A Method for Numerical Simulation of Single Limb Ground Contact Events: Application to Heel-Toe Running

References

• Aerts , P. e Clereq , D. ( 1993 ). Deformation characteristics of the heel region of the shod foot during a simulated heel strike the effect of varying midsole hardness . J Sports Sci , 11 , 449 – 461 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson , F. C. , Ziegler , J. M. , Pandy , M. G. and Whalen , R. T. ( 1995 ). Application of high-performance computing to numerical simulation of human movement . J Biomech Eng , 117 , 155 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler , R. F. , Clauser , C. E. , McConville , J. T. , Reynolds , H. M. and Young , J. W. ( 1975 ). Investigation of inertial properties of the human body . Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio (AMRL-TR-75-137) .
   Google Scholar
• Clauser , C. E. , McConville , J. T. and Young , J. W. ( 1969 ). Weight, volume and center of mass of segments of the body . Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio (AMRL-TR-69-70) .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , G. K. , Nigg , B. M. , Bogert, A. J. van den and Gerrit-sen , K. G. M. ( 1996 ). Lower extremity joint loading during impact in running . Clin Biomech , 11 , 181 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davy , D. T. and Audu , M. L. ( 1987 ). A dynamic optimization technique for predicting muscle forces in the swing phase of gait . J Biomech , 20 , 187 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delagi , E. F. , Perotto , A. , lazzetti , J. and Morrison , D. ( 1979 ). Anatomic Guide for the Electromyographer the Limbs . Springfield , II Charles C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Delp , S. L. ( 1990 ). A computer graphics system to analyze and design musculoskeletal reconstructions of the lower limb . Ph.D. Dissertation , Stanford University , Stanford , CA .
   Google Scholar
• Ferris , D. P. , Liang , K. L. and Farley , C. T. ( 1999 ). Runners adjust leg stiffness for their first step on a new running surface . J Biomech , 32 ( 8 ). 787 – 794 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerritsen , K. G. M. , Bogert , A. J. , van den . ( 1995 ). Force-length parameters of lower extremity muscles derived from maximal isometric tests . Proceedings of the XlXth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics . Stanford , CA .
   Google Scholar
• Gerritsen , K. G. , Bogert, A. J. van den and Nigg , B. M. ( 1995 ). Direct dynamics simulation of the impact phase in heel-toe running . J Biomech , 28 , 661 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerritsen , K. G. , Bogert, A. J. van den., Hulliger , M. and Zer-nicke , R. F. ( 1998 ). Intrinsic muscle properties facilitate locomotor control — a computer simulation study . Motor Control , 2 , 206 – 220 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerritsen , K. G. M. ( 1997 ). Computer Simulation of FES-Assistcd Locomotion . Ph.D. Dissertation , University of Cagary , Calgary , AB , Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Gilchrist , L. A. and Winter , D. A. ( 1997 ). A multisegment computer simulation of normal human gait . IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng , 5 , 290 – 299 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goffe , W. L. , Ferrier , G. D. ogers. J. ( 1994 ). Global optimization of statistical functions with simulated annealing . Journal of Econometrics , 60 , 65 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grood , E. S. and Suntay , W. J. ( 1983 ). A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions application to the knee . J Biomech Eng , 105 , 136 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He , J. , Levine , W. S. and Loeb , G. E. ( 1991 ). Feedback gains for correcting small perturbations to standing posture . IEEE Trans Autom Control , 36 , 322 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inman , V. T. ( 1976 ). The joints of the ankle . Baltimore Williams and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Ju , M. S. and Mansour , J. M. ( 1988 ). Simulation of the double limb support phase of human gait . J Biomech Eng , 110 , 223 – 229 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markolf , K. L. , Mensch , J. S. and Amstutz , H. C. ( 1976 ). Stiffness and laxity of the knee — the contributions of the supporting structures. A quantitative in vitro study . J Bone Joint Surg, [Am] 58 , 583 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheson , G. O. , Macintyre , J. G. , Taunton , J. E. , Clement , D. B. and Lloyd-Smith , R. ( 1989 ). Musculoskeletal injuries associated with physical activity in older adults . Med Sci Sports Exerc , 21 , 379 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melhorn , J. M. ( 1998 ). Cumulative trauma disorders and repetitive strain injuries . The future . Clin Orthop , 107 – 126 ].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mummery , W. K. , Spence , J. C. , Vincenten , J. A. and Voaklan-der , D. C. ( 1998 ). A descriptive epidemiology of sport and recreation injuries in a population-based sample results from the Alberta Sport and Recreation Injury Survey (ASRIS|y) . Can J Public Health , 89 , 53 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neptune , R. R. , Hull , M. L. ( 1998 ). Evaluation of performance criteria for simulation of submaximal steady-state cycling using a forward dynamic model . J Biomech Eng , 120 , 334 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neptune , R. R. , Wright , I. C. an den Bogert , A. J. ( 1999 ). The influence of orthotic devices and vastus medialis strength and timing on patellofemoral loads during running . Clin Biomech , Accepted .
   Google Scholar
• Nigg , B. M. , Cole , G. K. and Nachbauer , W. ( 1993 ). Effects of arch height of the foot on angular motion of the lower extremities in running . J Biomech , 26 , 909 – 916 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , B. M. , Bahlsen , H. A. , Luethi , S. M. and Stokes , S. ( 1987 ). The influence of running velocity and midsole hardness on external impact forces in heel-toe running . J Biomech , 20 , 951 – 959 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandy , M. G. and Berme , N. ( 1988 ). Synthesis of human walking a planar model for single support . J Biomech , 21 , 1053 – 1060 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pandy , M. G. and Berme , N. ( 1989 ). Quantitative assessment of gait determinants during single stance via a three-dimensional model — Part 1. Normal gait . J Biomech , 22 , 717 – 724 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piazza , S. J. and Delp , S. L. ( 1996 ). The influence of muscles on knee flexion during the swing phase of gait . J Biomech , 29 , 723 – 733 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raasch , C. C. , Zajac , F. E. , Ma , B. and Levine , W. S. ( 1997 ). Muscle coordination of maximum-speed pedaling . J Biomech , 30 , 595 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinschmidt , C. , van den Bogert , A. J. , Nigg , B. M. , Lund-berg , A. and Murphy , N. ( 1997 ). Effect of skin movement on the analysis of skeletal knee joint motion during running . J Biomech , 30 , 729 – 732 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandelin , J. and Santavirta , S. ( 1991 ). Occurrence and epidemiology of sports injuries in Finland . Ann Chir Gynaecol , 80 , 95 – 99 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schutte , L. M. , Rodgers , M. M. , Zajac , F. E. and Glaser , R. M. ( 1993 ). Improving the efficacy of electrical stimulation-induced cycle ergometry an analysis based on dynamic musculoskeletal model . IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng , 1 , 109 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Soderkvist , I. and Wedin , P. A. ( 1993 ). Determining the movements of the skeleton using well-configured markers . J Biomech , 26 , 1473 – 1477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soest, A. J. van and Bobbert , M. F. ( 1993 ). The contribution of muscle properties in the control of explosive movements . Biol Cybern , 69 , 195 – 204 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stacoff , A. , Denoth , X. K. and Stuessi , E. ( 1988 ). Running injuries and shoe construction some possible relationships . Int J Sport Biomech , 4 , 342 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Helm , F. C. and Veenbaas , R. ( 1991 ). Modelling the mechanical effect of muscles with large attachment sites application to the shoulder mechanism . J Biomech , 24 , 1151 – 1163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mechelen , W. ( 1992 ). Running injuries. A review of the epidemiological literature . Sports Med , 14 , 320 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winters , J. M. and Stark , L. ( 1988 ). Estimated mechanical properties of synergistic muscles involved in movements of a variety of human joints . J Biomech , 21 , 1027 – 1041 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , I. C. , Neptune , R. R. , Bogert, A. J. van den and Nigg , B. M. ( 1998 ). Passive regulation of impact forces in heel-toe running . Clin Biomech , 13 , 521 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , I. C. , Neptune , R. R. , Bogert, A. J. van den and Nigg , B. M. ( 1999 ). Validation of a 3D model for the simulation of ankle sprains . J Biomech Eng , Accepted .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , I. C. , Neptune , R. R. , Bogert , A. J. van den and Nigg , B. M. ( 2000 ). The effects of ankle compliance and flexibility on ankle sprains . Med Sci Sports Exerc , 32 , 260 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi , G. T. and Zajac , F. E. ( 1990 ). Restoring unassisted natural gait to paraplegics via functional neuromuscular stimulation a computer simulation study . IEEE Trans Biomed Eng , 37 , 886 – 902 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar