Effects of different dietary interventions in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of evidence from 2018 to 2022

References

• Ghasemi N, Razavi S, Nikzad E. Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnoses and cell-based therapy. Cell J (Yakhteh). 2017;19(1):1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarlinton RE, Khaibullin T, Granatov E, Martynova E, Rizvanov A, Khaiboullina S. The interaction between viral and environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(2):303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labuschagne I, Blaauw R. Multiple sclerosis and nutrition: acondensed review. Inflammation. 2017;5(6):7.
   Google Scholar
• Evans E, Levasseur V, Cross AH, Piccio L. An overview of the current state of evidence for the role of specific diets in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;36(101393):1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fitzgerald KC, Tyry T, Salter A, Cofield SS, Cutter G, Fox RJ, et al. A survey of dietary characteristics in a large population of people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;22:12–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group* P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JE, Titcomb TJ, Bisht B, Rubenstein LM, Louison R, Wahls TL. A modified MCT-based ketogenic diet increases plasma β-hydroxybutyrate but has less effect on fatigue and quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis compared to a modified paleolithic diet: a waitlist-controlled, randomized pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2021;40(1):13–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahls TL, Titcomb TJ, Bisht B, Eyck PT, Rubenstein LM, Carr LJ, et al. Impact of the Swank and Wahls elimination dietary interventions on fatigue and quality of life in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: The WAVES randomized parallel-arm clinical trial. multiple sclerosis journal–experimental. Transl Clin. 2021;7(3):20552173211035399.
   Google Scholar
• Wahls TL, Chenard CA, Snetselaar LG. Review of two popular eating plans within the multiple sclerosis community: low saturated fat and modified paleolithic. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serra-Majem L, Tomaino L, Dernini S, Berry EM, Lairon D, de la Cruz JN, et al. Updating the Mediterranean diet pyramid towards sustainability: focus on environmental concerns. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):8758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerald J. T, Dorothy R, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. MIND diet better for brain aging. Health Nutr Lett. 2018;36(4):7.
   Google Scholar
• Huitema MJ, Schenk GJ. Insights into the mechanisms that may clarify obesity as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018;18(4):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waubant E, Lucas R, Mowry E, Graves J, Olsson T, Alfredsson L, et al. Environmental and genetic risk factors for MS: an integrated review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019;6(9):1905–1922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoddy KK, Marlatt KL, Çetinkaya H, Ravussin E. Intermittent fasting and metabolic health: from religious fast to time-restricted feeding. Obesity. 2020;28:S29–S37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockman M-C, Thomas D, Burke J, Apovian CM. Intermittent fasting: is the wait worth the weight? Curr Obes Rep. 2018;7(2):172–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akpınar Ş, Akbulut G. Aralıklı Açlık Diyetlerinin Ağırlık Denetimi ve Sağlık Çıktıları Üzerindeki Etkisi. SDU J Health Sci Inst/SDÜ Saglik Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2019;10(2):177–183.
   Google Scholar
• Bock M, Steffen F, Zipp F, Bittner S. Impact of dietary intervention on serum neurofilament light chain in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2022;9(1):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald KC, Vizthum D, Henry-Barron B, Schweitzer A, Cassard SD, Kossoff E, et al. Effect of intermittent vs. daily calorie restriction on changes in weight and patient-reported outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;23:33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald KC, Bhargava P, Smith MD, Vizthum D, Henry-Barron B, Kornberg MD, et al. Intermittent calorie restriction alters T cell subsets and metabolic markers in people with multiple sclerosis. medRxiv. 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Cignarella F, Cantoni C, Ghezzi L, Salter A, Dorsett Y, Chen L, et al. Intermittent fasting confers protection in CNS autoimmunity by altering the gut microbiota. Cell Metab. 2018;27(6):1222–1235.e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman S, Fitzgerald K, Beier M, Mowry E. Safety and feasibility of various fasting-mimicking diets among people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;42:102149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patterson RE, Sears DD. Metabolic effects of intermittent fasting. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017;37:371–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Cabo R, Mattson MP. Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(26):2541–2551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çelik ÖM, Köksal E. Aralıklı açlık uygulamalarının vücut bileşimi ve biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkisi: Bir literatür derlemesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2020;13(2):249–271.
   Google Scholar
• Masood W, Annamaraju P, Uppaluri KR. Ketogenic diet. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Alharbi A, Al-Sowayan NS. The effect of ketogenic-diet on health. Food Nutr Sci. 2020;11(4):301–313.
   Google Scholar
• Brenton JN, Banwell B, Bergqvist AC, Lehner-Gulotta D, Gampper L, Leytham E, et al. Pilot study of a ketogenic diet in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019;6(4):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock M, Karber M, Kuhn H. Ketogenic diets attenuate cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase gene expression in multiple sclerosis. EBioMed. 2018;36:293–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidan V, Koyuncu H, Toktas H. Impact of ketogenic diet versus regular diet on voice quality of patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Case Rep Clin Study. 2021;4(4):1729–1732.
   Google Scholar
• Benlloch M, López-Rodríguez MM, Cuerda-Ballester M, Drehmer E, Carrera S, Ceron JJ, et al. Satiating effect of a ketogenic diet and its impact on muscle improvement and oxidation state in multiple sclerosis patients. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klement RJ. When is a ketogenic diet ketogenic? Comment on “satiating effect of a ketogenic diet and Its impact on muscle improvement and oxidation state in multiple sclerosis patients, nutrients 2019, 11, 1156”. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh S, Dupuis N, Auvin S. Ketogenic diet and neuroinflammation. Epilepsy Res. 2020;106454:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Gough SM, Casella A, Ortega KJ, Hackam AS. Neuroprotection by the ketogenic diet: evidence and controversies. Front Nutr. 2021;8:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig DS. The ketogenic diet: evidence for optimism but high-quality research needed. J Nutr. 2020;150(6):1354–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe M, Tuccinardi D, Ernesti I, Basciani S, Mariani S, Genco A, et al. Scientific evidence underlying contraindications to the ketogenic diet: An update. Obes Rev. 2020;21(10):e13053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challa HJ, Bandlamudi M, Uppaluri KR. Paleolithic diet. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Sachdev N, Rengasamy G. Paleo diet–a review. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Chenard CA, Rubenstein LM, Snetselaar LG, Wahls TL. Nutrient composition comparison between a modified paleolithic diet for multiple sclerosis and the recommended healthy uS-style eating pattern. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titcomb TJ, Bisht B, Moore DD, Chhonker YS, Murry DJ, Snetselaar LG, et al. Eating pattern and nutritional risks among people with multiple sclerosis following a modified paleolithic diet. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titcomb TJ, Brooks L, Smith KL, Ten Eyck P, Rubenstein LM, Wahls TL, et al. Change in micronutrient intake among people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis adapting the Swank and Wahls diets: An analysis of weighed food records. Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellows MK, Wahls T, Browne RW, Rubenstein L, Bisht B, Chenard CA, et al. Lipid profile is associated with decreased fatigue in individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis following a diet-based intervention: results from a pilot study. PloS one. 2019;14(6):e0218075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swank RL, Goodwin J. Review of MS patient survival on a Swank low saturated fat diet 1 1 (For an additional perspective, see editorial opinions). Nutrition. 2003;19(2):161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chenard CA, Rubenstein LM, Snetselaar LG, Wahls TL. Nutrient composition comparison between the low saturated fat swank diet for multiple sclerosis and healthy US-style eating pattern. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav V, Marracci G, Kim E, Spain R, Cameron M, Overs S, et al. Low-fat, plant-based diet in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2016;9:80–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ünlütürk Z, Bir LS, Demir M. Gluten intolerance antibodies in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome: coexistent or coincidental? Clin Exp Neuroimmunol. 2021;12(2):116–121.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner A, Benzvi C. “Let food Be Thy medicine”: gluten and potential role in neurodegeneration. Cells. 2021;10(4):756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip A, White ND. Gluten, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2022;16(1):32–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen HL, Jessen EB, Passali M, Frederiksen JL. The role of gluten in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;27:156–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niland B, Cash BD. Health benefits and adverse effects of a gluten-free diet in non–celiac disease patients. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2018;14(2):82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burgos R, Bretón I, Cereda E, Desport JC, Dziewas R, Genton L, et al. ESPEN guideline clinical nutrition in neurology. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(1):354–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosti V, Bertozzi B, Fontana L. Health benefits of the Mediterranean diet: metabolic and molecular mechanisms. J Gerontol Ser A. 2018;73(3):318–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Lacoba R, Pardo-Garcia I, Amo-Saus E, Escribano-Sotos F. Mediterranean diet and health outcomes: A systematic meta-review. Eur J Public Health. 2018;28(5):955–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serra-Majem L, Roman-Vinas B, Sanchez-Villegas A, Guasch-Ferre M, Corella D, La Vecchia C. Benefits of the Mediterranean diet: epidemiological and molecular aspects. Mol Asp Med. 2019;67:1–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito S, Sparaco M, Maniscalco G, Signoriello E, Lanzillo R, Russo C, et al. Lifestyle and Mediterranean diet adherence in a cohort of southern Italian patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;47:102636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black LJ, Baker K, Ponsonby A-L, Van Der Mei I, Lucas RM, Pereira G. A higher Mediterranean diet score, including unprocessed red meat, is associated with reduced risk of central nervous system demyelination in a case-control study of Australian adults. J Nutr. 2019;149(8):1385–1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black LJ, Rowley C, Sherriff J, Pereira G, Ponsonby A-L, Lucas RM. A healthy dietary pattern associates with a lower risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination. Mult Scler J. 2019;25(11):1514–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moravejolahkami AR, Paknahad Z, Chitsaz A. Association of dietary patterns with systemic inflammation, quality of life, disease severity, relapse rate, severity of fatigue and anthropometric measurements in MS patients. Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(12):920–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moravejolahkami AR, Paknahad Z, Chitsaz A, Kermani MAH, Borzoo-Isfahani M. Potential of modified Mediterranean diet to improve quality of life and fatigue severity in multiple sclerosis patients: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Int J Food Prop. 2020;23(1):1993–2004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razeghi-Jahromi S, Doosti R, Ghorbani Z, Saeedi R, Abolhasani M, Akbari N, et al. A randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of a Mediterranean-like diet in patients with multiple sclerosis-associated cognitive impairments and fatigue. Curr J Neurol. 2020;19(3):112–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sand IK, Benn EKT, Fabian M, Fitzgerald KC, Digga E, Deshpande R, et al. Randomized-controlled trial of a modified Mediterranean dietary program for multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;36:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platero JL, Cuerda-Ballester M, Ibáñez V, Sancho D, Lopez-Rodríguez MM, Drehmer E, et al. The impact of coconut oil and epigallocatechin gallate on the levels of il-6, anxiety and disability in multiple sclerosis patients. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barone M, Mendozzi L, D'Amico F, Saresella M, Rampelli S, Piancone F, et al. Influence of a high-impact multidimensional rehabilitation program on the Gut microbiota of patients with multiple sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(13):1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fresán U, Bes-Rastrollo M, Segovia-Siapco G, Sanchez-Villegas A, Lahortiga F, de la Rosa P-A, et al. Does the MIND diet decrease depression risk? A comparison with Mediterranean diet in the SUN cohort. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(3):1271–1282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal P, Wang Y, Buchman A, Holland T, Bennett D, Morris M. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence and delayed progression of parkinsonism in old age. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(10):1211–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta R. Role of MIND diet in preventing dementia and Alzheimer’s. Memory 2019;32:33.
   Google Scholar
• Angeloni C, Businaro R, Vauzour D. The role of diet in preventing and reducing cognitive decline. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2020;33(4):432–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcason W. What are the components to the MIND diet? J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(10):1744.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patten SB, Marrie RA, Carta MG. Depression in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2017;29(5):463–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jongen P, Ter Horst A, Brands A. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Minerva Med. 2012;103(2):73–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noormohammadi M, Ghorbani Z, Naser Moghadasi A, Saeedirad Z, Shahemi S, Ghanaatgar M, et al. MIND diet adherence might be associated with a reduced odds of multiple sclerosis: results from a case–control study. Neurol Ther. 2022;11:397–412.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS). Diet and Nutrition. [Accessed 2022 Aug 30]. https://www.nationalmssociety.org/Living-Well-With-MS/Diet-Exercise-Healthy-Behaviors/Diet-Nutrition
   Google Scholar