Vitamins: a nutritional intervention to modulate the Alzheimer’s disease progression

References

• Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2012;8:131–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Chicago (IL); 2018. Available from: https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures.
   Google Scholar
• Bachurin SO, Bovina EV, Ustyugov AA. Drugs in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease: the major trends. Med Res Rev. 2017;37:1186–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM. Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:329–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam J, Jaiswal V, Sharma L. Screening of antibiotics against β-amyloid as anti-amyloidogenic agents. A drug repurposing approach. Curr Comput-Aid Drug. 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1573409916666200703171732.
   Google Scholar
• Palop JJ, Mucke L. Network abnormalities and interneuron dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17:777–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godoy JA, Rios JA, Zolezzi JM, Braidy N, Inestrosa NC. Signaling pathway cross talk in Alzheimer’s disease. Cell Comm Signaling. 2014;12:23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cioanca O, Hancianu M, Mihasan M, Hritcu L. Antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities of inhaled juniper oil on amyloid beta (1–42)-induced oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus. Neurochem Res. 2015;40:952–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E Abdel Moneim ⍰.. Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2015;12:335–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krstic D, Knuesel I. Deciphering the mechanism underlying late-onset Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9:25–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arimon M, Takeda S, Post KL, Svirsky S, Hyman BT, Berezovska O. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are upstream of amyloid pathology. Neurobiol Dis. 2015;84:109–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes DE, Yaffe K. The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer’s disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:819–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrijvers EM, Witteman JC, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM. Insulin metabolism and the risk of Alzheimer disease: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 2010;75:1982–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins IJ, Hone E, Foster JK, Sunram-Lea SI, Gnjec A, Fuller SJ, et al. Apolipoprotein E, cholesterol metabolism, diabetes, and the convergence of risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular disease. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:721–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Schupf N, Brickman AM, Cosentino S, Tang MX, et al. Physical activity, diet, and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2009;302:627–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Tang MX, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Mediterranean diet and risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2006;59:912–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgener SC, Buettner L, Coen Buckwalter K, Beattie E, Bossen AL, Fick DM, et al. Evidence supporting nutritional interventions for persons in early stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD). J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12:18–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan J, Calvaresi E, Hughes D. Short-term folate, vitamin B12 or vitamin B6 supplementation slightly affects memory performance but not mood in women of various ages. J Nutr. 2002;132:1345–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solfrizzi V, Colacicco AM, D’Introno A, Capurso C, Parigi AD, Capurso SA, et al. Dietary fatty acids intakes and rate of mild cognitive impairment. The Italian longitudinal study on aging. Exp Gerontol. 2006;41:619–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dangour AD, Whitehouse PJ, Rafferty K, Mitchell SA, Smith L, Hawkesworth S, et al. B-Vitamins and fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: a systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22:205–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanska DJ. Chapter 30: historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency disorders: the water-soluble B vitamins. Handb Clin Neurol. 2010;95:445–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hopkins FG. Feeding experiments illustrating the importance of accessory factors in normal dietaries. J Physiol. 1912;44:425–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheltens P, Twisk JW, Blesa R, Scarpini E, von Arnim CA, Bongers A, et al. Efficacy of sSouvenaid in mild Alzheimer’s disease: results from a randomized, controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;31:225–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchsinger JA, Mayeux R. Dietary factors and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3:579–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds E. Vitamin B12, folic acid, and the nervous system. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:949–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamphuis PJ, Scheltens P. Can nutrients prevent or delay onset of Alzheimer’s disease? J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20:765–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aisen PS, Schneider LS, Sano M, Diaz-Arrastia R, Dyck C, Weiner MF, et al. High-dose B vitamins supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300:1774–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huskisson E, Maggini S, Ruf M. The influence of micronutrients on cognitive function and performance. J Int Med Res. 2007;35:1–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raichle ME, Gusnard DA. Appraising the brain’s energy budget. PNAS. 2002;99:10237–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinin NL, West XZ, Byzova TV. Oxidation as “the stress of life”. Aging (Albany NY). 2011;3:906–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ortega RM, Requejo AM, Andres P, Lopez-Sobaler AM, Quintas ME, Redondo MR, et al. Dietary intake and cognitive function in a group of elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:803–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray SL, Hanlon JT, Landerman LR, Artz M, Schmader KE, Fillenbaum GG. Is antioxidant use protective of cognitive function in the community-dwelling elderly? Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2003;1:3–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meertens L, Solano L. Vitamin B12, folic acid and mental function in the elderly. Invest Clin. 2005;46:53–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenwood CE, Winocur G. Decline in cognitive function with aging: impact of diet. Mature Med. 1999;2:205–9
   Google Scholar
• Raskind M. Nutrition and cognitive function in the elderly. JAMA. 1983;249:2939–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulionis L, Kane S, Meckling KA. Vitamin status and cognitive function in a long-term care population. BMC Geriatr. 2005;5:1–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sommer A, West KP. Vitamin a deficiency: health, survival and vision. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Maden M. Retinoic acid in the development, regeneration and maintenance of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8:755–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman AB, Pardee AB. Evidence for defective retinoid transport and function in late onset Alzheimer’s disease. PNAS. 2003;100:2901–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor A, Wang BJ, Hsu WM, Chang MU, Liang SM, Liao YF. Retinoic acid-elicited RARα/RXRα signaling attenuates Aβ production by directly inhibiting γ-secretase-mediated cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2013;4:1093–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran JP, So PL, Maden M. Disruption of the retinoid signalling pathway causes a deposition of amyloid beta in the adult rat brain. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;20:896–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misner DL, Jacobs S, Shimizu Y, de Urquiza AM, Solomin L, Perlmann T, et al. Vitamin A deprivation results in reversible loss of hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. PNAS. 2001;98:11714–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou N, Ren L, Gong M, Bi Y, Gu Y, Dong Z, et al. Vitamin A deficiency impairs spatial learning and memory: the mechanism of abnormal CBP-dependent histone acetylation regulated by retinoic acid receptor Alpha. Mol Neurobiol. 2015;51:633–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng J, Chen L, Wang Z, Chen Q, Fan Z, Jiang H, et al. Marginal Vitamin A deficiency facilitates Alzheimer’s pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol. 2017;133:967–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995–2005: WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency. WHO; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Lopes da Silva S, Vellas B, Elemans S, Luchsinger J, Kamphuis P, Yaffe K, et al. Plasma nutrient status of patients with Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10:485–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jama JW, Launer LJ, Witteman JC, den Breeijen JH, Breteler MM, Grobbee DE, et al. Dietary antioxidants and cognitive function in a population-based sample of older persons. The Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144:275–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goncalves MB, Clarke E, Hobbs C, Malmqvist T, Deacon R, Jack J, et al. Amyloid beta inhibits retinoic acid synthesis exacerbating Alzheimer disease pathology which can be attenuated by an retinoic acid receptor alpha agonist. Eur J Neurosci. 2013;37:1182–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhardt S, Grimm MO, Stahlmann C, Hartmann T, Shudo K, Tomita T, et al. Rescue of hypovitaminosis a induces non-amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2016;13:1277–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao AV, Balachandran B. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutr Neurosci. 2002;5:291–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown J, Bianco JI, McGrath JJ, Eyles DW. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 induces nerve growth factor, promotes neurite outgrowth and inhibits mitosis in embryonic rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 2003;343:139–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin A. Antioxidant Vitamins E and C and risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Nutr Rev. 2003;61:69–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiely A, Ferland G, Ouliass B, O’Toole PW, Purtill H, O’Connor EM. Vitamin K status and inflammation are associated with cognition in older Irish adults. Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23:591–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauncey MJ. Genomic and epigenomic insights into nutrition and brain disorders. Nutrients. 2013;5:887–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottiglieri T. Homocysteine and folate metabolism in depression. Prog Neuro-Psychoph. 2005;29:1103–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refsum H, Smith AD, Ueland PM, Nexo E, Clarke R, McPartlin J, et al. Facts and recommendations about total homocysteine determinations: an expert opinion. Clin Chem. 2004;50:3–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AD. The worldwide challenge of the dementias: a role for B vitamins and homocysteine? Food Nutr Bull. 2008;29:S143–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oulhaj A, Refsum H, Beaumont H, Williams J, King E, Jacoby R, et al. Homocysteine as a predictor of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25:82–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douauda G, Refsum H, de Jagerc CA, Jacobye R, Nicholsa TE, Smitha SM, et al. Preventing Alzheimer’s disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment. PNAS. 2013;110:9523–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AD, Smith SM, de Jager CA, Whitbread P, Johnston C, Agacinski G, et al. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment. A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e12244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jager CA, Oulhaj A, Jacoby R, Refsum H, Smith AD. Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27:592–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang DM, Ye JX, Mu JS, Cui XP. Efficacy of vitamin B supplementation on cognition in elderly patients with cognitive-related diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Geriatr Psych Neur. 2017;30:50–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockroft DL. Vitamin deficiencies and neural-tube defects: human and animal studies. Hum Reprod. 1991;6:148–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sechi GP, Sechi E, Fois C, Kumar N. Advances in clinical determinants and neurological manifestations of B vitamin deficiency in adults. Nutr Rev. 2016;74:281–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AP, Clark RE, Nutt DJ, Haller J, Hayward SG, Perry K. Vitamin C, mood and cognitive functioning in the elderly. Nutr Neurosci. 1999;2:249–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vesely DL. Biotin enhances guanylate cyclase activity. Science. 1982;216:1329–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drora V, Rehavia M, Bitonb IE, Eliash S. Rasagiline prevents neurodegeneration in thiamine deficient rats – A longitudinal MRI study. Brain Res. 2014;1557:43–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccia RM, Langlais PJ. An examination of the synergistic interaction of ethanol and thiamine deficiency in the development of neurological signs and long-term cognitive and memory impairments. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24:622–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karuppagoundera SS, Xua H, Shia Q, Chena LH, Pedrinib S, Pechmana D, et al. Thiamine deficiency induces oxidative stress and exacerbates the plaque pathology in Alzheimer’s mouse model. Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30:1587–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan X, Gong N, Zhao J, Yu Z, Gu F, Chen J, et al. Powerful beneficial effects of benfotiamine on cognitive impairment and beta-amyloid deposition in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 transgenic mice. Brain. 2010;133:1342–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markova N, Bazhenova N, Anthony DC, Vignisse J, Svistunov A, Lesch KP, et al. Thiamine and benfotiamine improve cognition and ameliorate GSK-3β associated stress-induced behaviours in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2017;75:148–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki K, Yamada K, Fukuhara Y, Tsuji A, Shibata K, Wakamatsu N. High-dose thiamine prevents brain lesions and prolongs survival of Slc19a3-deficient mice. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0180279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepersack T, Garbusinski J, Robberecht J, Beyer I, Willems D, Fuss M. Clinical relevance of thiamine status amongst hospitalized elderly patients. Gerontology. 1999;45:96–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson GE. Benfotamine in Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02292238.
   Google Scholar
• Koh F, Charlton K, Walton K, McMahon AT. Role of dietary protein and thiamine intakes on cognitive function in healthy older people: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2015;7:2415–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moat SJ, Ashfield-Watt PA, Powers HJ, Newcombe RG, McDowell IF. Effect of riboflavin status on the homocysteine-lowering effect of folate in relation to the MTHFR (C677T) genotype. Clin Chem. 2003;49:295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Scherr PA, Tangney CC, Hebert LE, et al. Dietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease and of cognitive decline. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:1093–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malouf R, Grimley EJ. The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003: CD004393.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durga J, van Boxtel MP, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Jolles J, Katan MB, et al. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369:208–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Liu S, Ji L, Wu T, Ji Y, Zhou Y, et al. Folic acid supplementation mitigates Alzheimer’s disease by reducing inflammation: a randomized controlled trial. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:5912146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malouf R, Grimley EJ. Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008: CD004514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reminton R, Bechtel C, Larsen D, Samar A, Doshanjh L, Fishman P, et al. A phase II randomized clinical trial of a nutritional formulation for cognition and mood in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;45:395–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eussen SJ, de Groot LC, Joosten LW, Bloo RJ, Clarke R, Ueland PM, et al. Effect of oral vitamin B-12 with or without folic acid on cognitive function in older people with mild vitamin B-12 deficiency: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:361–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok T, Lee J, Ma RC, Wong SY, Kung K, Lam A, et al. A randomized placebo controlled trial of vitamin B12 supplementation to prevent cognitive decline in older diabetic people with borderline low serum vitamin B12. Clin Nutr. 2017;36:1509–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arlt S, Muller-Thomsen T, Beisiegel U, Kontush A. Effect of one-year vitamin C- and E-supplementation on cerebrospinal fluid oxidation parameters and clinical course in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Res. 2012;37:2706–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annweiler C, Fantino B, Parot-Schinkel E, Thiery S, Gautier J, Beauchet O. Alzheimer’s disease - input of vitamin D with mEmantine assay (AD-IDEA trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2011;12:230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, et al. A controlled trial of Selegiline, Alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's disease cooperative study. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1216–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris MC, Beckett LA, Scherr PA, Hebert LE, Bennett DA, Field TS, et al. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1998;12:121–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter Borg S, Verlaan S, Hemsworth J, Mijnarends DM, Schols JM, Luiking YC, et al. Micronutrient intakes and potential inadequacies of community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2015;113:1195–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udhayabanu T, Manole A, Rajeshwari M, Varalakshmi P, Houlden H, Ashokkumar B. Riboflavin responsive mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. J Clin Med. 2017;6:52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jylling B. B2-avitaminose (curled-toe paralysis) hos kyllinger. Nord Vet Med. 1971;23:253–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolbuszewski T. Nervous system disturbances in chickens in the background of riboflavin deficiency in the diet. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 1971;14:563–75.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson WD, Storts RW. Peripheral neuropathy associated with dietary riboflavin deficiency in the chicken I. light microscopic study. Vet. Pathol. 1988;25:9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manole A, Jaunmuktane Z, Hargreaves I, Ludtmann MH, Salpietro V, Bello OD, et al. Clinical, pathological and functional characterization of riboflavin-responsive neuropathy. Brian. 2017;140:2820–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelius N, Corydon TJ, Gregersen N, Olsen RK. Cellular consequences of oxidative stress in riboflavin responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency patient fibroblasts. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23:4285–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Man PY, Turnbull DM, Chinnery PF. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. J Med Genet. 2002;39:162–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugiani M, Lamantea E, Invemizzi F, Moroni I, Bizzi A, Zeviani M, et al. Effects of riboflavin in chicken with complex II deficiency. Brain Dev. 2006;28:576–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naviaux RK, Nyhan WL, Barshop BA, Poulton J, Markusic D, Karpinski NC, et al. Mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma deficiency and mtDNA depletion in a child with Alpers’ syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1999;45:54–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grad LI, Lemire BD. Riboflavin enhances the assembly of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase in C. elegans NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase mutants. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg. 2006;1757:115–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naghashpour M, Amani R, Sarkaki A, Ghadiri A, Samarbafzadeh A, Jafarirad S, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic and immunologic factors: beneficial effects of riboflavin on motor disability in murine model of multiple sclerosis. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2016;19:439–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray A, Martinez BA, Berkowitz LA, Caldwell GA, Caldwell KA. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration elicited by a bacterial metabolite in a C. elegans Parkinson’s model. Cell Death Dis. 2014;5:e984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, D’Agostino RB, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:476–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamat PK, Vacek JC, Kalani A, Tyagi N. Homocysteine induced cerebrovascular dysfunction: A link to Alzheimer’s disease etiology. Open Neurol J. 2015;9:9–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butterfield DA, Boyd-Kimball D. Amyloid β-peptide1–42 contributes to the oxidative stress and neurodegeneration found in Alzheimer disease brain. Brain Pathol. 2004;14:426–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirendeb UP, Calkins MJ, Manczak M, Anekonda V, Dufour B, McBride JL, et al. Mutant Huntington’s interaction with mitochondrial protein Drp1 impairs mitochondrial biogenesis and causes defective axonal transport and synaptic degeneration in Huntington’s disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2012;21:406–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfries CG, Lehmann W, Regland B. Early diagnosis of cognitive impairment in the elderly with the focus on Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm. 1998;105:773–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seshadri S. Homocysteine and the risk of dementia. Clin Chem. 2012;58:1059–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rue AL, Koehler KM, Wayne SJ, Chiulli SJ, Haaland KY, Garry PJ. Nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a normally aging sample: A 6-y reassessment. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:20–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michikawa M. Neurodegenerative disorders and cholesterol. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2004;1:271–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rebeck GW. Cholesterol efflux as a critical component of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Mol Neurosci. 2004;23:219–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao SP, Yang J, Li J, Dong SZ, Wu ZH. Effect of niacin on LXRalpha and PPARgamma expression and HDL-induced cholesterol efflux in adipocytes of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Int J Cardiol. 2008;124:172–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michikawa M. Cholesterol paradox, is high total or low HDL cholesterol level a risk for Alzheimer's disease? J Neurosci Res. 2003;72:141–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCddon A, Davis G, Hudson P, Tandy S, Cattell H. Total serum homocysteine in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Int J Geriatr Psych. 1998;13:235–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller JW. Homocysteine and Alzheimer’s disease. Nutr Rev. 1999;57:126–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreekumaran E, Ramakrishna T, Madhav TR, Anandh D, Prabhu BM, Sulekha S, et al. Loss of dendritic connectivity in CA1, CA2, and CA3 neurons in hippocampus in rat under aluminum toxicity: Antidotal effect of pyridoxine. Brain Res Bull. 2003;59:421–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung HY, Kim DW, Nam SM, Kim JW, Chung JY, Won MH, et al. Pyridoxine improves hippocampal cognitive function via increases of serotonin turnover and tyrosine hydroxylase, and its association with CB1 cannabinoid receptor-interacting protein and the CB1 cannabinoid receptor pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2017;1861:3142–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Qiang X, Li Y, Luo L, Xu R, Zheng Y, et al. Pyridoxine-Resveratrol hybrids Mannich base derivatives as novel dual inhibitors of AChE and MAO-B with antioxidant and metal-chelating properties for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Chem. 2017;71:305–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rommer PS, Fuchs D, Leblhuber F, Schroth R, Greilberger M, Tafeit E, et al. Lowered levels of carbonyl proteins after vitamin B supplementation in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurodegener Dis. 2016;16:284–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Liu H, Yu M, Zhang X, Zhang M, Wilson JX, et al. Folic acid administration inhibits amyloid β-peptide accumulation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2015;26:883–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Jiang M, Zhao S, Liu H, Zhang X, Wilson JX, et al. Folic acid inhibits amyloid β-peptide production through modulating DNA methyltransferase activity in N2a-APP cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16:25002–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueiredo CP, Bicca MA, Latini A, Prediger RD, Medeiros R, Calixto JB. Folic acid plus α-tocopherol mitigates amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity through modulation of mitochondrial complex activity. J Alzheimer Dis. 2011;24:61–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budni J, Molz S, Dal-Cim T, Martín-de-Saavedra MD, Egea J, Lopéz MG, Tasca CI, et al. Folic acid protects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in hippocampal slices through a mechanism that implicates inhibition of GSK-3β and iNOS. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55:1580–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T, Huang RS, Lin S, Lu J, Tang M, Chiu M. Folic acid Potentiates the effect of memantine on spatial learning and neuronal protection in an Alzheimer’s disease transgenic model. J Alzheimer Dis. 2010;20:607–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T, Tang M, Chou C, Chiu M, Huang RS. Dose-dependent folic acid and memantine treatments promote synergistic or additive protection against Ab(25–35) peptide-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells mediated by mitochondria stress-associated death signals. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;62:538–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshinaga T, Nishimata H, Kajiya Y, Yokoyama S. Combined assessment of serum folate and hemoglobin as biomarkers of brain amyloid-β accumulation. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0175854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bito T, Misaki T, Yabuta Y, Ishikawa T, Kawano T, Watanabe F. Vitamin B12 deficiency results in severe oxidative stress, leading to memory retention impairment in Caenorhabditis elegans. Redox Biol. 2017;11:21–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malouf R, Areosa Sastre A. Vitamin B12 for cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003: CD004394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y, Ha J, Park J, Lee B, Moon E, Chung Y, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype modulates effects of vitamin B12 and homocysteine on grey matter volume in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychogeriatrics. 2016;16:3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogiatzoglou A, Smith AD, Nurk E, Drevon CA, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, et al. Cognitive function in an elderly population: interaction between vitamin B12 status, depression, and apolipoprotein E ε4: the Hordaland homocysteine study. Psychosom Med. 2013;75:20–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köbe T, Witte AV, Schnelle A, Grittner U, Tesky VA, Pantel J, et al. Vitamin B 12 concentration, memory performance,and hippocampal structure in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103:1045–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale CR, Martyn C, Cooper C. Cognitive impairment and mortality in a cohort of elderly people. Br Med J. 1996;312:608–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison FE, May JM, McDonald MP. Vitamin C deficiency increases basal exploratory activity but decreases scopolamine-induced activity in APP/PSEN1 transgenic mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010;94:543–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit S, Bernardo A, Walker MJ, Kennard JA, Kim GY, Kessler ES, et al. Vitamin C deficiency in the brain impairs cognition, increases amyloid accumulation and deposition, and oxidative stress in APP/PSEN1 and normally-aging mice. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2015;6:570–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison FE, Hosseini AH, McDonald MP, May JM. Vitamin C reduces spatial learning deficits in middle-aged and very old APP/PSEN1 transgenic and wild-type mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2009;93:443–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami K, Murata N, Ozawa Y, Kinoshita N, Irie K, Shirasawa T, et al. Vitamin C restores behavioral deficits and amyloid-β oligomerization without affecting plaque formation in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;26:7–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad A, Shah SA, Badshah H, Kim MJ, Ali T, Yoon GH, et al. Neuroprotection by vitamin C against ethanol-induced neuroinflammation associated neurodegeneration in the developing Rat brain. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2016;15:360–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sil S, Ghosh T, Gupta P, Ghosh R, Kabir SN, Roy A. Dual role of vitamin C on the neuroinflammation mediated neurodegeneration and memory impairments in colchicine induced Rat model of Alzheimer disease. J Mol Neurosci. 2016;60:421–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agron E, Launer LJ, Grodstein F, Bernstein PS, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids, Lutein/zeaxanthin, or other nutrient supplementation on cognitive function: the AREDS2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:791–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basambombo LL, Carmichael P, Côté S, Laurin D. Use of vitamin E and C supplements for the prevention of cognitive decline. Ann Pharmacother. 2017;51:118–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcion E, Wion-Barbot N, Montero-Menei CN, Berger F, Wion D. New clues about vitamin D functions in the nervous system. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002;13:100–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalueff AV, Tuohimaa P. Neurosteroid hormone vitamin D and its utility in clinical nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10:12–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland MK, Somerville MJ, Yoong LK, Bergeron C, Haussler MR, McLachlan DR. Reduction of vitamin D hormone receptor mRNA levels in Alzheimer as compared to Huntington hippocampus: correlation with calbindin-28k mRNA levels. Mol Brain Res. 1992;13:239–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morello M, Landel V, Lacassagne E, Baranger K, Annweiler C, Féron F, et al. Vitamin D improves neurogenesis and cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55:6463–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm M, Lehmann J, Mett J, Zimmer VC, Grosgen S, Stahlmann CP, et al. Impact of vitamin D on amyloid precursor protein processing and amyloid-β peptide degradation in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurodegener Dis. 2014;13:75–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm M, Thiel A, Lauer AA, Winkler J, Lehmann J, Regner L, et al. Vitamin D and its analogues decrease amyloid-β (Aβ) formation and increase Aβ-degradation. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:2764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annweiler C, Herrmann FR, Fantino B, Brugg B, Beauchet O. Effectiveness of the combination of memantine Plus vitamin D on cognition in patients With Alzheimer disease: A pre-post pilot study. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2012;25:121–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemire P, Brangier A, Beaudenon M, Duval GT, Annweiler C. Cognitive changes under memantine according to vitamin D status in Alzheimer patients: An exposed/unexposed cohort pilot study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;175:151–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller JW, Harvey DJ, Beckett LA, Green R, Farias ST, Reed BR, et al. Vitamin D status and rates of cognitive decline in a multiethnic cohort of older adults. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72:1295–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersen JA. Does high dose vitamin D supplementation enhance cognition?: a randomized trial in healthy adults. Exp Gerontol. 2017;90:90–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddock J, Zhou A, Cavadino A, Kuźma E, Bao Y, Smart MC, et al. Vitamin D and cognitive function: a Mendelian randomisation study. Sci Rep. 2017;7:13230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia J, Hu J, Huo X, Miao R, Zhang Y, Ma F. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive function and blood Aβ-related biomarkers in older adults with Alzheimer's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90:1347–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishida Y, Yokota T, Takahashi T, Uchihara T, Jishage K, Mizusawa H. Deletion of vitamin E enhances phenotype of Alzheimer disease model mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;350:530–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishida Y, Ito S, Ohtsuki S, Yamamoto N, Takahashi T, Iwata N, et al. Depletion of vitamin E increases amyloid-β accumulation by decreasing its clearances from brain and blood in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:33400–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukui K, Masuda A, Hosono A, Suwabe R, Yamashita K, Shinkai T, et al. Changes in microtubule-related proteins and autophagy in long-term vitamin E-deficient mice. Free Radic Res. 2014;48:649–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukui K, Kawakami H, Honjo T, Ogasawara R, Takastu H, Shinkai T, et al. Vitamin E deficiency induces axonal degeneration in mouse hippocampal neurons. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2012;58:377–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung S, Yao Y, Uryu K, Yang H, Lee V, Trojanowski JQ, et al. Early vitamin E supplementation in young but not aged mice reduces Aβ levels and amyloid deposition in a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease. FASEB J. 2004;18:323–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conte V, Uryu K, Fujimoto S, Yao Y, Rokach J, Longhi L, et al. Vitamin E reduces amyloidosis and improves cognitive function in Tg2576 mice following repetitive concussive brain injury. J Neurochem. 2004;90:758–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dysken MW, Sano M, Asthana S, Vertrees JE, Pallaki M, Llorente M, et al. Effect of vitamin E and memantine on Functional decline in Alzheimer disease. The TEAM-AD VA cooperative randomized trial. JAMA. 2014;311:33–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, Bennett D, Doody R, Ferris S, et al. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2379–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kryscio RJ, Abner EL, Caban-Holt A, Lovell M, Goodman P, Darke AK, et al. Association of antioxidant supplement use and dementia in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease by vitamin E and selenium trial (PREADViSE). JAMA Neurol. 2017;74:567–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloret A, Badía M, Mora NJ, Pallardó FV, Alonso M, Viña J. Vitamin E paradox in Alzheimer’s disease: it does not prevent loss of cognition and May even be detrimental. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;17:143–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Li J, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhang X. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on the risk and progression of AD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Neurosci. 2019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2019.1585506.
   Google Scholar
• Tourbah A, Lebrun-Frenay C, Edan G, Clanet M, Papeix C, Vukusic S, et al. MD1003 (high-dose biotin) for the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mult Scler. 2016;22:1719–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller TW, Isenberg JS, Shih HB, Wang Y, Roberts DD. Amyloid-beta inhibits No-cGMP signaling in a CD36- and CD47-dependent manner. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e15686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam J, Sharma L. Potential enzymatic targets in Alzheimer’s: a comprehensive review. Curr Drug Targets. 2019;20:316–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison AC. The possible role of vitamin K deficiency in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and in augmenting brain damage associated with cardiovascular disease. Med Hypotheses. 2001;57:151–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soutif-Veillon A, Ferland G, Rolland Y, Presse N, Bouche K, Féar C, et al. Increased dietary vitamin K intake is associated with less severe subjective memory complaint among older adults. Maturitas. 2016;93:131–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huy PD, Yu Y, Ngo ST, Thao TV, Chen C, Li MS, et al. In silico and in vitro characterization of anti-amyloidogenic activity of vitamin K3 analogues for Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1830:2960–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam P, Chaturvedi SK, Siddiqi MK, Rajpoot RK, Ajmal MR, Zaman M, et al. Vitamin k3 inhibits protein aggregation: implication in the treatment of amyloid diseases. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadipour E, Tayarani-Najaran Z, Fereidoni M. Vitamin K2 protects PC12 cells against Aβ (1-42) and H2O2-induced apoptosis via p38 MAP kinase pathway. Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23:343–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presse N, Belleville S, Gaudreau P, Greenwood CE, Kergoat MJ, Morais JA, et al. Vitamin K status and cognitive function in healthy older adults. Neurobiol Aging. 2013;34:2777–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato Y, Honda Y, Hayashida N, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Vitamin K deficiency and osteopenia in elderly women with Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:576–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chouet J, Ferland G, Féart C, Rolland Y, Presse N, Boucher K, et al. Dietary vitamin K intake is associated with cognition and behaviour among geriatric patients: the CLIP study. Nutrients. 2015;7:6739–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar