Publication Cover
Stress
The International Journal on the Biology of Stress
Volume 25, 2022 - Issue 1
2,236
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Chronic stress predicts post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms via executive function deficits among urban American Indian children

, , , &
Pages 97-104 | Received 07 Jul 2021, Accepted 22 Dec 2021, Published online: 17 Jan 2022

References

  • Au, J., Sheehan, E., Tsai, N., Duncan, G. J., Buschkuehl, M., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2015). Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(2), 366–377. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-014-0699-x
  • Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2012). Executive function and PTSD: Disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 686–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.008
  • Bassett, D., Buchwald, D., & Manson, S. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms among American Indians and Alaska Natives: A review of the literature. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(3), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0759-y
  • Benzing, V., Schmidt, M., Jäger, K., Egger, F., Conzelmann, A., & Roebers, C. M. (2019). A classroom intervention to improve executive functions in late primary school children: Too 'old' for improvements? The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(2), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12232
  • Ben-Zion, Z., Fine, N. B., Keynan, N. J., Admon, R., Green, N., Halevi, M., Fonzo, G. A., Achituv, M., Merin, O., Sharon, H., Halpern, P., Liberzon, I., Etkin, A., Hendler, T., & Shalev, A. Y. (2018). Cognitive flexibility predicts PTSD symptoms: Observational and interventional studies. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 477. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00477
  • Best, J. R., & Miller, P. H. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81(6), 1641–1660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x
  • Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2011). Relations between executive function and academic achievement from ages 5 to 17 in a large, representative national sample. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(4), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.01.007
  • Blair, C., Granger, D. A., Willoughby, M., Mills‐Koonce, R., Cox, M., Greenberg, M. T., Kivlighan, K. T., & Fortunato, C. K, FLP Investigators. (2011). Salivary cortisol mediates effects of poverty and parenting on executive functions in early childhood. Child Development, 82(6), 1970–1984. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01643.x
  • Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2012). Child development in the context of adversity: Experiential canalization of brain and behavior. The American Psychologist, 67(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027493
  • Blair, C., Raver, C. C., Granger, D., Mills-Koonce, R., & Hibel, L, Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2011). Allostasis and allostatic load in the context of poverty in early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 23(3), 845–857. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000344
  • Briere, J. (2005). Trauma symptom checklist for young children (TSCYC). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
  • Buchanan, T. (2016). Self-report measures of executive function problems correlate with personality, not performance-based executive function measures, in nonclinical samples. Psychological Assessment, 28(4), 372–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000192
  • Chin, J., Brayboy, B. M. J., & Bustamante, N. (2018). Carceral colonialisms: Schools, prisons, and Indigenous youth in the United States. In E. A. McKinley & L. T. Smith (Eds.), Handbook of Indigenous education (pp. 1–30). New York, NY: Springer Nature.
  • Currie, C. L., Copeland, J. L., & Metz, G. A. (2019). Childhood racial discrimination and adult allostatic load: The role of Indigenous cultural continuity in allostatic resiliency. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 241, 112564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112564
  • Currie, C. L., Copeland, J. L., Metz, G. A., Moon-Riley, K., & Davies, C. M. (2020). Past-year racial discrimination and allostatic load among indigenous adults in Canada: The role of cultural continuity. Psychosomatic Medicine, 82(1), 99–107. htttps://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000754 https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000754
  • DePrince, A. P., Weinzierl, K. M., & Combs, M. D. (2009). Executive function performance and trauma exposure in a community sample of children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(6), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.08.002
  • Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
  • Diamond, A., Barnett, W. S., Thomas, J., & Munro, S. (2007). Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science (New York, N.Y.), 318(5855), 1387–1388. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1151148
  • Duran, B., Malcoe, L. H., Sanders, M., Waitzkin, H., Skipper, B., & Yager, J. (2004). Child maltreatment prevalence and mental disorders outcomes among American Indian women in primary care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(2), 131–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.005
  • Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). BRIEF: Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Gone, J. P., & Trimble, J. E. (2012). American Indian and Alaska Native mental health: Diverse perspectives on enduring disparities. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 131–160. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143127
  • Goodkind, J. R., LaNoue, M. D., & Milford, J. (2010). Adaptation and implementation of cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools with American Indian youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 39(6), 858–872. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2010.517166
  • Groeneveld, M. G., Savas, M., van Rossum, E. F., & Vermeer, H. J. (2020). Children’s hair cortisol as a biomarker of stress at school: A follow-up study. Stress, 23(5), 590–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2020.1725467
  • Hackman, D. A., Gallop, R., Evans, G. W., & Farah, M. J. (2015). Socioeconomic status and executive function: Developmental trajectories and mediation. Developmental Science, 18(5), 686–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12246
  • Hennessey, E. P., Kepinska, O., Haft, S. L., Chan, M., Sunshine, I., Jones, C., Hancock, R., & Hoeft, F. (2020). Hair cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations: Associations with executive function in early childhood. Biological Psychology, 155, 107946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107946
  • Hoffman, M. C., D'Anna‐Hernandez, K., Benitez, P., Ross, R. G., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2017). Cortisol during human fetal life: Characterization of a method for processing small quantities of newborn hair from 26 to 42 weeks gestation. Developmental Psychobiology, 59(1), 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21433
  • Hsu, N. S., Novick, J. M., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2014). The development and malleability of executive control abilities. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 221. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00221
  • Jagger-Rickels, A., Stumps, A., Rothlein, D., Park, H., Fortenbaugh, F., Zuberer, A., Fonda, J. R., Fortier, C. B., DeGutis, J., Milberg, W., McGlinchey, R., & Esterman, M. (2021). Impaired executive function exacerbates neural markers of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000842
  • Ketheesan, S., Rinaudo, M., Berger, M., Wenitong, M., Juster, R. P., McEwen, B. S., & Sarnyai, Z. (2020). Stress, allostatic load and mental health in Indigenous Australians. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 23(5), 509–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2020.1732346
  • Laudenslager, M. L., Noonan, C., Jacobsen, C., Goldberg, J., Buchwald, D., Bremner, J. D., Vaccarino, V., & Manson, S. M. (2009). Salivary cortisol among American Indians with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Gender and alcohol influences. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23(5), 658–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.12.007
  • Lawson, G. M., Hook, C. J., & Farah, M. J. (2018). A meta‐analysis of the relationship between socioeconomic status and executive function performance among children. Developmental Science, 21(2), e12529. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12529
  • Lechner, A., Cavanaugh, M., & Blyler, C. (2016). Addressing trauma in American Indian and Alaska Native youth. USA: Mathematica Policy Research. https://www.mathematica.org/publications/addressing-trauma-in-american-indian-and-alaska-native-youth
  • Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Marin, M. F., Lord, C., Andrews, J., Juster, R. P., Sindi, S., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Fiocco, A. J., & Lupien, S. J. (2011). Chronic stress, cognitive functioning and mental health. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 96(4), 583–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2011.02.016
  • Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2018). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
  • O’Brien, K. M., Meyer, J., Tronick, E., & Moore, C. L. (2017). Hair cortisol and lifetime discrimination: Moderation by subjective social status. Health Psychology Open, 4(1), 205510291769517. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102917695176
  • O'Brien, K. M., Tronick, E. Z., & Moore, C. L. (2013). Relationship between hair cortisol and perceived chronic stress in a diverse sample. Stress and Health : Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 29(4), 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2475
  • Parslow, R. A., & Jorm, A. F. (2007). Pretrauma and posttrauma neurocognitive functioning and PTSD symptoms in a community sample of young adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(3), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.164.3.509
  • Pechtel, P., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011). Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: An integrated review of human literature. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-2009-2
  • Pereg, D., Gow, R., Mosseri, M., Lishner, M., Rieder, M., Van Uum, S., & Koren, G. (2011). Hair cortisol and the risk for acute myocardial infarction in adult men. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 14(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2010.511352
  • Quinn, M. E., & Joormann, J. (2015). Control when it counts: Change in executive control under stress predicts depression symptoms. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 15(4), 522–530. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000089
  • Quinn, M. E., & Joormann, J. (2020). Executive control under stress: Relation to reappraisal ability and depressive symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 131, 103634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103634
  • Red Horse, J. (1997). Traditional American Indian family systems. Families, Systems, & Health, 15(3), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0089828
  • Sarnyai, Z., Berger, M., & Jawan, I. (2016). Allostatic load mediates the impact of stress and trauma on physical and mental health in *indigenous Australians. Australasian Psychiatry : Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 24(1), 72–75. *https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856215620025
  • Sauvé, B., Koren, G., Walsh, G., Tokmakejian, S., & Van Uum, S. H. (2007). Measurement of cortisol in human hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 30(5), E183–E191. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i5.2894
  • Schoeman, R., Carey, P., & Seedat, S. (2009). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in South African adolescents: A case–control study of cognitive deficits. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(4), 244–250. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31819d9533
  • Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., McGuinn, L., & Wood, D. L, Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232–e246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663
  • Stalder, T., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012). Analysis of cortisol in hair-state of the art and future directions. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26(7), 1019–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.002
  • Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Klucken, T., Vater, A., Wichmann, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Miller, R. (2017). Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 77, 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc.
  • Tang, Y. Y., Yang, L., Leve, L. D., & Harold, G. T. (2012). Improving executive function and its neurobiological mechanisms through a mindfulness-based intervention: Advances within the field of developmental neuroscience. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00250.x
  • Thayer, Z., Barbosa‐Leiker, C., McDonell, M., Nelson, L., Buchwald, D., & Manson, S. (2017). Early life trauma, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and allostatic load in a sample of American Indian adults. American Journal of Human Biology, 29(3), e22943. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22943
  • Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Practitioner review: Do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 54(2), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12001
  • Traverso, L., Viterbori, P., & Usai, M. C. (2015). Improving executive function in childhood: evaluation of a training intervention for 5-year-old children. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00525
  • Trossman, R., Spence, S., Mielke, J. G., & McAuley, T. (2021). How do adverse childhood experiences impact health? Exploring the mediating role of executive functions. Psychological Trauma, 13(2), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000965
  • Tsai, N., Jaeggi, S. M., Eccles, J. S., Atherton, O. E., & Robins, R. W. (2020). Predicting late adolescent anxiety from early adolescent environmental stress exposure: Cognitive control as mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01838
  • Tsethlikai, M. (2011). An exploratory analysis of American Indian children's cultural engagement, fluid cognitive skills, and standardized verbal IQ scores. Developmental Psychology, 47(1), 192–202. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0020803
  • Turner, A. I., Smyth, N., Hall, S. J., Torres, S. J., Hussein, M., Jayasinghe, S. U., Ball, K., & Clow, A. J. (2020). Psychological stress reactivity and future health and disease outcomes: A systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 114, 104599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104599
  • van den Heuvel, L. L., Stalder, T., Du Plessis, S., Suliman, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Seedat, S. (2020). Hair cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder and metabolic syndrome. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 23(5), 577–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2020.1724949
  • Van Uum, S. H. M., Sauvé, B., Fraser, L. A., Morley-Forster, P., Paul, T. L., & Koren, G. (2008). Elevated content of cortisol in hair of patients with severe chronic pain: A novel biomarker for stress. Stress, 11(6), 483–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890801887388
  • Walls, M. L., Whitesell, N. R., Barlow, A., & Sarche, M. (2019). Research with American Indian and Alaska Native populations: Measurement matters. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 18(1), 129–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2017.1310640
  • Watt, M. J., Weber, M. A., Davies, S. R., & Forster, G. L. (2017). Impact of juvenile chronic stress on adult cortico-accumbal function: Implications for cognition and addiction. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 79(Pt B), 136–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.015
  • Willoughby, M. T., Wylie, A. C., & Little, M. H. (2019). Testing longitudinal associations between executive function and academic achievement. Developmental Psychology, 55(4), 767–779. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000664
  • Woon, F. L., Farrer, T. J., Braman, C. R., Mabey, J. K., & Hedges, D. W. (2017). A meta-analysis of the relationship between symptom severity of posttraumatic stress disorder and executive function. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 22(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2016.1255603
  • Yamada, J., Stevens, B., de Silva, N., Gibbins, S., Beyene, J., Taddio, A., Newman, C., & Koren, G. (2007). Hair cortisol as a potential biologic marker of chronic stress in hospitalized neonates. Neonatology, 92(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1159/000100085
  • Yip, T., Smith, P., Tynes, M., Mirpuri, S., Weems, A., & Cheon, Y. M. (2021). Discrimination and hair cortisol concentration among Asian, Latinx and White young adults. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology, 6, 100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100047
  • Zelazo, P. D. (2020). Executive function and psychopathology: A neurodevelopmental perspective. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16, 431–454. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072319-024242
  • Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2012). Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: Development and plasticity. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), n/a–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00246.x
  • Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Zhao, Q., Yang, L., Buschkuehl, M., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2019). The malleability of executive function in early childhood: Effects of schooling and targeted training. Developmental Science, 22(2), e12748. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12748