The Unbearable Weight on Your Mind: The Physiological Dimension of Body Image Disturbances

References

• Adame, D.D., Radell, S.A., Johnson, T.C. and Cole, S.P. (1991) Physical fitness, body image, and locus of control in college men and women, dancers and non-dancers. Perceptual and Motor Skills 72: 91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergh, C. and Söderstein, P. (1996) Anorexia nervosa, selfstarvation and the reward of stress. Nature Medicine 2(1): 21–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birtchnell, S.A., Lacey, J.H. and Harte, A. (1985) Body image distortion in bulimia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry 147: 408–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnier, P. (1905) L'aschematie. Revue Neurologie 13: 605–619.
   Google Scholar
• Brodie, D.A., Slade, P.D. and Rose, H. (1989) Reliability measures in distorting body image. Perceptual and Motor Skills 69: 723–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T.A., Cash, T.F and Lewis, R.J. (1989) Body-image disturbances in adolescent female binge-purgers: A brief report of the results of a national survey in the USA. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 30: 605–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruch, H. (1962) Perceptual and conceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine 24: 187–194.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, A.C. (1939) The properties of the steady state compared to those of equilibrium as shown in the characteristic biological behavior. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 14: 327–349.
   Google Scholar
• Cabanac, M. (1991) Open-loop methods for studying the ponderostat. In: Friedman, M.I., Tordoff, M.G. and Kare, M.R. (Eds.), Chemical Senses, Vol. 4, Appetite and Nutrition (New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.), pp. 149–170.
   Google Scholar
• Cabanac, M. and Gosselin, C. (1996) PonderostatL hoarding behavior satisfies the condition for a lipostat in the rat. Appetite 27: 251–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabanac, M., Duclaux, R. and Spector, N.H. (1971) Sensory feedbacks in regulation of body weight: Is there a ponderostat? Nature 229: 125–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabanac, M. and Richard, D. (1996) The nature of the ponderostat: Hervey's hypothesis revived. Appetite 26: 45–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabanac, M. and Swiergiel, A.H. (1989) Rats eating and hoarding as a function of body weight and cost of foraging. American Journal of Physiology 257: R952–R957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campfield, L.A., Smith, F.J. and Burn, P. (1997) OB protein: A hormonal controller of central networks mediating behavioral, metabolic and neuroendocrine responses. Endocrinology and Metabolism 4: 81–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro, J.F., Sihna, M.K., Kolaczinsji, J.W., Zhang, P.L. and Considine, R.V. (1996) Leptin: Tale of an obesity gene. Diabetes 45: 1455–1462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash, T.F. (1994) Body image and weight changes in a multisite comprehensive very-low-calorie diet program. Behavior Therapy 25: 239–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash, T.F. and Pruzinsky, T. (Eds.) (1990) Body Images: Development, Deviance, and Change (New York: Guilford).
   Google Scholar
• Casper, R.C., Halmi, K.A., Goldberg, S.C., Eckert, E.D. and Davis, J.M. (1979) Disturbances in body image estimation as related to other characteristics and outcome in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry 134: 60–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, J.K., Beumont, P.J., Touyz, S.W., Krass, J., Thompson, P. and Philips, T. (1987) Variability in body shape perception in anorexic, bulimic, obese, and control subjects. International Journal of Eating Disorders 6: 633–638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, J.K., McCabe, M.P., Jupp, J.J. and Sutton, J.E. (1986) Body percept change in obese females after weight reduction therapy. Journal Clinical Psychology 39: 507–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, C. (1992) Body image, dieting behaviors and personality factors: A study of high performance female athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology 23: 179–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, C., Elliott, S., Dionne, M. and Mitchell, I. (1991) The relationship of personality factors and physical activity to body satisfaction in men. Personal, Individual Differences 12: 689–694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, C., Kennedy, S.H., Ravelski, E. and Dionne, M. (1994) The role of physical activity in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Psychological Medicine 24(4): 957–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enns, M.P., Drewnowski, A. and Grinker, J.A. (1987) Body composition, body size estimation, and attitudes towards eating in male college athlete. Psychosomatic Medicine 49: 56–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantino, M. and Brinnel, H. (1986) Body weight set-point changes during the ovarian cycle: Experimental study of rats using hoarding behavior. Physiology and Behavior 36: 991–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, G.D., Wadden, T.A. and Vogt, R.A. (1997) Body image in obese women before, during, and after weight loss treatment. Health Psychology 16(3): 226–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R.J., Beach, B., Davies, R. and Solyom, L. (1985) The prediction of relapse in bulimia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research 19 (2/3): 349–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R., Thomas, C, Solyum, L. and Hunter, M. (1984) A modified video camera for measuring body image distortion: Technical description and reliability. Psychological Medicine 14: 411–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, D.M. and Garfinkel, P.E. (1981) Body image in anorexia nervosa: Measurement, theory, and clinical implications. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 11: 263–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, D.M. and Garfinkel, P.E. (1980) Socio-cultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine 10: 647–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, D.M., Garfinkel, P.E. and Moldofsky, H. (1978) Perceptual experiences in anorexia nervosa and obesity. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 23: 249–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garner, D.M., Garfinfel, P.E., Rockert, W. and Olmsted, M.P. (1987) A prospective study of eating disturbances in the ballet. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 48: 170–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, D.M., Garfinkel, P.E., Stancer, H.C. and Moldofsky, H. (1976) Body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and obesity. Psychosomatic Medicine 9: 327–336.
   Google Scholar
• Garner, D.M., Olmstead, M.P. and Garfinkel, P.E. (1983) Does anorexia nervosa occur on a continuum? Subgroups of weight preoccupied women and their relationship to anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2: 11–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardier, L. (1994) L'auto-régulation du poids et de la composition corporelle chez l'homme. Une approche systémique par modélisation et simulation. Archives Internationales de Physiologie, Biochimie et Biophysique 102: A23–A35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham, S.J. and Hundleby, J.D. (1988) Present body perception and prior weight reduction in young adult women. International Journal of Eating Disorders 7: 407–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosselin, C. and Cabanac, M. (1997) Adrenalectomy lowers the body weight set-point in rats. Physiology and Behavior 62(3): 519–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosselin, C. and Cabanac, M. (1996) Ever higher: Constant rise of body weight set-point in growing Zucker rats. Physiology and Behavior 60 (3): 817–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, M.J., Kahn, J.P., Laxenaire, M., Nicolas, J.P. and Burlet, C. (1994) Système corticolibérinergique et anorexie mentale: réactions du système hypothalamo-hypophyso-cortico-surréalien à un stress neurotrope. Annales d'Endocrinologies 55: 221–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, L.H., Brooks-Gunn, J., Warren, M.P. and Hamilton, W.G. (1988) The role of selectivity in the pathogenesis of eating problems in ballet dancers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20: 560–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head, H. (1920) Studies in Neurology (London: Oxford).
   Google Scholar
• Herberg, L.J., Franklin, K.B.J. and Stephens, D.N. (1975) The hypothalamic set-point in experimental obesity. In: Recent Advances in Obesity Research, Vol. 1, A. Howard (Ed.). (Newman, London), pp. 235–237.
   Google Scholar
• Hervey, G.R. (1969) Regulation of energy balance. Nature 223: 629–631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsh, J. (1995) The physician's role in the treatment of obesity. Journal of Internal Medicine 238: 295–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, L. and Walker, J.E. (1982) Female athletes and non-athletes: Similarities and differences in self-perception. Journal of Sport Behavior 5: 12–27.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiyala, K.J., Woods, S.C. and Schwartz, M.W. (1995) New model for the regulation of energy balance and adiposity by the central nervous system. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62(Suppl): 1123S–1134S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keesey, R.E. (1988) The relation between energy expenditure and the body weight set-point: Its significance to obesity. In: Beaumont and Casper (Eds.). Handbook of Eating Disorders, Part 2 (Burrows, New-York: Elsevier) pp. 87–102.
   Google Scholar
• Keeton, W.P., Cash, T.F. and Brown, T.A. (1990) Body image or body images: Comparative, multidimensional assessment among college students. Journal of Personality Assessment 54 (1 and 2): 213–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacey, J.H. and Birtchnell, S.A. (1986) Body image and its disturbances. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 30(6), 623–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonhard, M.L. and Barry, N.J. (1998) Body image and obesity: Effects of gender and weight on perceptual measures of body image. Addictive Behaviors 23 (1): 31–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loland, N.W. (1998) Body image and physical activity. A survey among Norwegian men and women. International Journal of Sports Psychology 29, 339–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus, H., Hamill, R. and Sentis, K.P. (1987) Thinking fat: Self-schemas for body weight and the processing of weight relevant information. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 17 (1): 50–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzeo, S.E. (1999) Modification of an existing measure of body image preoccupation and its relationship to disordered eating in female college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology 46(1): 42–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrosovsky, N. and Powley, T.L. (1977) Set-points for body weight and fat. Behavioral Biology 20: 205–223.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nutzinger, D.O., Cayinoglu, S., Sachs, G. and Zapotoczky, H.G. (1985) Emotional problems during weight reduction: advantages of a combined behavior therapy and antidepressive drug therapy for obesity. Journal of Behavioral therapy: Experimental Psychiatry 16(3): 217–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, B. and Robinson, J. (1983, May) Body image. Melponeme Institute 2: 3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, S.K. and O'Neil, P.M. (1997) Effects of body fat distribution on body size estimation accuracy among obese women. International Journal of Obesity, 250–253.
   Google Scholar
• Rodin, J. (1994) Cultural and psychosocial determinants of weight concerns. Annals of Internal Medicine 119 (7 pt 2): 643–645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodin, J., Silberstein, L.R. and Striegel-Moore, R.H. (1984) Women and weight: A normative discontent. In: T.B. Sonderegger (Ed.), Psychology and Gender (Lincoln, NE: University Press), pp. 267–308.
   Google Scholar
• Roughan, P, Seddon, E. and Vernon-Roberts, J. (1990) Longterm effects of a psychologically based group programme for women preoccupied with body weight and eating behaviour. International Journal of Obesity 14: 135–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarwer, D.B., Wadden, T.A. and Foster, G.D. (1998) Assessment of body image dissatisfaction in obese women: Specificity, severity, and clinical significance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology/ 66(4): 651–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilder, P. (1950) The image and appearance of the human body (New-York: DoubleDay & Company).
   Google Scholar
• Sisson, B.A., Franco, S.M., Carlin, W.M. and Mitchell, C.K. (1997) Bodyfat analysis and perception of body image. Clinical Pediatrics July: 415–418.
   Google Scholar
• Stunkard, A.J. (1996) Current views on obesity. The American Journal of Medicine 100: 230–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stunkard, A.J. and Burt, V. (1967) Obesity and body image: II. Age at onset of disturbances in the body image. American Journal of Psychiatry 123: 1296–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stunkard, A. and Mendelson, M. (1961) Disturbances in body image of some obese persons. Journal of American Dieting Association 38: 328–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stunkard, A.J. and Rush, A.J. (1974) Dieting and depression re-examined: A critical review of untoward responses during weight reduction programmes. Annals of Internal Medicine 81: 526–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J.K. (1986) Larger than life. Psychology Today 24: 38–44.
   Google Scholar
• Thorling, E.B. and Fredens, K. (1995) The influence of small changes in gravitational field on the weight regulation of female Wistar rats. International Journal of Obesity 19: 305–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touyz, S., Beumont, P. and Collins, J. (1988) Does over-or underestimation of body shape influence response to treatment in patients with anorexia nervosa? International Journal of Eating Disorders 7(5): 687–691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, D.A., Davis, C.J., Bennett, S.M., Goreczny, A.J. and Gleaves, D.H. (1989) Development of a simple procedure for assessing body image disturbances. Behavioral Assessment 11: 433–446.
   Google Scholar
• Wirtshafter, D. and Davis, J. (1978) Set-points, settling-points, and the control of body weight. Physiology and Behavior 19: 75–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar