References
- Barrachina, M.D., Martinez, V., Wei, J.Y. and Tache, Y. (1997) Leptin-induced decrease in food intake is not associated with changes in gastric emptying in lean mice. American Journal of Physiology 272(3 Pt 2), R1007–R1011.
- Baskin, D.G., Figlewicz Lattemann, D., Seeley, R.J., Woods, S.C., Porte, D. Jr., and Schwartz, M.W. (1999) Insulin and leptin: dual adiposity signals to the brain for the regulation of food intake and body weight. Brain Research 848, 114–123.
- Bjorntorp, P., and Rosmond, R. (1999) Visceral obesity and diabetes. Drugs 58 (Suppl 1), 13–18.
- Boden, G., Chen, X., Mozzoli, M. and Ryan, I. (1996) Effect of fasting on serum leptin in normal human subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81, 3419–3423.
- Carroll, K.K. (1998) Obesity as a risk factor for certain types of cancer. Lipids 33, 1055–1059.
- Dallongeville, J., Hecquet, B., Lebel, P., Edme, J.L., Le Fur, C., Fruchart, J.C., Auwerx, J. and Romon, M. (1998) Short term response of circulating leptin to feeding and fasting in man: influence of circadian cycle. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders 22, 728–733.
- Demerath, E.W., Towne, B., Wisemandle, W., Blangero, J., Chumlea, W.C. and Siervogel, R.M. (1999) Serum leptin concentration, body composition, and gonadal hormones during puberty. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders 23, 678–685.
- Di Carlo, C, Tommaselli, G.A., Pisano, G., Nasti, A., Rossi, V., Palomba, S. and Nappi, C. (2000) Serum leptin levels in postmenopausal women: effects of transdermal hormone replacement therapy. Menopause 7, 36–41.
- Fisher, S.L., Yagaloff, K.A. and Burn, P. (1999) Melanocortin and leptin signaling systems: central regulation of catabolic energy balance. Journal of Receptor & Signal Transduction Research 19, 203–216.
- Havel, P.J. (1999) Mechanisms regulating leptin production: implications for control of energy balance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, 305–306.
- Jiang, X., Srinivasan, S.R., Radhakrishnamurthy, B., Dalferes, E.R. and Berenson, G.S. (1996) Racial (Black-white) differences in insulin secretion and clearance in adolescents: The Bogalusa heart study. Pediatrics 97, 357–360.
- Khaodhiar, L., McCowen, K.C. and Blackburn, G.L. (1999) Obesity and its comorbid conditions. Clinical Cornerstone 2, 17–31.
- Kolaczynski, J.W., Ohannesian, J.P., Considine, R.V., Marco, C.C. and Caro, J.F. (1996) Response of leptin to short-term and prolonged overfeeding in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81, 4162–4165.
- Korbonits, M., Trainer, P.J., Little, J.A., Edwards, R., Kopelman, P.G., Besser, G.M., Svec, F. and Grossman, A.B. (1997) Leptin levels do not change acutely with food administration in normal or obese subjects, but are negatively correlated with pituitary-adrenal activity. Clinical Endocrinology 46, 751–757.
- Kristensen, K., Pedersen, S.B., Fisker, S., Norrelund, H. Rosenfalck, A.M., Jorgensen, J.O. and Richelsen, B. (1998) Serum leptin levels and leptin expression in growth hormone (GH)-deficient and healthy adults: influence of GH treatment, gender, and fasting. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental 47, 1514–1519.
- Milliken, G.A. and Johnson, D.E. (1984) Analysis of Messy Data. Vol. 1: Designed experiments, (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold), p. 193.
- Ongphiphadhanakul, B., Rajatanavin, R., Chanprasertyothin, S., Piaseu, N. and Chailurkit, L. (1999) Serum leptin concentrations in relation to body fat, gender, sex hormones and metabolic covariates in Thais. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 82, 862–867.
- Osei, K., Schuster, D.P., Owusu, S.K. and Amoah, A.G. (1997) Race and ethnicity determine serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations and hepatic insulin extraction and insulin clearance: Comparative studies of three populations of West African ancestry and White Americans. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental 46, 53–58.
- Reeder, B., and Bouchard, C. (1999) Obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 15 (Suppl G) 69G–72G.
- Ruige, J.B., Dekker, J.M., Blum, W.F., Stehouwer, C.D., Nijpels, G., Mooy, J., Kostense, P.J., Bouter, L.M. and Heine, R.J. (1999) Leptin and variables of body adiposity, energy balance, and insulin resistance in a population-based study. The Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care 22, 1097–1104.
- Sahu, A. (1998) Leptin decreases food intake induced by melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat. Endocrinology 139, 4739–4742.
- Schwartz, M.W., Baskin, D.G., Kaiyala, K.J. and Woods, S.C. (1999) Model for the regulation of energy balance and adiposity by the central nervous system. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, 584–596.
- Sheu, W.H., Lee, W.J. and Chen, Y.T. (1999) Gender differences in relation to leptin concentration and insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic Chinese subjects. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders 23, 754–759.
- Sumner, A.E., Falkner, B., Kushner, H. and Considine, R.V. (1998) Relationship of leptin concentration to gender, menopause, age, diabetes, and fat mass in African Americans. Obesity Research 6, 128–133.
- Weigle, D.S., Duell, P.B., Connor, W.E., Steiner, R.A., Soules, M.R. and Kuijper, J.L. (1997) Effect of fasting, refeeding, and dietary fat restriction on plasma leptin levels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 82, 561–565.
- Yanovski, J.A., Yanovski, S.Z., Friedman, T.C., Loh, Y.P., Jayasvasti, V., Cutler, G.B. and Chaousos, G.P. (1996) Etiology of the differences in corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced adrenocorticotropin secretion of black and white women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 81, 3307–3311.