References
- Berkson , M. H. , Nachemson , A. and Schultz , A. B. ( 1979 ). Mechanical Properties of Human Lumbar Spine Motion Segments — Part II Responses in Compression and Shear; Influence of Gross Morphology . J. Biomechanical Engineering, ASME , 101 , pp. 53 – 57 .
- Bogduk , N. and Twomey , L. T. ( 1987 ). Clinical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine ( Churchil Livingstone , New York ).
- Brown , T. , Hansen. R. J. and Yora , A. J. ( 1957 ). Some Mechanical Tests on the Lumbosacral Spine with Particular to the Intervertebral Discs . J Bone and Joint Surgery [Am]. 39 , pp. 1135 – 1164 .
- Brunski , J. B. , Aquilante , F. M. , Pollack , S. R. , Korostoff , E. and Trachtenberg , D. I. ( 1979 ). The Influence of Functional Use of Endosseous Dental Implants on the Tissue-implant Interfaces. I. Histological Aspects . J Dental Research , 10 , pp. p1953–1969. p
- Carter , D. R. and Hayes , W. C. ( 1977 ). The Compressive Behavior of Bone as a Two-Phase Porous Structure . J Bone and Joint Surgery. , 59 , pp. 954 – 962 .
- Closkey , R. F. , Parsons , J. R. , Lee , K. C. , Blacksin , M. F. and Zimmermant , M. C. ( 1993 ). Mechanics of Interbody Spinal Fusion — Analysis of Critical Bone Graft Area . Spine , 18 ( 8 ), pp. 1011 – 1015 .
- Cowin , S. C. ( 1984 ). Mechanical Modeling of the Stress Adaptation process in Bone . Calcified Tissue International , 36 , pS98–S103 p.
- Cox , J. M. and Stevens , R. F. ( 1985 ). Low Back Pain, Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment . Williams and Wil-kins. 4th ed , Figures 2.25–2.38 .
- Cowin , S. C. ( 1991 ). Bone Mechanics () , 2ed ( CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton , Florida ), Chapters 6 and 7 .
- Dalenberg , D. O. Asher , M. A. , Robinson , R. G. and Jaya-raman , G. ( 1993 ). The Effects of a Stiff Spinal Implant and Its Loosening on Bone Mineral Content in Canines . Spine , 18 ( 13 ), pp. 1862 – 1866 .
- Enker , P. , Steffee , A. , Mclillin, C, Keppler , L. and Miller , S. ( 1993 ). Artificial Disc Replacement Preliminary Report With a 3-year Minimum Follow-up . Spine , 18 ( 8 ), pp. 1061 – 1070 .
- Frost , H. M. ( 1987 ). Bone Mass and the Mechanostat A Proposal . Anatomical Record , 219 , pp. 1 – 9 .
- Goel , V. K. , Park , H. and Kong , W. ( 1994 ). Investigation of Vibration Characteristics of the Ligamentous Lumbar Spine Using the Finite Element Approach . J Biomechanical Engineering ASME , 116 , pp. 377 – 383 .
- Grante , J. O. ( 1967 ). Tensile Properties of the Human Lumbar Annulus Fibrosis . Acta Orthopaedica Scandi-navica , (100) .
- Grobler , L. J. , Robertson , P. A. , Novotny , J. E. and Pope , M. H. ( 1993 ). Etiology of Spondylolisthesis Assessment of the Role Played by Lumbar Facet Joint Morphology . Spine , 18 ( 1 ), pp. 80 – 91 .
- Grundenes , O. and Reikeras , O. ( 1993 ). Effects of Instability on Bone Healing. Femoral Osteotomies Studied in Rats . Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica , 64 , pp. 55 – 58 .
- Hausegawa , T. , An , H. S. , Haughton , V. M. and Nowicki , B. H. ( 1995 ). Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis Critical Heights of the Intervertebral Discs and Foramina . J Bone and Joint Surgery , 77A ( 1 ), pp. 32 – 38 .
- Kim , Y. ( 1996 ). A Finite Element Study of Interbody Cages and Spinal Bone Remodeling , Dissertation for Ph.D , University of Wisconsin-Madison .
- Kim , Y. E. and Goel , V. K. ( 1988 ). Biomechanics of Chemonucleolysis. The winter annual meeting of the ASME, Nov. 27-Dec. 2. BED, 9, pp. 461 – 471 .
- Urn , T. H. , Goel, V. K, Weinstein , J. N. and Kong , W. ( 1994 ). Stress Analysis of a Canine Spinal Motion Segment Using the Finite Element Technique . J Biomechanics , 27 ( 10 ), pp. 1259 – 1269 .
- Lin , H. S. , Liu , Y. K. and Adams , K. H. ( 1978 ). Mechanical Response of the Lumbar Intervertebral Joint under Physiological (Complex) Loading . J. Bone and Joint Surgery , 60 , pp. 41 – 54 .
- Marchand , F. and Ahmed , A. M. ( 1990 ). Investigation of the Laminate Structure of Lumbar Disc Annulus Fibrosis . Spine , 15 ( 5 ), pp. 402-410 .
- Mosekilde , Le , Danielsen , C. C. ( 1987 ). Biomechanical Competence of Vertebral Trabecular Bone in Relation to Ash Density and Age in Normal Individuals . Bone , 8 , pp. 79 – 85 .
- Nachemson , A. ( 1960 ). Lumbar Intradiscal Pressure . Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica , ( 43 ), pp. 1 – 140 .
- Nachemson , A. and Evans , J. ( 1968 ). Some mechanical Properties of the Third Lumber Interlaminar Ligament [liga-mentum flavum] . J Biomech , 1 , 211 .
- Panjabi , M. M. , Goel , V. K. , Takata , K. , Duranceau , J. , Krag , M. and Price , M. ( 1992 ). Human Lumbar Vertebrae — Quantitative Three-Dimensional Anatomy . Spine , 17 , pp. 299 – 306 .
- Panjabi , M. M. , Oxland , T. , Takada , K. , Goel , V. K. , Duranceau , J. and Krag , M. ( 1993 ). Articular Facets of the Human Spine Quantitative Three-Dimensional Anatomy . Spine , 18 ( 10 ), pp. 1298 – 1310 .
- Perren , S. M. ahn. ( 1980 ). Biomechanics of Fracture Healing . J Bone and Joint Surgery , 20 . pp. 228 – 231 .
- Pilliar , R. M. , Cameron , H. U. , Welsh , R. P. and Binning-ton , A. G. ( 1981 ). Radiographic and Morphologic Studies of Load-bearing Porous-surfaced Structured Implants . Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research , ( 156 ), pp. 249 – 257 .
- Rapoff , A. J. , Ghanayem , A. J. and Zdeblick , T. A. ( 1995 ). A Biomechanical comparison of two lumbar interbody cages . ASME Bioengineering , Summer Conference , June , Beaver Creek , CO .
- Sharma , M. , Langrana , N. A. and Rodriguez , J. ( 1998 ). Modeling of Facet Articulation as a Nonlinear Moving Contact Problem Sensitivity Study on Lumbar facet Response . ASME, J. Biomechanical Engineering , 120 , pp. 118 – 125 .
- Shirazi-Adl , A. ( 1994 ). Nonlinear Stress Analysis of the Whole Lumbar Spine in Torsion — Mechanics of Facet Articulation . J Biomechanics , 27 ( 3 ), pp. 289 – 299 .
- Shirazi-Adl , A. , Dammak. M.Paiement. ( 1993 ). Experimental Determination of Friction Characteristics at the Trabecular Bonc/Porous-coated Metal Interface in Cementless Implants . Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 27 , pp. 167 – 175 .
- Shirazi-Adl , A. and Drouin , G. ( 1987 ). Load-bearing Role of facets in a Lumbar Segment under Sagittal Plane Loadings . J. Biomechanical Engineering , 20 , pp. 601 – 614 .
- Shirazi-Adl , L , Shrivastva , S. C. and Ahmed , A. M. ( 1984 ). Stress Analysis of the Lumbar Disc-body Unit in Compression . Spine , 9 , pp. 120 – 134 .
- Skaggs , D. L. , Weidenbaum , M. ,Latridis, J. C. Ratcliffe , A. and Mow , V. C. ( 1994 ). Regional Variation in Tensile Properties and Biochemical Composition of the Human Lumbar Annulus Fibrosis . Spine , 19 ( 12 ), pp. 1310 – 1319 .
- Tencer , A. F. , Ahmed , A. M. and Burke , D. L. ( 1982 ). Some Static Mechanical Properties of the Lumbar Intervertebral Joint, Intact and Injured . J Biomechanics , 104 , pp. 193 – 201 .
- Uhthoff , H. K. and Germaine , J. B. ( 1977 ). Reversal of Tissue Differentiation around Screws in Bone . Clinical Orthopedic Related Research , 123 , pp. p148 p.
- White , A. A. and Panjabi , M. M. ( 1990 ). Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine . ( JB Lippincott , Philadelphia ), (2) , pp. 20 – 28 , 106-112 .
- Wood , R. A. and Favor , B. J. ( 1972 ). Titanium Alloy Handbook . ( Airforce Materials Lab., Metals and Ceramics Information Center ).