World Heritage policy on reconstruction: from exceptional case to conservation treatment

References

• Am, Joan Domicelj . 2009. “Authentic? Nara Revisited ….” In Conserving the Authentic: Essays in Honour of Jukka Jokilehto , edited by Nicholas Stanley-Price and Joseph King , 143–152. Rome: ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property.
   Google Scholar
• Araoz, Gustavo . 2013. “Conservation Philosophy and Its Development: Changing Understandings of Authenticity and Significance.” Heritage & Society 6 (2): 144–154. doi:10.1179/2159032X13Z.00000000010.
   Google Scholar
• Araoz, Gustavo . 2016. “Preface.” Paper presented at the ICOMOS Colloquium on Post-Trauma Reconstruction, Charenton-le-Pont, France, March 4. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://openarchive.icomos.org/1707/
   Google Scholar
• Araoz, Gustavo . 2017. “Report by the President of ICOMOS.” GA 2017 3-1 Ver. 10/11/2017. Paris: ICOMOS. Accessed November 30, 2017. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/2017/GA19/GA19_WorkingDocuments_CircNovember2017/GA2017_3-1_PRESReport_EN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Australia ICOMOS . 2013. The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance: The Burra Charter . Burwood: Australia ICOMOS. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://australia.icomos.org/publications/charters/
   Google Scholar
• Barakat, Sultan , ed. 2005. After the Conflict: Reconstruction and Development in the Aftermath of War . London: I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Barakat, Sultan , Margaret Chard , and Richard Jones . 2005. “Attributing Value: Evaluating Success and Failure in Post-War Reconstruction.” Third World Quarterly 26 (4–5): 831–852. doi:10.1080/01436590500128063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertacchini, Enrico , Claudia Liuzza , and Lynn Meskell . 2017. “Shifting the Balance of Power in the UNESCO World Heritage Committee: An Empirical Assessment.” International Journal of Cultural Policy 23 (3): 331–351. doi:10.1080/10286632.2015.1048243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertacchini, Enrico , Claudia Liuzza , Lynn Meskell , and Donatella Saccone . 2016. “The Politicization of UNESCO World Heritage Decision Making.” Public Choice 167 (1–2): 95–129. doi:10.1007/s11127-016-0332-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bold, John , and Robert Pickard . 2013. “Reconstructing Europe: The Need for Guidelines.” The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice 4 (2): 105–128. doi:10.1179/1756750513Z.00000000030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, Kristal . 2014. “The World Heritage Convention at 40: Challenges for the Work of ICOMOS.” Historic Environment 6 (2): 38–52.
   Google Scholar
• Calame, Jon . 2005. “Post-War Reconstruction: Concerns, Models and Approaches.” Macro Center Working Papers 20. 6: 1–59. Accessed November 30, 2017. http://docs.rwu.edu/cmpd_working_papers/20
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, Christina . 2008. “From Warsaw to Mostar: The World Heritage Committee and Authenticity.” APT Bulletin 29 (2/3): 19–24.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, Christina . 2009. “The Evolution of the Concept of Outstanding Universal Value.” In Conserving the Authentic: Essays in Honour of Jukka Jokilehto , edited by Nicholas Stanley-Price and Joseph King , 127–136. Rome: ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, Christina . 2015. “What is the Future for the World Heritage Convention?” Historic Environment 27 (2): 30–40.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, Christina . 2016. “Conclusion (English).” Paper Concluding the Round Table on “From Conservation to Reconstruction: How World Heritage is Changing Theory and Practice.” Canada Research Chair on Built Heritage, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada, March 9–11, 213–224. Accessed November 30, 2017. http://www.patrimoinebati.umontreal.ca/documents/2016_Proceedings_FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, Christina , and Mechtild Rössler . 2013. Many Voices, One Vision: The Early Years of the World Heritage Convention . Surrey: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Devarajan, Shanta , and Lili Mottaghi . 2017. “The Economics of Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Middle East and North Africa.” Middle East and North Africa Economic Monitor, World Bank . doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1085-5.
   Google Scholar
• Devarajan, Shanta , Lili Mottaghi , Quy-Toan Do , and Mohamed Abdel Jelil . 2016. “Syria, Reconstruction for Peace.” Middle East and North Africa Economic Monitor, World Bank . doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0907-1.
   Google Scholar
• Dewi, Cut . 2017. “Rethinking Architectural Heritage Conservation in Post-Disaster Context.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 23 (6): 587–600. doi:10.1080/13527258.2017.1300927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didron, Adolphe Napoléon . 1839. Bulletin Archéologique . Vol. 1. Paris: Comité Historique des Arts et Monuments.
   Google Scholar
• Dushkina, Natalia . 2009. “Historic Reconstruction: Prospects for Heritage Preservation or Metamorphoses of Theory?” In Conserving the Authentic: Essays in Honour of Jukka Jokilehto , edited by Nicholas Stanley-Price and Joseph King , 82–94. Rome: ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property.
   Google Scholar
• Gangler, Anette . 2015. “Civil Society Preparing for the Reconstruction of the Historic Center of Aleppo.” Paper presented at the International Conference on the UNESCO World Heritage and the Role of Civil Society, Bonn, Germany, June 26–27. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://openarchive.icomos.org/1692/
   Google Scholar
• Giblin, John Daniel . 2014. “Post-Conflict Heritage: Symbolic Healing and Cultural Renewal.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 20 (5): 500–518. doi:10.1080/13527258.2013.772912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer, Anne E. 2017. The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring & Reconstructing Historic Buildings . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services. Accessed September 5, 2017. https://www.nps.gov/tps/standards/treatment-guidelines-2017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Higueras, Alvaro . 2013. “Aid and Reconstruction of Heritage in the Context of Post-Conflict Societies.” Archaeologies 9 (1): 91–105. doi:10.1007/s11759-013-9224-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtorf, Cornelius J. 2001. “Is the Past a Non-renewable Resource?” In Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property , edited by Robert Layton , Peter G. Stone , and Julian Thomas , 286–297. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• ICCROM/Latvian National Commission for UNESCO/State Inspection for Heritage Protection of Latvia . 2000. Riga Charter on Authenticity and Historical Reconstruction in Relationship to Cultural Heritage . Accessed September 5, 2017. http://www.vilagorokseg.hu/_upload/editor/UNESCO_hatteranyagok/Riga_Charter_2000.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ICOMOS . 1964. The Venice Charter: International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites . Paris: ICOMOS. Accessed September 5, 2017. https://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ICOMOS . 1982. Declaration of Dresden on the “Reconstruction of Monuments Destroyed by War.” Paris: ICOMOS. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://www.icomos.org/en/charters-and-texts/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/184-the-declaration-of-dresden
   Google Scholar
• ICOMOS . 1994. The Nara Document on Authenticity . Paris: ICOMOS. Accessed November 30, 2017. https://www.icomos.org/charters/nara-e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ICOMOS . 2014. “Evaluations of Nominations of Cultural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List: ICOMOS Report for the World Heritage Committee 38th Ordinary Session, Doha, June 2014.” WHC-14/38.COM/INF.8B1. Paris: ICOMOS. Accessed November 30, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2014/whc14-38com-inf8B1-en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ICOMOS . 2016a. “ICOMOS Annual Report 2016.” Paris: ICOMOS. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/Annual_Reports/RA_2016_ICOMOS_EN_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ICOMOS . 2016b. “ICOMOS Colloquium on Post-Trauma Reconstruction: Volume I Proceedings.” Paris: ICOMOS. Accessed November 30, 2017. http://openarchive.icomos.org/1707/
   Google Scholar
• ICOMOS . 2017a. “Evaluations of Nominations of Cultural and Mixed Properties: ICOMOS Report for the World Heritage Committee 41st Ordinary Session, Kracow, 2-12 July 2017.” WHC-17/41.COM/INF.8B1. Paris: ICOMOS. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2017/whc17-41com-inf8B1-en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ICOMOS . 2017b. “ICOMOS Guidance on Post Trauma Recovery and Reconstruction for World Heritage Cultural Properties Working Document.” Paris: ICOMOS. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://openarchive.icomos.org/1763/
   Google Scholar
• James, Luke , and Tim Winter . 2017. “Expertise and the Making of World Heritage Policy.” International Journal of Cultural Policy 23 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1080/10286632.2015.1035267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, Uffe Juul . 2000. “Cultural Heritage, Liberal Education, and Human Flourishing.” In Values and Heritage Conservation: Research Report , edited by Erica Avrami , Randall Mason , and Marta de la Torre , 38–43. Los Angeles, CA : The Getty Conservation Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Jigyasu, Rohit . 2016. “Because Culture Cannot Wait! Post-Earthquake Recovery of Nepalese Cultural Heritage.” Paper presented at the ICOMOS Colloquium on Post-Trauma Reconstruction, Charenton-le-Pont, France, March 4. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://openarchive.icomos.org/1707/
   Google Scholar
• Jokilehto, Jukka . 2006. “Considerations on Authenticity and Integrity in World Heritage Context.” City & Time 2 (1): 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Jokilehto, Jukka . 2011. “World Heritage: Observations on Decisions Related to Cultural Heritage.” Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 1 (1): 61–74. doi:10.1108/20441261111129942.
   Google Scholar
• Jokilehto, Jukka . 2013. “Reconstruction in the World Heritage Context.” Paper Written for the European Association for Architectural Education. Accessed September 5, 2017. https://engagingconservationyork.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/reconstruction-in-wh-context-rev.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kalman, Harold . 2017. “Destruction, Mitigation, and Reconciliation of Cultural Heritage.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 23 (6): 538–555. doi:10.1080/13527258.2017.1289475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kealy, Loughlin . 2015. “Post-Trauma Reconstruction: Concept Paper.” Accessed November 30, 2017. https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Secretariat/2016/Reconstruction_conference/ICOMOS__Pos-trauma_Reconstruction_Concept_Paper.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Khalaf, Roha W. 2016. “Distinguishing New Architecture from Old.” The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice 7 (4): 321–339. doi:10.1080/17567505.2016.1252492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalaf, Roha W. 2017. “ A Viewpoint on the Reconstruction of Destroyed UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Sites.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 23 (3): 261–274. doi: 10.1080/13527258.2016.1269239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalaf, Roha W. Forthcoming. “ An Extended Viewpoint on Reconstruction in the World Heritage Context: Towards New Guidance.” To be published in an open access webpage created by ICOMOS.
   Google Scholar
• Khalaf, Roha W. 2018. “A Proposal to Apply the Historic Urban Landscape Approach to Reconstruction in the World Heritage Context.” The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice. Ahead-of-Print. doi:10.1080/17567505.2018.1424615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kono, Toshiyuki . 2014. “Authenticity: Principles and Notions.” Change over Time 4 (2): 436–460.10.1353/cot.2014.0014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labadi, Sophia . 2013. UNESCO, Cultural Heritage, and Outstanding Universal Value: Value-Based Analyses of the World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Conventions . Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Elizabeth . 2016. “3D Scanning as an Alternative to Reconstruction: The CyArk 500 Challenge.” Paper presented at the Round Table on “From Conservation to Reconstruction: How World Heritage is Changing Theory and Practice.” Canada Research Chair on Built Heritage, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada, March 9–11. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://www.patrimoinebati.umontreal.ca/documents/2016_Proceedings_FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lowenthal, David . 1985. The past is a Foreign Country . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lowenthal, David . 1999. “Authenticity: Rock of Faith or Quicksand Quagmire?” Conservation: The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter 14 (3): 5–8.
   Google Scholar
• Lowenthal, David . 2000. “Stewarding the past in a Perplexing Present.” In Values and Heritage Conservation: Research Report , edited by Erica Avrami , Randall Mason , and Marta de la Torre , 18–25. Los Angeles, CA : The Getty Conservation Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Mager, Tino , ed. 2015. Architecture Re-performed: The Politics of Reconstruction . Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Meskell, Lynn . 2013. “UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention at 40.” Current Anthropology 54 (4): 483–494. doi:10.1086/671136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meskell, Lynn , Claudia Liuzza , Enrico Bertacchini , and Donatella Saccone . 2015. “Multilateralism and UNESCO World Heritage: Decision-making, States Parties and Political Processes.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 21 (5): 423–440. doi:10.1080/13527258.2014.945614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks Canada . 2010. Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada . 2nd ed. Ottawa: Parks Canada. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://www.historicplaces.ca/media/18072/81468-parks-s+g-eng-web2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Petzet, Micheal . 2004. “Principles of Preservation: An Introduction to the International Charters for Conservation and Restoration 40 Years after the Venice Charter.” In International Charters for Conservation and Restoration. Monuments & Sites I , 7–29. Paris: ICOMOS. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://openarchive.icomos.org/432/
   Google Scholar
• Prince, Hugh . 1981. “Revival, Restoration, Preservation: Changing Views about Antique Landscape Features.” In Our Past before Us: Why Do We Save It? , edited by David Lowenthal and Marcus Binney , 33–50. London: T. Smith.
   Google Scholar
• Rico, Trinidad . 2008. “Negative Heritage: The Place of Conflict in World Heritage.” Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 10 (4): 344–352. doi:10.1179/135050308X12513845914507.
   Google Scholar
• Riegl, Alois . (1903) 1996. “The Modern Cult of Monuments: Its Essence and Its Development.” In: Historical and Philosophical Issues in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage , edited by Nicholas Stanley-Price , M. Kirby Talley Jr. , and Alessandra Melucco Vaccaro , 69–83. Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Rössler, Mechtild . 2016. “Recent Decisions of the World Heritage Committee in Support of Reconstruction.” Paper presented at the Round Table on “From Conservation to Reconstruction: How World Heritage is Changing Theory and Practice.” Canada Research Chair on Built Heritage, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada, March 9–11, 124–136. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://www.patrimoinebati.umontreal.ca/documents/2016_Proceedings_FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ruskin, John . 1890. The Seven Lamps of Architecture . Sunnyside, WA: George Allen.
   Google Scholar
• Semes, Steven W. 2008. “New Buildings among Old: Historicism and the Search for an Architecture of Our Time.” American Arts Quarterly 25 (2): online. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://www.nccsc.net/essays/new-buildings-among-old
   Google Scholar
• Semes, Steven W. 2009. The Future of the past: A Conservation Ethic for Architecture, Urbanism, and Historic Preservation . New York : W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Laurajane . 2006. Uses of Heritage . London: Routledge and Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley-Price, Nicholas . 2007. “The Thread of Continuity: Cultural Heritage in Post-War Recovery.” In Cultural Heritage in Postwar Recovery: Papers from the ICCROM FORUM Held on October 4–6, 2005 , edited by Nicholas Stanley-Price , 1–16. Rome: ICCROM.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley-Price, Nicholas . 2009. “The Reconstruction of Ruins: Principles and Practice.” In Conservation: Principles, Dilemmas and Uncomfortable Truths , edited by Alison Richmond and Alison Lee Bracker , 32–46. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Steenkamp, Christina . 2009. Violence and Post-War Reconstruction: Managing Insecurity in the Aftermath of Peace Accords . London: I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Stovel, Herb . 2007. “Effective Use of Authenticity and Integrity as World Heritage Qualifying Conditions.” City & Time 2 (3): 21–36.
   Google Scholar
• Stovel, Herb . 2008. “Origins and Influence of the Nara Document on Authenticity.” APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology 39 (2/3): 9–17.
   Google Scholar
• Titchen, Sarah M. 1996. “On the Construction of ‘Outstanding Universal Value’: Some Comments on the Implementation of the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention.” Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 1 (4): 235–242. doi:10.1179/135050396793138971.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO . 1972. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage . Paris: UNESCO. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO . 1976. Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas . Paris: UNESCO. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13133&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO . 2003. Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage . Paris: UNESCO. Accessed November 30, 2017. https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO World Heritage Committee . 2014. “Decisions Adopted by the World Heritage Committee at Its 38th Session (Doha, 2014).” WHC-14/38.COM/16. Paris: UNESCO-WHC. Accessed November 30, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2014/whc14-38com-16en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO World Heritage Committee . 2015. “Decision: 39 COM 7 State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties.” Accessed September 5, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/6189
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO World Heritage Committee . 2016. “Decision: 40 COM 7 State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties.” Accessed September 5, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/6817
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO World Heritage Committee . 2017a. “Decision: 41 COM 7 State of Conservation of the Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List.” Accessed September 5, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/6940/
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO World Heritage Committee . 2017b. “Decisions Adopted during the 41st Session of the World Heritage Committee (Krakow, 2017).” WHC/17/41.COM/18. Paris: UNESCO-WHC. Accessed November 30, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2017/whc17-41com-18-en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO-WHC (World Heritage Centre). 1980. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention . Paris: UNESCO-WHC. WHC.2 Revised. Accessed November 30, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO-WHC (World Heritage Centre). 2005a. Vienna Memorandum on World Heritage and Contemporary Architecture – Managing the Historic Urban Landscape . Paris: UNESCO-WHC. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://unesco.lt/uploads/file/failai_VEIKLA/kultura/RA_Vienna_memorandum.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO-WHC (World Heritage Centre). 2005b. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention . Paris: UNESCO-WHC. WHC.05/2. Accessed November 30, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO-WHC (World Heritage Centre). 2017a. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention . Paris: UNESCO-WHC. WHC.17/01. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO-WHC (World Heritage Centre). 2017b. “World Heritage List.” Accessed November 30, 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
   Google Scholar
• Viejo-Rose, Dacia . 2013. “Reconstructing Heritage in the Aftermath of Civil War: Re-visioning the Nation and the Implications of International Involvement.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 7 (2): 125–148. doi:10.1080/17502977.2012.714241.
   Google Scholar
• Viejo-Rose, Dacia , and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen . 2015. “Cultural Heritage and Armed Conflict: New Questions for an Old Relationship.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research , edited by Emma Waterton and Steve Watson , 281–296. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137293565
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1998. Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The Role of the World Bank . Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Accessed September 5, 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/175771468198561613/pdf/multi-page.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 2017. Forcibly Displaced: Toward a Development Approach Supporting Refugees, the Internally Displaced, and Their Hosts . Washington, DC: The World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0938-5.
   Google Scholar