Electromechanical response of articular cartilage in indentation—considerations on the determination of cartilage properties during arthroscopy

References

• Ateshian , GA , Lai , WM , Zhu , WB and Mow , VC . 1994 . An asymptotic solution for the contact of two biphasic cartilage layers . J. Biomech. , 27 : 1347 – 1360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschmann , MD and Grodzinsky , AJ . 1995 . A molecular model of proteoglycan-associated electrostatic forces in cartilage mechanics . ASME J. Biomech. Eng. , 117 : 179 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , AC , Nguyen , TT and Sah , RL . 1997 . Streaming potentials during the confined compression creep test of normal and proteoglycan-depleted cartilage . Ann. Biomed. Eng. , 25 : 269 – 277 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen , AC , Bae , WC , Schinagl , RM and Sah , RL . 2001 . Depth- and strain-dependent mechanical and electromechanical properties of full-thickness bovine articular cartilage in confined compression . J. Biomech. , 34 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donzelli , PS , Spilker , RL , Ateshian , GA and Mow , VC . 1999 . Contact analysis of biphasic transversely isotropic cartilage layers and correlations with tissue failure . J. Biomech. , 32 : 1037 – 1047 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , SR and Grodzinsky , AJ . 1985 . Swelling of articular cartilage and other connective tissues: Electromechanochemical forces . J. Orthopaed. Res. , 3 : 148 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , EH and Grodzinsky , AJ . 1987a . Cartilage electromechanics—I. Electrokinetic transduction and the effects of electrolyte pH and ionic strength . J. Biomech. , 20 : 615 – 627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , EH and Grodzinsky , AJ . 1987b . Cartilage electromechanics—II. A continuum model of cartilage electrokinetics and correlation with experiments . J. Biomech. , 20 : 629 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , EH , Grodzinsky , AJ , Koob , TJ and Eyre , DR . 1987 . Streaming potentials: A sensitive index of enzymatic degradation in articular cartilage . J. Orthopaed. Res. , 5 : 497 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz , T , Hasler , EM , Hagg , R , Weiler , C , Jakob , RP and Mainil-Varlet , P . 2001 . In situ compressive stiffness, biochemical composition, and structural integrity of articular cartilage of the human knee joint . Osteoarthritis Cartilage , 9 : 582 – 592 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garon , M , Légaré , A , Guardo , R , Savard , P and Buschmann , MD . 2002 . Streaming potentials maps are spatially resolved indicators of amplitude, frequency and ionic strength dependant responses of articular cartilage to load . J. Biomech. , 35 : 207 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garon , M , Légaré , A , Quenneville , E , Hurtig , MB and Buschmann , MD . 2003 . Streaming potential based arthroscopic instrument distinguishes site-specific properties of equine articular cartilage . Trans. Orthopaedic Res. Soc. , 28 : 255
   Google Scholar
• Grodzinsky , AJ , Roth , V , Myers , E , Grossman , WD and Mow , VC . 1981 . The significance of electromechanical and osmotic forces in the nonequilibrium swelling behavior of articular cartilage in tension . ASME J. Biomech. Eng. , 103 : 221 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu , WY , Lai , WM and Mow , VC . 1993 . Transport of fluid and ions through a porous-permeable charged-hydrated tissue, and streaming potential data on normal bovine articular cartilage . J. Biomech. , 26 : 709 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu , WY , Mao , XG , Rawlins , BA , Iatridis , JC , Foster , RJ , Sun , DN , Weidenbaum , M and Mow , VC . 1999 . Streaming potential of human lumbar annulus fibrosus is anisotropic and affected by disc degeneration . J. Biomech. , 32 : 1177 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , WC , Keer , LM , Herrmann , G and Mockros , LF . 1972 . A mathematical analysis for indentation tests of articular cartilage . J. Biomech. , 5 : 541 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herberhold , C , Faber , S , Stammberger , T , Steinlechner , M , Putz , R , Englmeier , KH , Reiser , M and Eckstein , F . 1999 . In situ measurement of articular cartilage deformation in intact femoropatellar joints under static loading . J. Biomech. , 32 : 1287 – 1295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen, Inc. 2002 ABAQUS Theory Manual, Version 6.3
   Google Scholar
• Hori , RY and Mockros , LF . 1976 . Indentation tests of human articular cartilage . J. Biomech. , 9 : 259 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , YJ , Sah , RLY , Grodzinsky , AJ , Plaas , AHK and Sandy , JD . 1994 . Mechanical regulation of cartilage biosynthetic behavior: Physical stimuli . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 311 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , YJ , Bonassar , LJ and Grodzinsky , AJ . 1995 . The role of cartilage streaming potential, fluid flow and pressure in the stimulation of chondrocyte biosynthesis during dynamic compression . J. Biomech. , 28 : 1055 – 1066 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojic , M , Filipovic , N , Vulovic , S and Mijailovic , S . 1998 . A finite element solution procedure for porous medium with fluid flow and electromechanical coupling . Commun. Numer. Methods Eng. , 14 : 381 – 392 .
   Google Scholar
• Korhonen , RK , Wong , M , Arokoski , J , Lindgren , R , Helminen , HJ , Hunziker , EB and Jurvelin , JS . 2002 . Importance of the superficial tissue layer for the indentation stiffness of articular cartilage . Med. Eng. Phys. , 24 : 99 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korhonen , RK , Saarakkala , S , Töyräs , J , Laasanen , MS , Kiviranta , I and Jurvelin , JS . 2003 . Experimental and numerical validation for the novel configuration of an arthroscopic indentation instrument . Phys. Med. Biol. , 48 : 1565 – 1576 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laasanen , MS , Saarakkala , S , Töyräs , J , Hirvonen , J , Rieppo , J , Korhonen , RK and Jurvelin , JS . 2003a . Ultrasound indentation of bovine knee articular cartilage in situ . J. Biomech. , 36 : 1259 – 1267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laasanen , MS , Töyräs , J , Vasara , AI , Hyttinen , MM , Saarakkala , S , Hirvonen , J , Jurvelin , JS and Kiviranta , I . 2003b . Mechano-acoustic diagnosis of cartilage degeneration and repair . J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. , 85A ( Suppl. 2 ) : 78 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Lai , WM and Mow , VC . 1980 . Drag induced compression of articular cartilage during a permeation experiment . Biorheology , 17 : 111 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai , WM , Hou , JS and Mow , VC . 1991 . A triphasic theory for the swelling and deformation behaviors of articular cartilage . ASME J. Biomech. Eng. , 113 : 245 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai , WM , Mow , VC , Sun , DD and Ateshian , GA . 2000 . On the electric potentials inside a changed soft hydrated biological tissue: Streaming potential versus diffusion potential . ASME J. Biomech. Eng. , 122 : 336 – 346 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee , RC , Frank , EH , Grodzinsky , AJ and Roylance , DK . 1981 . Oscillatory compressional behavior of articular cartilage and its associated electromechanical properties . ASME J. Biomech. Eng. , 103 : 280 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenston , ME , Frank , EH and Grodzinsky , AJ . 1999 . Electrokinetic and poroelastic coupling during finite deformations of charged porous media . ASME J. Appl. Mech. , 66 : 323 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , G . 1998 . Contact stress at articular surfaces in total joint replacements. Part II: Analytical and numerical methods . Biomed. Mater. Eng. , 8 : 259 – 278 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li , B and Aspden , RM . 1997 . Mechanical and material properties of the subchondral bone plate from the femoral head of patients with osteoarthritis or osteoporosis . Ann. Rheum. Dis. , 56 : 247 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , LP and Herzog , W . 2003 . Small electric signals can produce significant stress/strain in articular cartilage . Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc. , 28 : 652
   Google Scholar
• Li , LP and Herzog , W . 2004 . The role of viscoelasticity of collagen fibers in articular cartilage: theory and numerical formulation . Biorheology , 41 : 181 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , LP , Buschmann , MD and Shirazi-Adl , A . 2002 . The role of fibril reinforcement in the mechanical behavior of cartilage . Biorheology , 39 : 89 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyyra , T , Jurvelin , J , Pitkänen , P , Väätäinen , U and Kiviranta , I . 1995 . Indentation instrument for the measurement of cartilage stiffness under arthroscopic control . Med. Eng. Phys. , 17 : 395 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Légaré , A , Garon , M , Guardo , R , Savard , P , Poole , AR and Buschmann , MD . 2002 . Detection and analysis of cartilage degeneration by spatially resolved streaming potentials . J. Orthop. Res. , 20 : 819 – 826 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mak , AF , Lai , WM and Mow , VC . 1987 . Biphasic indentation of articular cartilage—I. Theoretical analysis . J. Biomech. , 20 : 703 – 714 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mente , PL and Lewis , JL . 1994 . Elastic modulus of calcified cartilage is an order of magnitude less than that of subchondral bone . J. Orthop. Res. , 12 : 637 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minassian , A , O'Hare , D , Parker , KH , Urban , JPG , Warensjo , K and Winlove , CP . 1998 . Measurement of the charge properties of articular cartilage by an electrokinetic method . J. Orthop. Res. , 16 : 720 – 725 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niederauer , GG , Niederauer , GM , Cullen , LC , Athanasiou , KA , Thomas , JB and Niederauer , MQ . 2004 . Correlation of cartilage stiffness to thickness and level of degeneration using a handheld indentation probe . Ann. Biomed. Eng. , 32 : 352 – 359 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sachs , JR and Grodzinsky , AJ . 1989 . An electromechanically coupled poroelastic medium driven by an applied electric current: surface detection of bulk material properties . PCH Physicochem. Hydrodyn. , 11 : 585 – 614 .
   Google Scholar
• Sachs , JR and Grodzinsky , AJ . 1995 . Electromechanical spectroscopy of cartilage using a surface probe with applied mechanical displacement . J. Biomech. , 28 : 963 – 976 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakamoto , M , Li , G , Hara , T and Chao , EYS . 1996 . A new method for theoretical analysis of static indentation test . J. Biomech. , 29 : 679 – 685 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmidt-Rohlfing , B , Schneider , U , Goost , H and Silny , J . 2002 . Mechanically induced electrical potentials of articular cartilage . J. Biomech. , 35 : 475 – 482 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith , CL and Mansour , JM . 2000 . Indentation of an osteochondral repair: Sensitivity to experimental variables and boundary conditions . J. Biomech. , 33 : 1507 – 1511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spilker , RL , Suh , JK and Mow , VC . 1992 . A finite element analysis of the indentation stress-relaxation response of linear biphasic articular cartilage . ASME J. Biomech. Eng. , 114 : 191 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh , JKF , Youn , I and Fu , FH . 2001 . An in situ calibration of an ultrasound transducer: A potential application for an ultrasonic indentation test of articular cartilage . J. Biomech. , 34 : 1347 – 1353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner , MD , Taylor , WR and Clift , SE . 2001 . Finite element biphasic indentation of cartilage: A comparison of experimental indenter and physiological contact geometries . Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med. , 215H : 487 – 496 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , W , van Donkelaar , CC , van Rietbergen , B , Ito , K and Huiskes , R . 2004 . Stresses in the local collagen network of articular cartilage: a poroviscoelastic fibril-reinforced finite element study . J. Biomech. , 37 : 357 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , JZ , Herzog , W and Ronsky , J . 1996 . Modeling axi-symmetrical joint contact with biphasic cartilage layers—an asymptotic solution . J. Biomech. , 29 : 1263 – 1281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , JZ , Herzog , W and Epstein , M . 1997 . An improved solution for the contact of two biphasic cartilage layers . J. Biomech. , 30 : 371 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar