High fat diet-induced obesity causes a reduction in brain tyrosine hydroxylase levels and non-motor features in rats through metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress

References

• Bhupathiraju SN, Hu FB. Epidemiology of obesity and diabetes and their cardiovascular complications. Circ Res. 2016;118(11):1723–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielman LJ, Little JP, Klegeris A. Inflammation and insulin/IGF-1 resistance as the possible link between obesity and neurodegeneration. J Neuroimmunol. 2014;273(1–2):8–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pistell PJ, Morrison CD, Gupta S, Knight AG, Keller JN, Ingram DK, et al. Cognitive impairment following high fat diet consumption is associated with brain inflammation. J Neuroimmunol. 2010;219(1–2):25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hruby A, Hu FB. The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015;33(7):673–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucsek Z, Toth P, Sosnowska D, Gautam T, Mitschelen M, Koller A, et al. Obesity in aging exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in the mouse hippocampus: effects on expression of genes involved in beta-amyloid generation and Alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(10):1212–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda S, Sato N, Morishita R. Systemic inflammation, blood-brain barrier vulnerability and cognitive/non-cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer disease: relevance to pathogenesis and therapy. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg AS, Obin MS. Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(2):461S–465S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison CD, Pistell PJ, Ingram DK, Johnson WD, Liu Y, Fernandez-Kim SO. High fat diet increases hippocampal oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in aged mice: implications for decreased Nrf2 signaling. J Neurochem. 2010;114(6):1581–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemma C, Bickford PC. Interleukin-1beta and caspase-1: players in the regulation of age-related cognitive dysfunction. Rev Neurosci. 2007;18(2):137–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano-Pozo A, Growdon JH. Is Alzheimer's disease risk modifiable? J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;67(3):795–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Guan Z, Wang L, Song G, Ma B, Wang Y. Meta-analysis: overweight, obesity, and Parkinson’s disease. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:203930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German DC, Manaye K, Smith WK, Woodward DJ, Saper CB. Midbrain dopaminergic cell loss in Parkinson's disease: computer visualization. Ann Neurol. 1989;26(4):507–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolters E. Non-motor extranigral signs and symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15(Suppl 3):S6–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Song J, Kim J. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons due to metabolic alterations and Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang G, Xia Y, Wan F, Ma K, Guo X, Kou L, et al. New perspectives on roles of Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitton PS. Inflammation as a causative factor in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;150(8):963–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinova-Mutafchieva L, Sadeghian M, Broom L, Davis JB, Medhurst AD, Dexter DT. Relationship between microglial activation and dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra: a time course study in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem. 2009;110(3):966–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolner A, Micciolo R, Bosello O, Nordera GP. A panel of oxidative stress Markers in Parkinson's disease. Clin Lab. 2016;62(1–2):105–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson DW. Neuropathology of Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018;46(Suppl 1):S30–S33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott RD, Ross GW, White LR, Nelson JS, Masaki KH, Tanner CM, et al. Midlife adiposity and the future risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 2002;59(7):1051–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios N, Gao X, McCullough ML, Jacobs EJ, Patel AV, Mayo T, et al. Obesity, diabetes, and risk of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26(12):2253–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sääksjärvi K, Knekt P, Männistö S, Lyytinen J, Heliövaara M. Prospective study on the components of metabolic syndrome and the incidence of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(10):1148–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang Y, Lee MJ, Han J, Kim SJ, Ryu I, Ju X, et al. A high-fat diet induces a loss of midbrain dopaminergic neuronal function that underlies motor abnormalities. Exp Neurobiol. 2017;26(2):104–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, South T, Han M, Chen J, Wang R, Huang XF. High-fat diet decreases tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression irrespective of obesity susceptibility in mice. Brain Res. 2009;1268:181–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortolin RC, Vargas AR, Gasparotto J, Chaves PR, Schnorr CE, Martinello KB, et al. A new animal diet based on human western diet is a robust diet-induced obesity model: comparison to high-fat and cafeteria diets in term of metabolic and gut microbiota disruption. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018;42(3):525–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antunes LC, Elkfury JL, Jornada MN, Foletto KC, Bertoluci MC. Validation of HOMA-IR in a model of insulin-resistance induced by a high-fat diet in Wistar rats. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2016;60(2):138–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh RN, Cummins RA. The open-field test: a critical review. Psychol Bull. 1976;83(3):482–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawley J, Goodwin FK. Preliminary report of a simple animal behavior model for the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1980;13(2):167–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ennaceur A, Delacour J. A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats. 1: behavioral data. Behav Brain Res. 1988;31(1):47–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeo G, Schirinzi T, Martella G, Latagliata EC, Puglisi F, Shen J, et al. PINK1 heterozygous mutations induce subtle alterations in dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity. Mov Disord. 2014;29(1):41–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz Portela LV, Oses JP, Silveira AL, Schmidt AP, Lara DR, Oliveira Battastini AM, et al. Guanine and adenine nucleotidase activities in rat cerebrospinal fluid. Brain Res. 2002;950(1–2):74–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparotto J, Senger MR, Kunzler A, Degrossoli A, de Simone SG, Bortolin RC, et al. Increased tau phosphorylation and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) in the brain of mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;43:37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976;72:248–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959;82(1):70–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro CT, Gasparotto J, Petiz LL, Brum PO, Peixoto DO, Kunzler A, et al. Oral administration of carvacrol/β-cyclodextrin complex protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic denervation. Neurochem Int. 2019;126:27–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannacciulli N, Del Parigi A, Chen K, Le DS, Reiman EM, Tataranni PA. Brain abnormalities in human obesity: a voxel-based morphometric study. NeuroImage. 2006;31(4):1419–1425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebolledo-Solleiro D, Roldán-Roldán G, Díaz D, Velasco M, Larqué C, Rico-Rosillo G, et al. Increased anxiety-like behavior is associated with the metabolic syndrome in non-stressed rats. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0176554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rial D, Castro AA, Machado N, Garção P, Gonçalves FQ, Silva HB, et al. Behavioral phenotyping of Parkin-deficient mice: looking for early preclinical features of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e114216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng HC, Ulane CM, Burke RE. Clinical progression in Parkinson disease and the neurobiology of axons. Ann Neurol. 2010;67(6):715–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainey SJ, Kwakwa KA, Bray JK, Pillote MM, Tir VL, Towers AE, et al. Short-term high-fat diet (HFD) induced anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairment are improved with treatment by Glyburide. Front Behav Neurosci. 2016;10:156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran DM, Westbrook RF. Rats fed a diet rich in fats and sugars are impaired in the use of spatial geometry. psychol sci. 2015;26(12):1947–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran DMD, Westbrook RF. Dietary effects on object recognition: the impact of high-fat high-sugar diets on recollection and familiarity-based memory. J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2018;44(3):217–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosari S, Badoer E, Nguyen JC, Killcross AS, Jenkins TA. Effect of western and high fat diets on memory and cholinergic measures in the rat. Behav Brain Res. 2012;235(1):98–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousquet M, St-Amour I, Vandal M, Julien P, Cicchetti F, Calon F. High-fat diet exacerbates MPTP-induced dopaminergic degeneration in mice. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;45(1):529–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris JK, Bomhoff GL, Stanford JA, Geiger PC. Neurodegeneration in an animal model of Parkinson's disease is exacerbated by a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010;299(4):R1082–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang LJ, Xue YQ, Yang C, Yang WH, Chen L, Zhang QJ, et al. Human albumin prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase in in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkley PR, Dickson PW. Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in vivo. J Neurochem. 2019;149(6):706–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehadeh J, Double KL, Murphy KE, Bobrovskaya L, Reyes S, Dunkley PR, et al. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase isoforms and phosphorylation at serine 40 in the human nigrostriatal system in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2019;130:104524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayliss JA, Lemus MB, Stark R, Santos VV, Thompson A, Rees DJ, et al. Ghrelin-AMPK signaling mediates the neuroprotective effects of calorie restriction in Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci. 2016;36(10):3049–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhurandhar EJ, Allison DB, van Groen T, Kadish I. Hunger in the absence of caloric restriction improves cognition and attenuates Alzheimer's disease pathology in a mouse model. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craft S, Watson GS. Insulin and neurodegenerative disease: shared and specific mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(3):169–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung YC, Kim SR, Jin BK. Paroxetine prevents loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting brain inflammation and oxidative stress in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease. J Immunol. 2010;185(2):1230–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar