Pleistocene age paleo-groundwater inferred from water-stable isotope values in the central part of the Baltic Artesian Basin

References

• Mook WG. Environmental isotopes in the hydrological cycle, Vol 1: Introduction theory, methods, review. Vienna: Atoms for Peace and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2001. [cited 13 July 2014]. Available from: http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/documents/global_cycle/Environmental%20Isotopes%20in%20the%20Hydrological%20Cycle%20Vol%201.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Karro E, Marandi A, Vaikmäe R. The origin of increased salinity in the Cambrian–Vendian aquifer system on the Kopli Peninsula, northern Estonia. Hydrogeol J. 2004;12:424–435. doi: 10.1007/s10040-004-0339-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marandi A. Natural chemical composition of groundwater as a basis for groundwater management in Cambrian–Vendian aquifer system in Estonia [dissertation]. Dissertationes Geologicae Universitatis Tartuensis 21. Tartu: University of Tartu; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Punning JM, Toots M, Vaikmäe R. Oxygen-18 in Estonian natural waters. Isotopenpraxis. 1987;23:232–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raidla V, Kirsimäe K, Vaikmäe R, Kaup E, Martma T. Carbon isotope systematics of the Cambrian–Vendian aquifer system in the northern Baltic Basin: implications to the age and evolution of groundwater. Appl Geochem. 2012;27:2042–2054. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raidla V, Kirsimäe K, Vaikmäe R, Jõeleht A, Karro E, Marandi A, Savitskaja L. Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Cambrian–Vendian aquifer system of the Baltic Basin. Chem Geol. 2009;258:219–231. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.10.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaikmäe R, Kaup E, Marandi A, Martma T, Raidla V, Vallner L. The Cambrian–Vendian aquifer, Estonia. In: Edmunds WM, Shand P, editors. The natural baseline quality of groundwater. Oxford: Blackwell; 2009; p. 353–371.
   Google Scholar
• Vaikmäe R, Vallner L, Loosli HH, Blaser PC, Juillard-Tardent M. Palaeogroundwater of glacial origin in the Cambrian–Vendian aquifer of northern Estonia. In: Edmunds WM, Milne CJ, editors. Palaeowaters of coastal Europe: evolution of groundwater since the late Pleistocene. London: Geological Society of London Special Publication; 2001; p. 17–27.
   Google Scholar
• Edmunds WM, Hinsby K, Marlin C, et al. Evolution of groundwater systems at the European coastline. In: Edmunds WM, Milne CJ, editors. Palaeowaters of coastal Europe: evolution of groundwater since the late Pleistocene. London: Geological Society of London Special Publication; 2001; p. 289–311.
   Google Scholar
• Mokrik R, Mažeika J. Palaeohydrogeological reconstruction of groundwater recharge during Late Weichselian in the Baltic basin. Geologija. 2002;39:49–57.
   Google Scholar
• Mokrik R, Juodkazis V, Anicetas Š, Mažeika J. Isotope geochemistry and modelling of the multi-aquifer system in the eastern part of Lithuania. Hydrogeol J. 2014;22:925–941. doi: 10.1007/s10040-014-1120-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokrik R, Mažeika J, Baublytė A, Martma T. The groundwater age in the middle–upper Devonian aquifer system, Lithuania. Hydrogeol J. 2009;17:871–889. doi: 10.1007/s10040-008-0403-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazauskiene J, Stephenson R, Šliaupa S, Wees J. 3-D flexural modelling of the Silurian Baltic Basin. Tectonophysics. 2002;346:115–135. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00231-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šliaupa S, Hoth P. Geological evolution and resources of the Baltic Sea area from the Precambrian to the Quaternary. In: Harff J, Hoth P, Bjork S, editors. The Baltic Sea Basin. Berlin: Springer; 2011; p. 13–53.
   Google Scholar
• Lukševičs E, Stinkulis G, Mūrnieks A, Popovs K. Geological evolution of the Baltic Artesian Basin. In: Delina A, Kalvans A, Saks T, Bethers U, Vircavs V, editors. Highlights of groundwater research in the Baltic Artesian Basin. Riga: University of Latvia; 2012; p. 7–53.
   Google Scholar
• Tänavsuu-Milkeviciene K, Plink-Bjorklund P, Kirsmäe K. Coeval versus reciprocal mixed carbonate–siliciclastic deposition, Middle Devonian Baltic Basin, Eastern Europe: implications from the regional tectonic development. Sedimentology. 2009;56:1250–1274. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01032.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brangulis AJ, Kaņevs S. Latvijas tektonika [Tectonics of Latvia]. Riga: State Geological Survey; 2002. Latvian.
   Google Scholar
• Juodkazis V, Йодказис ВИ. Региональная гидрогеология Прибалтики [Regional hydrogeology of the Baltic region]. Вильнюс: Мокслас; 1989. Russian.
   Google Scholar
• Levins I. Гидрогеохимическая карта Латвии масштаба 1:500000, Обяснителелъная записка и текстовие приложения. [Hydrogeological map of Latvia scale 1:500000, Explanatory note]. Riga: State Geological Survey; 1990. Russian.
   Google Scholar
• Levins I, Levina N, Gavena I. Latvijas pazemes ūdeņu resursi [Latvian groundwater resources]. Riga: State Geological Survey; 1998. Latvian.
   Google Scholar
• Lasberg K, Kalm V. Chronology of Late Weichselian glaciation in the western part of the East European Plain. Boreas. 2013;42:995–1007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saks T, Seņņikovs J, Timuhins A, Marandi A, Kalvans A. Groundwater flow beneath the Scandinavian ice sheet in the Baltic Basin. In: Dēliņa A, Kalvāns A, Saks T, Bethers U, Vircavs V, editors. Highlights of groundwater research in the Baltic Artesian Basin. Rīga: University of Latvia; 2012; p. 75–90.
   Google Scholar
• Perens R, Vallner L. Water-bearing formation. In: Raukas A, Teedumäe A, editors. Geology and mineral resources of Estonia. Tallinn: Estonian Academy Publishers; 1997; p. 137–145.
   Google Scholar
• Mokrik R. The palaeohydrogeology of the Baltic Basin. Tartu: Tartu University Press; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Zuzevičius A. The groundwater dynamics in the southern part of the Baltic Artesian Basin during the Late Pleistocene. Baltica. 2010;23:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalvāns A. A list of the factors controlling groundwater composition in the Baltic Artesian Basin. In: Delina A, Kalvans A, Saks T, Bethers U, Vircavs V, editors. Highlights of groundwater research in the Baltic Artesian Basin. Riga: University of Latvia; 2012; p. 91–105.
   Google Scholar
• Virbulis J, Bethers U, Saks T, Sennikovs J, Timuhins A. Hydrogeological model of the Baltic Artesian Basin. Hydrogeol J. 2013;21:845–862. doi: 10.1007/s10040-013-0970-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovs K, Saks T, Jātnieks J. A comprehensive approach to 3D geological modeling of sedimentary basins: example of Latvia, central part of Baltic Basin. Est J Earth Sci. 2015;64:173–188. doi: 10.3176/earth.2015.25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klints I, Dēliņa A. Groundwater abstraction in the Baltic Artesian Basin. In: Dēliņa A, Kalvāns A, Saks T, Bethers U, Vircavs V, editors. Highlights of groundwater research in the Baltic Artesian Basin. Rīga: University of Latvia; 2012; p. 106–122.
   Google Scholar
• Hiiob M, Karro E. Iron in the Middle Devonian aquifer system and its removal at Võru County water treatment plants, Estonia. Est J Earth Sci. 2012;61:181–190. doi: 10.3176/earth.2012.3.04
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinevicius F, Rasteniene V, Bickus A. Geothermal development in Lithuania, Proceedings of European Geothermal Conference; 2003 May 25–30; Szeged, Hungary; p. 25–30. [cited 20 Jan 2012]. Available from: http://earthsciences.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/EGC/szeged/O-4-07.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Juškevičs V, Misāns J, Mūrnieks A, Skrebels J. Latvijas ģeoloģiskā karte, mērogs 1:200 000 [karte]. 34. lapa. Jēkabpils. 24. lapa. Daugavpils: paskaidrojuma teksts un kartes. 2003 [Geological map of Latvia, scale 1:200 000. Sheets 34 – Jekabpils, 24 – Daugavpils: explanatory note and maps]. Riga; 2003. Latvian.
   Google Scholar
• Marandi A, Karro E, Raidla V, Vaikmäe R. Conceptual model of groundwater quality for the monitoring and management of the Voronka groundwater body, Estonia. Est J Earth Sci. 2012;61:328–339. doi: 10.3176/earth.2012.4.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saks T, Sennikovs J, Babre A, Andis K, Timuhins A, Delina A. Geochemistry and groundwater flow in the Lower Devonian aquifer system, Baltic Basin – a study of glacial meltwater intrusion. In: Sedimentary Basins Jena – Research, Modelling, Exploration. Proceedings; Sep 23–25. Germany, Jena; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• IAEA/WMO. Global network of isotopes in precipitation. The GNIP database. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency; 2012. [cited 23 July 2011]. Available from: http://www.iaea.org/water
   Google Scholar
• Craig H. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science. 1961;133:1702–1703. doi: 10.1126/science.133.3465.1702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand WA, Geilmann H, Crosson ER, Rella CW. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy versus high-temperature conversion isotope ratio mass spectrometry: a case study on δ2H and δ18O of pure water samples and alcohol/water mixtures. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2009;23:1879–1884. doi: 10.1002/rcm.4083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal PK, Araguas L, Garner WA, Groening M, Kulkarni KM. Introduction to water sampling and analysis for isotope hydrology (CD). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency; 2007. [cited 21 July 2014]. Available from: www.iaea.org/water
   Google Scholar
• Eaton AD, Clesceri LS, Rice EW, Greenberg AE. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Grigorjevs O, Kalvāns A.: The sensibility analysis of Cl– and SO42– titration in groundwater samples. 70th Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia, Session of Geology ‘Groundwater in Sedimentary Basins’. Abstract book. Riga: University of Latvia; 2012; p. 47–48.
   Google Scholar
• Araguás-Araguás L, Froehlich K, Rozanski K. Deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope composition of precipitation and atmospheric moisture. Hydrol Process. 2000;14:1341–1355. doi: 10.1002/1099-1085(20000615)14:8<1341::AID-HYP983>3.0.CO;2-Z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark ID, Fritz P. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Lewis Publishers; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Gat JR. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the hydrologic cycle. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci. 1996;24:225–262. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauva D, Grīnfelde I, Veinbergs A. Impact of climate change on the shallow groundwater level regime in Latvia. In: Delina A, Kalvans A, Saks T, Bethers U, Vircavs V, editors. Highlights of groundwater research in the Baltic Artesian Basin. Riga: University of Latvia; 2012; p. 134–145.
   Google Scholar
• Sokratov SA, Golubev VN. Snow isotopic content change by sublimation. J Glaciol. 2009;55:823–828. doi: 10.3189/002214309790152456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis BAS, Brewer S, Stevenson AC, Guiot J, Data Contributors. The temperature of Europe during the Holocene reconstructed from pollen data. Quat Sci Rev. 2003;22:1701–1716. doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00173-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spalvins A, Slangens J, Janbickis R, Lace I, Eglite I, Skibelis V. Hydrogeological model for well field Otanki of Liepaja, Latvia. Scientific Proceedings of Riga Technical University, Computer Science Series. 2004;21:162–171.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt GA, Bigg GR, Rohling EJ. Global seawater oxygen-18 database – v1.21, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies; 2003 [cited 23 Jan 2012]. Available from: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/o18data/
   Google Scholar
• Punning JM, Vaikmäe R, Mäekivi S. Oxygen-18 variations in the Baltic Sea. Nucl Geophys Int J Radiat Appl Instrum E. 1991;5:529–539.
   Google Scholar
• Bons PD, Gomez-Rivas E. Gravitational fractionation of isotopes and dissolved components as a first-order process in crustal fluids. Econ Geol. 2013;108:1195–1201. doi: 10.2113/econgeo.108.5.1195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saks T, Kalvans A, Zelcs V. OSL dating of Middle Weichselian age shallow basin sediments in Western Latvia, Eastern Baltic. Quat Sci Rev. 2012;44:60–68. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svendsen JI, Alexanderson H, Astakhov VI, et al. Late Quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia. Quat Sci Rev. 2004;23:1229–1271. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberghe J, French HM, Gorbunov A, et al. The last permafrost maximum (LPM) map of the Northern Hemisphere: permafrost extent and mean annual air temperatures, 25–17 ka BP. Boreas. 2014;43:652–666. doi: 10.1111/bor.12070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiráková H, Huneau F, Celle-Jeanton H, Hrkal Z, Le Coustumer P. Insights into palaeorecharge conditions for European deep aquifers. Hydrogeol J. 2011;19:1545–1562. doi: 10.1007/s10040-011-0765-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson A, Andersen KK, Bigler M, et al. A 60 000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology. Clim Past. 2008;4:47–57. doi: 10.5194/cp-4-47-2008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spalvins A, Slangens J, Lace I, et al. Hydrogeological model of Latvia, first results. SciJRTU. 2012;54:4–12.
   Google Scholar
• Kleman J, Glasser N. The subglacial thermal organization (STO) of ice sheets. Quat Sci Rev. 2007;26:585–597. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton G, Caban P, Van Gijssel K. Groundwater flow beneath ice sheets: part I—large scale patterns. Quat Sci Rev. 1995;14:545–562. doi: 10.1016/0277-3791(95)00039-R
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Négrel P, Casanova J, Blomqvist R. 87Sr/86Sr of brines from the Fennoscandian Shield: a synthesis of groundwater isotopic data from the Baltic Sea region. Can J Earth Sci. 2005;42:273–285. doi: 10.1139/e04-103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frape SK, Fritz P, McNutt RH. Water–rock interaction and chemistry of groundwaters from the Canadian Shield. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1984;48:1617–1627. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90331-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bein A, Arad A. Formation of saline groundwaters in the Baltic region through freezing of seawater during glacial periods. J Hydrol. 1992;140:75–87. doi: 10.1016/0022-1694(92)90235-N
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar