Publication Cover
Stress
The International Journal on the Biology of Stress
Volume 26, 2023 - Issue 1
2,139
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Testosterone and cortisol responses to acute and prolonged stress during officer training school

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2199886 | Received 12 Dec 2022, Accepted 02 Apr 2023, Published online: 23 Apr 2023

References

  • Aakvaag, A., Bentdal, Ø., Quigstad, K., Walstad, P., Rønningen, H., & Fonnum, F. (1978). Testosterone and testosterone binding globulin (TeBG) in young men during prolonged stress. International Journal of Andrology, 1(1–6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1978.tb00573.x
  • Agorastos, A., & Chrousos, G. P. (2022). The neuroendocrinology of stress: The stress-related continuum of chronic disease development. Molecular Psychiatry, 27(1), 502–513. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01224-9
  • Archer, J. (2006). Testosterone and human aggression: An evaluation of the challenge hypothesis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(3), 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.12.007
  • Bedgood, D., Boggiano, M. M., & Turan, B. (2014). Testosterone and social evaluative stress: The moderating role of basal cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 47, 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.05.007
  • Bernton, E., Hoover, D., Galloway, R., & Popp, K. (1995). Adaptation to chronic stress in military trainees: Adrenal androgens, testosterone, glucocorticoids, IGF-1, and immune function. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 774(1), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb17383.x-i1
  • Casto, K. V., & Edwards, D. A. (2016). Testosterone, cortisol, and human competition. Hormones and Behavior, 82, 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.04.004
  • Chichinadze, K., & Chichinadze, N. (2008). Stress-induced increase of testosterone: Contributions of social status and sympathetic reactivity. Physiology & Behavior, 94(4), 595–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.03.020
  • Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., Doyle, W. J., Miller, G. E., Frank, E., Rabin, B. S., & Turner, R. B. (2012). Chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(16), 5995–5999. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118355109
  • D’Andrea, S., Spaggiari, G., Barbonetti, A., & Santi, D. (2020). Endogenous transient doping: Physical exercise acutely increases testosterone levels—results from a meta-analysis. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 43(10), 1349–1371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01251-3
  • Dabbs, J. M. (1990). Salivary testosterone measurements: Reliability across hours, days, and weeks. Physiology & Behavior, 48(1), 83–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(90)90265-6
  • Deuter, C. E., Schächinger, H., Best, D., & Neumann, R. (2016). Effects of two dominance manipulations on the stress response: Cognitive and embodied influences. Biological Psychology, 119, 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.06.004
  • Dickerson, S. S., Gruenewald, T. L., & Kemeny, M. E. (2009). Psychobiological responses to social self threat: Functional or detrimental? Self and Identity, 8(2–3), 270–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860802505186
  • Dziurkowska, E., & Wesolowski, M. (2021). Cortisol as a biomarker of mental disorder severity. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(21), 5204. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215204
  • Friedl, K. E., Moore, R. J., Hoyt, R. W., Marchitelli, L. J., Martinez-Lopez, L. E., & Askew, E. W. (2000). Endocrine markers of semistarvation in healthy lean men in a multistressor environment. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 88(5), 1820–1830. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.5.1820
  • Gomez-Merino, D., Chennaoui, M., Burnat, P., Drogou, C., & Guezennec, C. Y. (2003). Immune and hormonal changes following intense military training. Military Medicine, 168(12), 1034–1038. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/168.12.1034
  • Kajantie, E., & Phillips, D. I. W. (2006). The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31(2), 151–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.07.002
  • Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1993). The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’ – a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology, 28(1–2), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000119004
  • Kreuz, L. E., Rose, R. M., & Jennings, R. (1972). Suppression of plasma testosterone levels and psychological stress. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26(5), 479–482. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750230089017
  • Lennartsson, A. K., Kushnir, M. M., Bergquist, J., Billig, H., & Jonsdottir, I. H. (2012). Sex steroid levels temporarily increase in response to acute psychosocial stress in healthy men and women. International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 84(3), 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.03.001
  • Lieberman, H. R., Farina, E. K., Caldwell, J., Williams, K. W., Thompson, L. A., Niro, P. J., Grohmann, K. A., & McClung, J. P. (2016). Cognitive function, stress hormones, heart rate and nutritional status during simulated captivity in military survival training. Physiology & Behavior, 165, 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.037
  • Maestripieri, D., Baran, N.M., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2010). Between-and within-sex variation in hormonal responses to psychological stress in a large sample of college students. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 13(5), 413–424. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253891003681137
  • Mazur, A., & Booth, A. (1998). Testosterone and dominance in men. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21(3), 353–397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X98001228
  • McEwen, B. S. (2017). Neurobiological and systemic effects of chronic stress. Chronic Stress, 1, 247054701769232. https://doi.org/10.1177/2470547017692328
  • McEwen, B. S. (2019). What is the confusion with cortisol? Chronic Stress, 3, 247054701983364. https://doi.org/10.1177/2470547019833647
  • Mehta, P. H., Jones, A. C., & Josephs, R. A. (2008). The social endocrinology of dominance: Basal testosterone predicts cortisol changes and behavior following victory and defeat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 1078–1093. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.1078
  • Mehta, P. H., & Josephs, R. A. (2006). Testosterone change after losing predicts the decision to compete again. Hormones and Behavior, 50(5), 684–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.07.001
  • Miller, R., Plessow, F., Kirschbaum, C., & Stalder, T. (2013). Classification criteria for distinguishing cortisol responders from nonresponders to psychosocial stress: Evaluation of salivary cortisol pulse detection in panel designs. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75(9), 832–840. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000002
  • Minas, A., Fernandes, A. C. C., Maciel Júnior, V. L., Adami, L., Intasqui, P., & Bertolla, R. P. (2022). Influence of physical activity on male fertility. Andrologia, 54(7), e14433. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.14433
  • Morgan, C. A., Wang, S., Mason, J., Southwick, S. M., Fox, P., Hazlett, G., Charney, D. S., & Greenfield, G. (2000). Hormone profiles in humans experiencing military survival training. Biological Psychiatry, 47(10), 891–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00307-8
  • Nindl, B. C., Barnes, B. R., Alemany, J. A., Frykman, P. N., Shippee, R. L., & Friedl, K. E. (2007). Physiological consequences of U.S. Army Ranger training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(8), 1380–1387. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318067e2f7
  • Nindl, B. C., Rarick, K. R., Castellani, J. W., Tuckow, A. P., Patton, J. F., Young, A. J., & Montain, S. J. (2006). Altered secretion of growth hormone and luteinizing hormone after 84 h of sustained physical exertion superimposed on caloric and sleep restriction. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 100(1), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01415.2004
  • Pletzer, B., Poppelaars, E. S., Klackl, J., & Jonas, E. (2021). The gonadal response to social stress and its relationship to cortisol. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 24(6), 866–875. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2021.1891220
  • Rivier, C., & Rivest, S. (1991). Effect of stress on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: Peripheral and central Mechanisms. Biology of Reproduction, 45(4), 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod45.4.523
  • Rubinow, D. R., Roca, C. A., Schmidt, P. J., Danaceau, M. A., Putnam, K., Cizza, G., Chrousos, G., & Nieman, L. (2005). Testosterone suppression of CRH-stimulated cortisol in men. Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(10), 1906–1912. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300742
  • Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000). How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews, 21(1), 55–89. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389
  • Schoofs, D., & Wolf, O. T. (2011). Are salivary gonadal steroid concentrations influenced by acute psychosocial stress? A study using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 80(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.01.008
  • Stephens, M. A. C., Mahon, P. B., McCaul, M. E., & Wand, G. S. (2016). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to acute psychosocial stress: Effects of biological sex and circulating sex hormones. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 66, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.021
  • Szivak, T. K., Lee, E. C., Saenz, C., Flanagan, S. D., Focht, B. C., Volek, J. S., Maresh, C. M., & Kraemer, W. J. (2018). Adrenal stress and physical performance during military survival training. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, 89(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4831.2018
  • Tait, J. L., Drain, J. R., Corrigan, S. L., Drake, J. M., & Main, L. C. (2022). Impact of military training stress on hormone response and recovery. PloS One, 17(3), e0265121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265121
  • Taylor, M. K., Hernández, L. M., Kviatkovsky, S. A., Schoenherr, M. R., Stone, M. S., & Sargent, P. (2017). The “yin and yang” of the adrenal and gonadal systems in elite military men. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 20(3), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2017.1333594
  • Toufexis, D., Rivarola, M. A., Lara, H., & Viau, V. (2014). Stress and the reproductive axis. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 26(9), 573–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12179
  • Turan, B., Hurst-Wajszczuk, K., & Edwards, D. A. (2022). Hormone and enzyme reactivity before, during, and after a music performance: Cortisol, testosterone, and alpha-amylase. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology, 9, 100111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100111
  • Turan, B., Tackett, J. L., Lechtreck, M. T., & Browning, W. R. (2015). Coordination of the cortisol and testosterone responses : A dual axis approach to understanding the response to social status threats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.166
  • Vermeer, A. B., Krol, I., Gausterer, C., Wagner, B., Eisenegger, C., & Lamm, C. (2020). Exogenous testosterone increases status-seeking motivation in men with unstable low social status. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 113, 104552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104552
  • von Dawans, B., Kirschbaum, C., & Heinrichs, M. (2011). The Trier Social Stress Test for Groups (TSST-G): A new research tool for controlled simultaneous social stress exposure in a group format. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(4), 514–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.004
  • White, S. F., Lee, Y., Phan, J. M., Moody, S. N., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2019). Putting the flight in “fight-or-flight”: Testosterone reactivity to skydiving is modulated by autonomic activation. Biological Psychology, 143, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.02.012
  • Zueger, R., Niederhauser, M., Utzinger, C., Annen, H., & Ehlert, U. (2022). Effects of resilience training on mental, emotional, and physical stress outcomes in military officer cadets. Military Psychology, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2139948