The role of nutritional factors during adolescence in multiple sclerosis onset: a population-based incident case–control study

References

• Ascherio A, Munger KL. Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors. Ann Neurol. 2007;61:504–13. doi: 10.1002/ana.21141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebers GC. Environmental factors and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:268–77. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70042-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadovnick AD, Dyment DA, Ebers GC, Risch NJ. Canadian Collaborative Study G. Evidence for genetic basis of multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 1996;347:1728–30. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90807-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne P, Chandraratna D, Angood C, Tremlett H, Baker C, Taylor BV, et al. Atlas of multiple sclerosis 2013: A growing global problem with widespread inequity. Neurology. 2014;83:1022–4. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhami S-R, Mohammad K, Sahraian MA, Eftekhar H. A 20-year incidence trend (1989–2008) and point prevalence (March 20, 2009) of multiple sclerosis in Tehran, Iran: a population-based study. Neuroepidemiology. 2011;36:141–7. doi: 10.1159/000324708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etemadifar M, Maghzi A-H. Sharp increase in the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan. Iran Mult Scler J. 2011;17:1022–7. doi: 10.1177/1352458511401460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heydarpour P, Mohammad K, Yekaninejad MS, Elhami S-R, Khoshkish S, Sahraian MA. Multiple sclerosis in Tehran, Iran: a joint point trend analysis. Mult Scler J. 2014;20:512. doi: 10.1177/1352458513494496
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kampman MT, Wilsgaard T, Mellgren SI. Outdoor activities and diet in childhood and adolescence relate to MS risk above the Arctic Circle. J Neurol. 2007;254:471–7. doi: 10.1007/s00415-006-0395-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäärnhielm M, Olsson T, Alfredsson L. Fatty fish intake is associated with decreased occurrence of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2014;20:726–32. doi: 10.1177/1352458513509508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadirian P, Jain M, Ducic S, Shatenstein B, Morisset R. Nutritional factors in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study in Montreal, Canada. Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27:845–52. doi: 10.1093/ije/27.5.845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang SM, Willett WC, Hernán MA, Olek MJ, Ascherio A. Dietary fat in relation to risk of multiple sclerosis among two large cohorts of women. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:1056–64. doi: 10.1093/aje/152.11.1056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauer K. The risk of multiple sclerosis in the USA in relation to sociogeographic features: a factor-analytic study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:43–48. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(94)90032-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese M, Riise T, Bjørnevik K, Holmøy T, Kampman MT, Magalhaes S, et al. Timing of use of cod liver oil, a vitamin D source, and multiple sclerosis risk: The EnvIMS study. Mult Scler J. 2015;21:1856–64. doi: 10.1177/1352458515578770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdollahpour I, Nedjat S, Sahraian MA, Mansournia MA, Otahal P, van der Mei I. Waterpipe smoking associated with multiple sclerosis: A population-based incident case–control study. Mult Scler J. 2017;23:1328–35.
   Google Scholar
• Abdollahpour I, Nedjat S, Mansournia MA, Sahraian MA, Kaufman JS. Estimating the marginal causal effect of fish consumption during adolescence on multiple sclerosis: a population-based incident case-control study. Neuroepidemiology. 2018;50:111–8. doi: 10.1159/000487640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, Clanet M, Cohen JA, Filippi M, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol. 2011;69:292–302. doi: 10.1002/ana.22366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wacholder S, Silverman DT, McLaughlin JK, Mandel JS. Selection of controls in case-control studies: II. types of controls. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135:1029–41. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kish L. A procedure for objective respondent selection within the household. J Am Stat Assoc. 1949;44:380–7. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1949.10483314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugliatti M, Casetta I, Drulovic J, Granieri E, Holmøy T, Kampman MT, et al. A questionnaire for multinational case–control studies of environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis (EnvIMS-Q). Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;126:43–50. doi: 10.1111/ane.12032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahraian MA, Naghshineh H, Shati M, Jahromi SR, Rezaei N. Persian adaptation of a questionnaire of environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis (EnvIMS-Q). Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2016;10:82–5. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feskanich D, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Litin LB, et al. Reproducibility and validity of food intake measurements from a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. J Am Dietet Assoc. 1993;93:790–6. doi: 10.1016/0002-8223(93)91754-E
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugliatti M, Casetta I, Drulovic J, Granieri E, Holmøy T, Kampman MT, et al. A questionnaire for multinational case-control studies of environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis (EnvIMS-Q). Acta Neurol Scand. 2012 126:43–50. doi: 10.1111/ane.12032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler NE, Epel ES, Castellazzo G, Ickovics JR. Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White women. Health Psychol. 2000;19(586):586–92. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern epidemiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Sedaghat F, Jessri M, Behrooz M, Mirghotbi M, Rashidkhani B. Mediterranean diet adherence and risk of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr. 2016;25:377–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahromi SR, Toghae M, Jahromi MJ, Aloosh M. Dietary pattern and risk of multiple sclerosis. Iran J Neurol. 2012;11:47–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoare S, Lithander F, van der Mei I, Ponsonby A-L, Lucas R, Group AI. Higher intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a decreased risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination: results from the Ausimmune study. Mult Scler J. 2016;22:884–92. doi: 10.1177/1352458515604380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder PC. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:1505S–19S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1505S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafeshani O, Sarrafzadegan N, Nouri F, Mohammadifard N. Major dietary patterns in Iranian adolescents: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program, Iran. ARYA Atheroscler. 2015;11(61):61–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohammadifard N, Sarrafzadegan N, Nouri F, Sajjadi F, Alikhasi H, Maghroun M, et al. Using factor analysis to identify dietary patterns in Iranian adults: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. Int J Pub Health. 2012;57:235–41. doi: 10.1007/s00038-011-0260-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelishadi R, Ardalan G, Gheiratmand R, Gouya MM, Razaghi EM, Delavari A, et al. Association of physical activity and dietary behaviours in relation to the body mass index in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents: CASPIAN study. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:19–26. doi: 10.2471/BLT.06.030783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Abdi S, Arab Salmani M, Ghoreishinia G, Falahi E, et al. Prevalence of food insecurity in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Akbari F, Azadbakht L. A systematic review on diet quality among Iranian youth: focusing on reports from Tehran and Isfahan. Archiv Iran Med (AIM). 2014;17:574–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger KL, Chitnis T, Ascherio A. Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women. Neurology. 2009;73:1543–50. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c0d6e0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar