013). Role of prefrontal cortex glucocorticoid receptors in stress and emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 74(9), 672–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer, O. C., Kalkhoven, E., Van Der Laan, S., Steenbergen, P. J., Houtman, S. H., Dijkmans, T. F., Pearce, D., & De Kloet, E. R. (2005). Steroid receptor coactivator-1 splice variants differentially affect corticosteroid receptor signaling. Endocrinology, 146(3), 1438–1448. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, O. W., & Maren, S. (2019). Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in PTSD: Insights from preclinical models. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 68. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra, R., Jadhav, S., Mcewen, B. S., Vyas, A., & Chattarji, S. (2005). Stress duration modulates the spatiotemporal patterns of spine formation in the basolateral amygdala. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(26), 9371–9376. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504011102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizoguchi, K., Ishige, A., Aburada, M., & Tabira, T. (2003). Chronic stress attenuates glucocorticoid negative feedback: Involvement of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Neuroscience, 119(3), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00105-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, N. K., Dolgas, C. M., & Herman, J. P. (2004). Stressor-selective role of the ventral subiculum in regulation of neuroendocrine stress responses. Endocrinology, 145(8), 3763–3768. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, Brent, Scheimann, J. R., Franco-Villanueva, A., & Herman, J. P. (2017). Ascending mechanisms of stress integration: Implications for brainstem regulation of neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 74(Pt B), 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myers, B., Carvalho-Netto, E., Wick-Carlson, D., Wu, C., Naser, S., Solomon, M. B., Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., & Herman, J. P. (2016). GABAergic signaling within a limbic-hypothalamic circuit integrates social and anxiety-like behavior with stress reactivity. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(6), 1530–1539. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, B., Mark Dolgas, C., Kasckow, J., Cullinan, W. E., & Herman, J. P. (2014a). Central stress-integrative circuits: Forebrain glutamatergic and GABAergic projections to the dorsomedial hypothalamus, medial preoptic area, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Brain Structure & Function, 219(4), 1287–1303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0566-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, B., McKlveen, J. M., & Herman, J. P. (2012). Neural regulation of the stress response: The many faces of feedback. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-012-9801-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, B., McKlveen, J. M., & Herman, J. P. (2014b). Glucocorticoid actions on synapses, circuits, and behavior: Implications for the energetics of stress. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 35(2), 180–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, B., McKlveen, J. M., Morano, R., Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., Solomon, M. B., Wilson, S. P., & Herman, J. P. (2017). Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 knockdown in infralimbic prefrontal cortex augments neuroendocrine responses to chronic stress in male rats. Endocrinology, 158(10), 3579–3591. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2017-00426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahar, J., Haam, J., Chen, C., Jiang, Z., Glatzer, N. R., Muglia, L. J., Dohanich, G. P., Herman, J. P., & Tasker, J. G. (2015). Rapid nongenomic glucocorticoid actions in male mouse hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells are dependent on the nuclear glucocorticoid receptor. Endocrinology, 156(8), 2831–2842. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novaes, L. S., Dos Santos, N. B., Batalhote, R. F., Malta, M. B., Camarini, R., Scavone, C., & Munhoz, C. D. (2017). Environmental enrichment protects against stress-induced anxiety: Role of glucocorticoid receptor, ERK, and CREB signaling in the basolateral amygdala. Neuropharmacology, 113, 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyhuis, T. J., Masini, C. V., Day, H. E. W., & Campeau, S. (2016). Evidence for the integration of stress-related signals by the rostral posterior hypothalamic nucleus in the regulation of acute and repeated stress-evoked hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal response in rat. The Journal of Neuroscience, 36(3), 795–805. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3413-15.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oitzl, M. S., Van Haarst, A. D., & De Kloet, E. R. (1997). Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses controlled by the concerted action of central mineralocorticoid (MRS) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRS). Psychoneuroendocrinology, 22, S87–S93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00020-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrander, M. M., Richtand, N. M., & Herman, J. P. (2003). Stress and amphetamine induce Fos expression in medial prefrontal cortex neurons containing glucocorticoid receptors. Brain Research, 990(1–2), 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pooley, J. R., Rivers, C. A., Kilcooley, M. T., Paul, S. N., Cavga, A. D., Kershaw, Y. M., Muratcioglu, S., Gursoy, A., Keskin, O., & Lightman, S. L. (2020). Beyond the heterodimer model for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor interactions in nuclei and at DNA. PLoS One, 15(1), e0227520. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radley, J. J., Gosselink, K. L., & Sawchenko, P. E. (2009). A discrete GABAergic relay mediates medial prefrontal cortical inhibition of the neuroendocrine stress response. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(22), 7330–7340. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5924-08.2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radley, J. J., & Johnson, S. B. (2018). Anteroventral bed nuclei of the stria terminalis neurocircuitry: Towards an integration of HPA axis modulation with coping behaviors – Curt Richter Award Paper 2017. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 89, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radley, J. J., & Sawchenko, P. E. (2011). A common substrate for prefrontal and hippocampal inhibition of the neuroendocrine stress response. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(26), 9683–9695. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6040-10.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainville, J. R., Weiss, G. L., Evanson, N., Herman, J. P., Vasudevan, N., & Tasker, J. G. (2019). Membrane-initiated nuclear trafficking of the glucocorticoid receptor in hypothalamic neurons. Steroids, 142, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2017.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ressler, K. J., Mercer, K. B., Bradley, B., Jovanovic, T., Mahan, A., Kerley, K., Norrholm, S. D., Kilaru, V., Smith, A. K., Myers, A. J., Ramirez, M., Engel, A., Hammack, S. E., Toufexis, D., Braas, K. M., Binder, E. B., & May, V. (2011). Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor. Nature, 470(7335), 492–497. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reul, J. M., & de Kloet, E. R. (1985). Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: Microdistribution and differential occupation. Endocrinology, 117(6), 2505–2511. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-117-6-2505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinaman, L. (2011). Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: Diverse roles in autonomic, endocrine, cognitive, and behavioral functions. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 300(2), R222–R235. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00556.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter, S., Watts, A. G., Dinh, T. T., Sanchez-Watts, G., & Pedrow, C. (2003). Immunotoxin lesion of hypothalamically projecting norepinephrine and epinephrine neurons differentially affects circadian and stressor-stimulated corticosterone secretion. Endocrinology, 144(4), 1357–1367. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2002-221076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roland, B. L., & Sawchenko, P. E. (1993). Local origins of some GABAergic projections to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 332(1), 123–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903320109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, G. M., Kalafatakis, K., & Lightman, S. L. (2015). The importance of biological oscillators for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity and tissue glucocorticoid response: Coordinating stress and neurobehavioural adaptation. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 27(6), 378–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sah, P., Faber, E. S. L., Lopez De Armentia, M., & Power, J. (2003). The amygdaloid complex: Anatomy and physiology. Physiological Reviews, 83(3), 803–834. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00002.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapolsky, R. M., Krey, L. C., & McEwen, B. S. (1984). Glucocorticoid-sensitive hippocampal neurons are involved in terminating the adrenocortical stress response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 81(19), 6174–6177. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.19.6174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarabdjitsingh, R. A., Isenia, S., Polman, A., Mijalkovic, J., Lachize, S., Datson, N., De Kloet, E. R., & Meijer, O. C. (2010). Disrupted corticosterone pulsatile patterns attenuate responsiveness to glucocorticoid signaling in rat brain. Endocrinology, 151(3), 1177–1186. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarabdjitsingh, R. A., Joëls, M., & de Kloet, E. R. (2012). Glucocorticoid pulsatility and rapid corticosteroid actions in the central stress response. Physiology & Behavior, 106(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.09.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawchenko, P. E. (1987). Evidence for a local site of action for glucocorticoids in inhibiting CRF and vasopressin expression in the paraventricular nucleus. Brain Research, 403(2), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)90058-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheimann, J. R., Moloney, R. D., Mahbod, P., Morano, R. L., Fitzgerald, M., Hoskins, O., Packard, B. A., Cotella, E. M., Hu, Y.-C., & Herman, J. P. (2019). Conditional deletion of glucocorticoid receptors in rat brain results in sex- specific deficits in fear and coping behaviors. eLife, 8, e44672. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwaber, J. S., Kapp, B. S., Higgins, G. A., & Rapp, P. R. (1982). Amygdaloid and basal forebrain direct connections with the nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2(10), 1424–1438. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-10-01424.1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selye, H. (1936). A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents [13]. Nature, 138(3479), 32–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/138032a0
   Google Scholar
• Selye, H. (1950). Stress and the general adaptation syndrome. British Medical Journal, 1(4667), 1383–1392. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.4667.1383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selye, H. (1956). The Stress of the Life. McGraw-Hill. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628316662768
   Google Scholar
• Selye, H. (1975). Confusion and controversy in the stress field. Journal of Human Stress, 1(2):37–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/0097840X.1975.9940406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solomon, M. B., Loftspring, M., De Kloet, A. D., Ghosal, S., Jankord, R., Flak, J. N., Wulsin, A. C., Krause, E. G., Zhang, R., Rice, T., McKlveen, J., Myers, B., Tasker, J. G., & Herman, J. P. (2015). Neuroendocrine function after hypothalamic depletion of glucocorticoid receptors in male and female mice. Endocrinology, 156(8), 2843–2853. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, S. J., Buller, K. M., & Day, T. A. (2005). Medial prefrontal cortex control of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus response to psychological stress: Possible role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 481(4), 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Adam, E. K., Pruessner, J. C., Wüst, S., Dockray, S., Smyth, N., Evans, P., Hellhammer, D. H., Miller, R., Wetherell, M. A., Lupien, S. J., & Clow, A. (2016). Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Expert consensus guidelines. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 63, 414–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling, P., & Eyer, J. (1988). Allostasis: a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In S. Fisher & J. Reason (Eds.), Handbook of life stress, cognition and health (pp. 629–649). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, G. M., Apergis, J., Bush, D. E. A., Johnson, L. R., Hou, M., & Ledoux, J. E. (2004). Lesions in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis disrupt corticosterone and freezing responses elicited by a contextual but not by a specific cue-conditioned fear stimulus. Neuroscience, 128(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, R. M., & Gratton, A. (1999). Lateralized effects of medial prefrontal cortex lesions on neuroendocrine and autonomic stress responses in rats. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19(7), 2834–2840. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02834.1999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson, L. W., & Petrovich, G. D. (1998). What is the amygdala? Trends in Neurosciences, 21(8), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01265-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tauchi, M., Zhang, R., D’Alessio, D. A., Seeley, R. J., & Herman, J. P. (2008). Role of central glucagon-like peptide-1 in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical facilitation following chronic stress. Experimental Neurology, 210(2), 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapp, T., Rupprecht, R., Castren, M., Reul, J. M. H. M., & Holsboer, F. (1994). Heterodimerization between mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor: A new principle of glucocorticoid action in the CNS. Neuron, 13(6), 1457–1462. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(94)90431-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuvnes, F. A., Steffenach, H. A., Murison, R., Moser, M. B., & Moser, E. I. (2003). Selective hippocampal lesions do not increase adrenocortical activity. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(10), 4345–4354. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04345.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., Arnhold, M. M., & Engeland, W. C. (2006). Adrenal splanchnic innervation contributes to the diurnal rhythm of plasma corticosterone in rats by modulating adrenal sensitivity to ACTH. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 290(4), R1128–R1135. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00042.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., & Herman, J. P. (2009). Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kooy, D., Koda, L. Y., McGinty, J. F., Gerfen, C. R., & Bloom, F. E. (1984). The organization of projections from the cortes, amygdala, and hypothalamus to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rat. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 224(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902240102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Eekelen, J. A. M., Jiang, W., De Kloet, E. R., & Bohn, M. C. (1988). Distribution of the mineralocorticoid and the glucocorticoid receptor mRNAs in the rat hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 21(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490210113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Weert, L. T. C. M., Buurstede, J. C., Mahfouz, A., Braakhuis, P. S. M., Polman, J. A. E., Sips, H. C. M., Roozendaal, B., Balog, J., De Kloet, E. R., Datson, N. A., & Meijer, O. C. (2017). NeuroD factors discriminate mineralocorticoid from glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding in the male rat brain. Endocrinology, 158(5), 1511–1522. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2016-1422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vertes, R. P., Linley, S. B., & Hoover, W. B. (2015). Limbic circuitry of the midline thalamus. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 54, 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viau, V., & Meaney, M. J. (1996). The inhibitory effect of testosterone on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress is mediated by the medial preoptic area. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Oscience, 16(5), 1866–1876. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-05-01866.1996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viltart, O., Sartor, D. M., & Verberne, A. J. M. (2006). Chemical stimulation of visceral afferents activates medullary neurones projecting to the central amygdala and periaqueductal grey. Brain Research Bulletin, 71(1-3), 51–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas, A., Mitra, R., Shankaranarayana Rao, B. S., & Chattarji, S. (2002). Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 22(15), 6810–6818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.016
   Google Scholar
• Waddell, J., Morris, R. W., & Bouton, M. E. (2006). Effects of bed nucleus of the stria terminalis lesions on conditioned anxiety: Aversive conditioning with long-duration conditional stimuli and reinstatement of extinguished fear. Behavioral Neuroscience, 120(2), 324–336. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.120.2.324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, D. L., & Davis, M. (1997). Double dissociation between the involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the central nucleus of the amygdala in startle increases produced by conditioned versus unconditioned fear. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Oscience, 17(23), 9375–9383. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09375.1997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, D. L., Toufexis, D. J., & Davis, M. (2003). Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis versus the amygdala in fear, stress, and anxiety. European Journal of Pharmacology, 463(1–3), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01282-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windle, R. J., Wood, S. A., Kershaw, Y. M., Lightman, S. L., & Ingram, C. D. (2013). Adaptive changes in basal and stress-induced HPA activity in lactating and post-lactating female rats. Endocrinology, 154(2), 749–761. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang-Yen, H. F., Chambard, J. C., Sun, Y. L., Smeal, T., Schmidt, T. J., Drouin, J., & Karin, M. (1990). Transcriptional interference between c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: Mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction. Cell, 62(6), 1205–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(90)90396-V
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen, E. Y., Liu, W., Karatsoreos, I. N., Feng, J., McEwen, B. S., & Yan, Z. (2009). Acute stress enhances glutamatergic transmission in prefrontal cortex and facilitates working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(33), 14075–14079. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906791106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen, E. Y., Liu, W., Karatsoreos, I. N., Ren, Y., Feng, J., McEwen, B. S., & Yan, Z. (2011). Mechanisms for acute stress-induced enhancement of glutamatergic transmission and working memory. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(2), 156–170. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalachoras, I., Grootaers, G., van Weert, L. T. C. M., Aubert, Y., de Kreij, S. R., Datson, N. A., van Roon-Mom, W. M. C., Aartsma-Rus, A., & Meijer, O. C. (2013). Antisense-mediated isoform switching of steroid receptor coactivator-1 in the central nucleus of the amygdala of the mouse brain. BMC Neuroscience, 14(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-14-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, R., Jankord, R., Flak, J. N., Solomon, M. B., D’Alessio, D. A., & Herman, J. P. (2010). Role of glucocorticoids in tuning hindbrain stress integration. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(44), 14907–14914. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0522-10.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, D. R., & Herman, J. P. (2000). Local integration of glutamate signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular region: Regulation of glucocorticoid stress responses. Endocrinology, 141(12), 4801–4804. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.141.12.7949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, J. M., & Maren, S. (2011). The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is required for the expression of contextual but not auditory freezing in rats with basolateral amygdala lesions. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 95(2), 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2010.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar