N-3 fatty acids reduced trans fatty acids retention and increased docosahexaenoic acid levels in the brain

References

• Kim HW, Rao JS, Rapoport SI, Igarashi M. Regulation of rat brain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism during graded dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011;85:361–68. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest J, Garg M, Bilgin A, Grant R. Relationship between central and peripheral fatty acids in humans. Lipids Health Dis 2013;12:79–85. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-12-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innis SM. The role of dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in the developing brain. Dev Neurosci 2000;22:474–80. doi: 10.1159/000017478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uauy R, Mena P, Rojas C. Essential fatty acids in early life: structural and functional role. Proc Nutr Soc 2000;59:3–15. doi: 10.1017/S0029665100000021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem N, Litman B, Kim HY, Gawrisch K. Mechanisms of action of docosahexaenoic acid in the nervous system. Lipids 2001;36:945–59. doi: 10.1007/s11745-001-0805-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youdim KA, Martin A, Joseph JA. Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000;18:383–99. doi: 10.1016/S0736-5748(00)00013-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprecher H. Metabolism of highly unsaturated n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1486:219–31. doi: 10.1016/S1388-1981(00)00077-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jump DB, Botolin D, Wang Y, Xu J, Christian B, Demeure O. Fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription. J Nutr 2005;135:2503–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igarashi M, Ma K, Chang L, Bell JM, Rapoport SI. Dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation for 15 weeks upregulates elongase and desaturase expression in rat liver but not brain. J Lipid Res 2007;48:2463–70. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M700315-JLR200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdge GC, Calder PC. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reprod Nutr Dev 2005;45:581–97. doi: 10.1051/rnd:2005047
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Innis SM. Dietary (n-3) fatty acids and brain development. J Nutr 2007;137:855–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra A, Singhal N, Khurana L. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes in developing countries: role of dietary fats and oils. J Am Coll Nutr 2010;29:289S–301S. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinikoor LC, Millikan RC, Satia JA, Schroeder JC, Martin CF, Ibrahim JG, et al. Trans-Fatty acid consumption and its association with distal colorectal cancer in the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study II. Cancer Causes Control 2010;21:171–80. doi: 10.1007/s10552-009-9447-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remig V, Franklin FB, Margolis S, Kostas G, Nece T, Street JC. Trans fats in America: a review of their use, consumption, health implications, and regulation. J Am Diet Assoc 2010;110:585–92. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.12.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs SM, Thow AM, Leeder SR. The effectiveness of policies for reducing dietary trans fat: a systematic review of the evidence. Bull World Health Organ 2013;91:262–9. doi: 10.2471/BLT.12.111468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian D, Aro A, Willett WC. Health effects of trans-fatty acids: experimental and observational evidence. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63(2):S5–21. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira AM, Pase CS, Boufleur N, Roversi K, Barcelos RCS, Benvegnú DM, et al. Exercise affects memory acquisition, anxiety-like symptoms and activity of membrane-bound enzyme in brain of rats fed with different dietary fats: impairments of trans fat. Neuroscience 2011;195:80–88. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira AM, Dias VT, Pase CS, Roversi K, Boufleur N, Barcelos RCS, et al. Could dietary trans fatty acids induce movement disorders? Effects of exercise and its influence on Na+K+-ATPase and catalase activity in rat striatum. Behav Brain Res 2012;226:504–10. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevizol F, Roversi K, Dias VT, Roversi Kr, Pase CS, Barcelos RCS, et al. Influence of lifelong dietary fats on the brain fatty acids and amphetamine-induced behavioral responses in adult rat. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013;45:215–22. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevizol F, Dias VT, Roversi K, Barcelos RC, Kuhn FT, Roversi KR, et al. Cross-generational trans fat intake modifies BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus: impact on memory loss in a mania animal model. Hippocampus 2015;25:556–65. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pase CS, Roversi Kr, Trevizol F, Kuhn FT, Dias VT, Roversi K, et al. Chronic consumption of trans fat can facilitate the development of hyperactive behavior in rats. Physiol Behav 2015;139:344–50. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pages N, Maurois P, Delplanque B, Bac P, Martin J-C, Du Q, et al. Brain protection by rapeseed oil in magnesium-deficient mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011;85:5. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguemeni C, Delplanque B, Rovère C, Simon-Rousseau N, Gandin C, Agnani G, et al. Dietary supplementation of alpha-linolenic acid in an enriched rapeseed oil diet protects from stroke. Pharmacol Res 2010;61(3):226–33. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntambi JM. Cellular differentiation and dietary regulation of gene expression. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995;52(2–3):117–20. doi: 10.1016/0952-3278(95)90009-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton CM, Ntambi JM. Biochemical and physiological function of stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009;297(1):E28–37. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90897.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer JK, Parodi PW, Jensen RG, Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP, Adlof RO. Rumenic acid: a proposed common name for the major conjugated linoleic acid isomer found in natural products. Lipids 1998;33(8):835–9. doi: 10.1007/s11745-998-0279-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oleszczuk J, Oleszczuk L, Siwicki AK, Skopinska-Skopinska E. Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids supplementation. Pol J Vet Sci 2012;15:403–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampath H, Ntambi JM. Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha: independent and interactive roles in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006;9(2):84–88. doi: 10.1097/01.mco.0000214564.59815.af
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayne K. Revised guide for the care and use of laboratory animals available. American Physiological Society. Physiologist 1996;39(4):199, 208–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC, Jr. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 1993;123:1939–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 1959;37:911–7. doi: 10.1139/o59-099
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saın J, Gonzalez MA, Lavandera JV, Scalerandi MV, Bernal CA. Trans fatty acid retention and conversion rates of fatty acids in tissues depend on dietary fat in mice. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2015;117(8):1146–58. doi: 10.1002/ejlt.201400287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods 2001;25:402–8. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larque E, Garcıa-Ruiz PA, Perez-Llamas F, Zamora S, Gil A. Dietary trans fatty acids alter the compositions of microsomes and mitochondria and the activities of microsome delta6-fatty acid desaturase and glucose-6-phosphatase in livers of pregnant rats. J Nutr 2003;133:2526–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roach C, Feller SE, Ward JA, Shaikh SR, Zerouga M, Stillwell W. Comparison of cis and trans fatty acid containing phosphatidylcholines on membrane properties. Biochemistry 2004;43:6344–51. doi: 10.1021/bi049917r
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Mostofsky DI. Essential fatty acids and the brain: from infancy to aging. Neurobiol Aging 2005;26:98–102. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersen J, Opstvedt J. Trans fatty acids. Fatty acid composition of lipids of the brain and other organs in suckling piglets. Lipids 1992;27:761–9. doi: 10.1007/BF02535846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larque E, Zamora S, Gil A. Dietary trans fatty acids in early life: a review. Early Hum Dev 2001;65:S31–41. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3782(01)00201-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acar N, Chardigny J-M, Darbois M, Pasquis B, Sebedio J-L. Modification of the dopaminergic neurotransmitters in striatum, frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats fed for 21 months with trans isomers of α-linolenic acid. Neurosci Res 2003;45:375–82. doi: 10.1016/S0168-0102(02)00249-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alasnier C, Berdeaux O, Chardigny JM, Sebedio JL. Fatty acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid content of different tissues in rats fed individual conjugated linoleic acid isomers given as triacylglycerols. J Nutr Biochem 2002;13:337–45. doi: 10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00176-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faa M, Dianab A, Cartaa G, Cordeddua L, Melisa MP, Murrua E, et al. Incorporation and metabolism of c9,t11 and t10,c12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in rat brain. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005;1736:61–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntambi JM, Miyazaki M. Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturases and role in metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2004;43(2):91–104. doi: 10.1016/S0163-7827(03)00039-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovik KE, Spydevold OS, Bremer J. The fatty acids as inhibitors and substrates of stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997;1349:251–6. doi: 10.1016/S0005-2760(97)00135-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Strable MS, Ntambi JM. Stearoyl CoA desaturase 1: Role in cellular inflammation and stress. Adv Nutr 2011;2(1):15–22. doi: 10.3945/an.110.000125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sastry PS. Lipids of nervous tissue: composition and metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 1985;24:69–176. doi: 10.1016/0163-7827(85)90011-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igarashi M, Kim HW, Gao F, Chang L, Ma K, Rapoport SI. Fifteen weeks of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation increase turnover of n-6 docosapentaenoic acid in rat-brain phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012;1821:1235–43. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moranis A, Delpech JC, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Aubert A, Guesnet P, Lavialle M, Joffre C, et al. Long term adequate n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet protects from depressive-like behavior but not from working memory disruption and brain cytokine expression in aged mice. Brain Behav Immun 2012;26(5):721–31. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phivilay A, Julien C, Tremblay C, Berthiaume L, Julien P, Giguère Y, et al. High dietary consumption of trans fatty acids decreases brain docosahexaenoic acid but does not alter amyloid-beta and tau pathologies in the 3xTg AD model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2009;159(1):296–307. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saín J, González MA, Lasa A, Scalerandi MV, Bernal CA, Portillo MP. Effects of trans-fatty acids on liver lipid metabolism in mice fed on diets showing different fatty acid composition. Ann Nutr Metab 2013;62(3):242–9. doi: 10.1159/000339453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contreras MA, Rapoport SI. Recent studies on interactions between n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain and other tissues. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002;13:267–72. doi: 10.1097/00041433-200206000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson E, Wall R, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP, Stanton C. Health implications of high dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Metab 2012;2012:1–16. doi: 10.1155/2012/539426
   Google Scholar
• Wu JH, Lemaitre RN, King IB, Song X, Psaty BM, Siscovick DS, et al. Circulating omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality: The cardiovascular health study. Circulation 2014;130(15):1245–53. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar