References
- Allmon , W. D. 1992 . “ A causal analysis of stages in allopatric speciation. ” . In Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology , Edited by: Futuyma , D. and Antonovics , J. Volume 8 , 219 – 257 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Bakker , R. T. 1971 . Dinosaur physiology and the origin of mammals . Evolution , 25 : 636 – 658 .
- Bakker , R. T. 1972 . Anatomical and ecological evidence of endothermy in dinosaurs . Nature , 238 : 81 – 85 .
- Bakker , R. T. 1975 . Dinosaur renaissance . Scientific American , 232 : 58 – 78 .
- Benstsson , J. 1989 . Interspecific competition increases local extinction rate in a metapopulation system . Nature , 340 : 713 – 715 .
- Benton , M. J. 1979 . Ectothermy and the success of dinosaurs . Evolution , 33 : 983 – 997 .
- Benton , M. J. 1987 . Progress and competition in macroevolution . Biological Reviews , 62 : 305 – 338 .
- Benton , M. J. 1990 . “ The causes of the diversification of life ” . In Major Evolutionary Radiations , Edited by: Taylor , P.D. and Larwood , G.P. 409 – 430 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
- Berenbaum , M. 1983 . Coumarins and caterpillars: a case for coevolution . Evolution , 37 : 163 – 179 .
- Blair , W. F. 1964 . Isolating mechanisms and interspecies interactions in anuran amphibians . Quarterly Review of Biology , 39 : 334 – 344 .
- Bleiweiss , R. 1990 . “ Ecological causes of clade diversity in hummingbirds: a neontological perspective on the generation of diversity ” . In The Causes of Evolution: A Paleontological Perspective , Edited by: Ross , R.M. and Allmon , W.D. 354 – 380 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Bonaparte , J. F. 1982 . Faunal replacement in the Triassic of South America . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 2 : 362 – 371 .
- Capranica , R. R. 1976 . “ Morphology and physiology of the auditory system ” . In Frog Neurobiology , Edited by: Llinas , R. and Precht , W. 552 – 575 . Berlin : Springer .
- Carson , H. L. 1978 . “ Speciation and sexual selection in Hawaiian Drosophila ” . In Ecological Genetics: the Interface , Edited by: Brussard , P.F. 93 – 107 . New York : Springer .
- Charig , A. J. 1980 . Differentiation of lineages among Mesozoic tetrapods . Societé géologique de France, Mémoires , 59 : 207 – 210 .
- Cifelli , R. L. 1981 . Patterns of evolution among the artiodactyls and perissodactyls (Mammalia) . Evolution , 35 : 433 – 440 .
- Coddington , J. A. 1988 . Cladistic tests of adaptional hypotheses . Cladistics , 4 : 3 – 22 .
- Cohen , A. S. and Johnston , M. R. 1987 . Speciation in brooding and poorly dispersing lacustrine organisms . Palaios , 2 : 426 – 435 .
- Colbert , E. H. 1969 . The Evolution of the Vertebrates , 2nd ed , New York : John Wiley .
- Connell , J. H. 1983 . On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments . American Naturalist , 122 : 661 – 696 .
- Cracraft , J. 1990 . “ The origin of evolutionary novelties: pattern and process at different hierarchical levels ” . In Evolutionary Innovations , Edited by: Nitecki , M.H. 21 – 44 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Diamond , J. M. 1975 . “ Assembly of species communities ” . In Ecology and Evolution of Communities , Edited by: Cody , M.L. and Diamond , J.M. 342 – 444 . Cambridge, MA : Belknap .
- Doyle , J. A. and Donoghue , M. J. 1986 . Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of angiosperms: an experimental cladistic approach . Botanical Review , 52 : 321 – 431 .
- Echelle , A. A. and Kornfield , I. , eds. 1984 . Evolution of Fish Species Flocks , Orono, ME : University of Maine Press .
- Ehrlich , P. R. and Raven , P. H. 1964 . Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution . Evolution , 18 : 586 – 608 .
- Eldredge , N. 1979 . “ Alternative approaches to evolutionary theory ” . In Models and Methodologies in Evolutionary Theory , Edited by: Schwartz , J.H. and Rollins , H.B. Vol. 13 , 7 – 19 . Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History .
- Eldredge , N. 1989 . Macroevolutionary Dynamics: Species, Niches, and Adaptive Peaks , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
- Eldredge , N. and Cracraft , J. 1980 . Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary Process: Method and Theory in Comparative Biology , New York : Columbia University Press .
- Erwin , D. H. 1992 . A preliminary classification of evolutionary radiations . Historical Biology , 6 : 133 – 147 .
- Erwin , D. H. , Valentine , J. W. and Sepkoski , J. J. Jr. 1987 . A comparative study of diversification events: the early Paleozoic versus the Mesozoic . Evolution , 41 : 1177 – 1186 .
- Farrell , B. D. , Dussourd , D. E. and Mitter , C. 1991 . Escalation of plant defense: do latex and resin canals spur plant diversification? . American Naturalist , 138 : 881 – 900 .
- Fitzpatrick , J. W. 1988 . Why so many passerine birds? A response to Raikow . Systematic Zoology , 37 : 71 – 76 .
- Fryer , G. and Iies , T. D. 1969 . Alternative routes to evolutionary success as exhibited by African cichild fishes of the genus Tilapia and the species flocks of the great lakes . Evolution , 23 : 359 – 369 .
- Futuyma , D. J. 1986 . Evolutionary biology , 2nd ed , Sunderland, MA : Sinauer .
- Gans , C. 1961 . The feeding mechanism of snakes and its possible evolution . American Zoologist , 1 : 217 – 227 .
- Gause , G. F. 1934 . The Struggle for Existence , Baltimore : Williams and Wilkins .
- Gilinsky , N. L. 1981 . Stabilizing species selection in the Archaeogastropoda . Paleobiology , 1 : 316 – 331 .
- Goldberg , D. E. and Barton , A. M. 1992 . Patterns and consequences of interspecific competition in natural communities: a review of field experiments with plants . American Naturalist , 139 : 771 – 801 .
- Gooch , J. L. 1975 . “ Mechanisms of evolution and population genetics ” . In Marine Ecology. Vol. II. Physiological Mechanisms, Part I , Edited by: Kinne , O. 349 – 409 . London : Wiley .
- Gould , S. J. 1980 . Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging? . Palaeobiology , 6 : 119 – 130 .
- Gould , S. J. 1989 . Wonderful Life: the Burgess Shale and the Nature of History , New York : Norton .
- Gould , S. J. and Calloway , C. B. 1980 . Clams and brachiopods: ships that pass in the night . Paleobiology , 6 : 383 – 396 .
- Gurevitch , J. , Morrow , L. L. , Wallace , A. and Walsh , J. S. 1992 . A meta‐analysis of competition in field experiments . American Naturalist , 140 : 539 – 572 .
- Guyer , C. and Slowinski , J. B. 1991 . Comparisons of observed phylogenetic topologies with null expectations among three monophyletic lineages . Evolution , 45 : 340 – 350 .
- Guyer , C. and Slowinski , J. B. 1993 . Adaptive radiation and the topology of large phytogenies . Evolution , 47 : 253 – 263 .
- Hansen , T. 1980 . Influence of larval dispersal and geographic distribution on species longevity in neogastropods . Paleobiology , 6 : 191 – 207 .
- Hansen , T. 1983 . Modes of larval development and rates of speciation in early Tertiary neogastropods . Science , 220 : 501 – 502 .
- Hansen , T. 1987 . Extinction of Late Eocene to Oligocene molluscs: relationship to shelf area, temperature change, and impact events . Palaios , 2 : 69 – 75 .
- Hardy , J. W. 1966 . Physical and behavioral factors in sociality and evolution of certain parrots (Aratinga) . Auk , 83 : 66 – 84 .
- Hardy , M. C. 1985 . “ Testing for adaptive radiation: the ptychaspid (Trilobita) biomere of the late Cambrian ” . In Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns: Profiles in Macroevolution , Edited by: Valentine , J.W. 379 – 398 . Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Heard , S. B. 1992 . Patterns in tree balance among cladistic, phenetic, and randomly generated phylogenetic trees . Evolution , 46 : 1818 – 1826 .
- Hill , J. E. and Smith , J. D. 1984 . Bats: a Natural History , Publication #877 London : British Museum (Natural History) .
- Hoagland , K. E. and Turner , R. D. 1981 . Evolution and adaptive radiation of wood‐boring bivalves (Pholadacea) . Malacologia , 21 : 111 – 148 .
- Hölldobler , B. and Wilson , E. O. 1990 . The Ants , Cambridge, MA : Belknap .
- Jablonski , D. 1980 . Apparent versus real biotic effects of transgressions and regressions . Paleobiology , 6 : 397 – 407 .
- Jablonski , D. 1982 . Evolutionary rates and modes in Late Cretaceous gastropods: role of larval ecology . Proceedings of the 3rd North American Paleontological Convention , 1 : 257 – 262 .
- Jablonski , D. 1986 . Larval ecology and macroevolution in marine invertebrates . Bulletin of Marine Science , 39 : 565 – 587 .
- Jablonski , D. and Bottjer , D. J. 1990 . “ The ecology of evolutionary innovation: the fossil record ” . In Evolutionary Innovations , Edited by: Nitecki , M.H. 253 – 288 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Jackson , R. C. 1976 . Evolution and systematic significance of polyploidy . Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics , 7 : 209 – 228 .
- Janis , C. 1976 . The evolutionary strategy of the Equidae and the origins of rumen and cecal digestion . Evolution , 30 : 757 – 774 .
- Janson , K. 1987 . Allozyme and shell variation in two marine snails (Littorina, Prosobranchia) with different dispersal abilities . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 30 : 245 – 256 .
- Jensen , J. S. 1990 . “ Plausibility and testability: assessing the consequences of evolutionary innovation ” . In Evolutionary Innovations , Edited by: Nitecki , M.H. 171 – 190 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Karron , J. D. 1987 . The pollination ecology of co‐occuring geographically restricted and widespread species of Astragalus (Fabaceae) . Biological Conservation , 39 : 179 – 193 .
- Knoll , A. H. 1984 . “ Patterns of extinction in the fossil record of vascular plants ” . In Extinctions , Edited by: Nitecki , M.H. 21 – 68 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Kochmer , J. P. and Wagner , R. H. 1988 . Why are there so many kinds of passerine birds? Because they are small. A reply to Raikow . Systematic Zoology , 37 : 68 – 69 .
- Larson , A. , Wake , D. B. , Maxson , L. R. and Highton , R. 1981 . A molecular phylogenetic perspective on the origins of morphological novelties in the salamanders of the tribe Plethodontini (Amphibia, Plethodontidae) . Evolution , 35 : 405 – 422 .
- Lauder , G. V. 1981 . Form and function: structural analysis in evolutionary morphology . Paleobiology , 7 : 430 – 442 .
- Lauder , G. V. 1982 . Historical biology and the problem of design . Journal of Theoretical Biology , 97 : 57 – 67 .
- Levin , D. A. and Wilson , A. C. 1976 . Rates of evolution is seed plants: Net increase in diversity of chromosome numbers and species through time . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 73 : 2086 – 2090 .
- Lewis , E. R. 1981 . Evolution of inner auditory apparatus in the frog . Brain Research , 219 : 149 – 155 .
- Lewis , W. H. , ed. 1980 . Polyploidy: Biological Relevance , New York : Plenum .
- Liem , K. F. 1974 . Evolutionary strategies and morphological innovations: cichlid pharyngeal jaws . Systematic Zoology , 22 : 425 – 441 .
- Liem , K. F. 1990 . “ Key evolutionary innovations, differential diversity, and symecomorphosis ” . In Evolutionary Innovations , Edited by: Nitecki , M.H. 147 – 170 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Liem , K. F. and Osse , J. W. M. 1975 . Biological versatility, evolution, and food resource exploitation in African cichild fishes . American Zoologist , 15 : 427 – 454 .
- MacArthur , R. H. and Wilson , E. O. 1967 . “ Monographs in Population Biology ” . In The Theory of Island Biogeography , Vol. 1. , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Maglio , V. J. 1973 . Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , 63 ( 3 ) : 1 – 149 .
- Marshall , L. G. , Webb , S. D. , Sepkoski , J. J. Jr. and Raup , D. M. 1982 . Mammalian evolution and the Great American Interchange . Science , 215 : 1351 – 1357 .
- Mathias , M. E. 1965 . Distribution patterns of certain Umbelliferae . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , 52 : 387 – 398 .
- Maurer , B. A. 1989 . Diversity‐dependent species dynamics: incorporating the effects of population‐level processes on species dynamics . Paleobiology , 15 : 133 – 146 .
- Mayr , E. 1960 . “ The emergence of evolutionary novelties ” . In Evolution after Darwin , Edited by: Tax , S. 349 – 380 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Mayr , E. 1963 . Animal Species and Evolution , Cambridge, MA : Belknap .
- McKinnery , F. K. 1988 . Multidisciplinary perspective on evolutionary innovations . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 3 : 220 – 222 .
- Meyer , D. L. and Macurda , D. B. Jr. 1977 . Adaptive radiation of the comatulid crinoids . Palaeobiology , 3 : 74 – 82 .
- Miller , A. H. 1949 . “ Some ecologic and morphologic considerations in the evolutiuon of higher taxonomic categories ” . In Ornithologie als biologische Wissenschaft , Edited by: Mayr , E. and Schuz , E. 84 – 88 . Heidelburg : Carl Winter .
- Mitter , C. , Farrell , B. and Wiegman , B. 1988 . The phylogenetic study of adaptive zones: has phytophagy promoted insect diversification? . American Naturalist , 132 : 107 – 128 .
- Muller , G. B. 1990 . “ Developmental mechanisms at the origin of morphological novelty: a side‐effect hypothesis ” . In Evolutionary Innovations , Edited by: Nitecki , M.H. 99 – 130 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Myers , G. S. 1960 . The endemic fish fauna of Lake Lanao, and the evolution of higher taxonomic categories . Evolution , 14 : 323 – 333 .
- Nitecki , M. H. 1990 . “ The plurality of evolutionary innovations ” . In Evolutionary Innovations , Edited by: Nitecki , M.H. 3 – 18 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Novacek , M. J. 1984 . “ Evolutionary stasis in the elephant‐shrew, Rhynchocyon ” . In Living Fossils , Edited by: Eldredge , N. and Stanley , S.M. 4 – 22 . New York : Springer .
- O'Donald , P. 1977 . Theoretical aspects of sexual selection . Theoretical Population Biology , 12 : 298 – 334 .
- Peterson , J. A. 1983 . “ The evolution of the subdigital pad in Anolis. I. Comparisons among the anoline genera ” . In Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology , Edited by: Anders , G.J. and Rhodin , K.M. 245 – 283 . Cambridge, MA : Museum of Comparative Zoology .
- Pimm , S. L. , Jones , H. L. and Diamond , J. 1988 . On the risk of extinction . American Naturalist , 132 : 757 – 785 .
- Price , P. W. 1977 . General concepts on the evolutionary biology of parasites . Evolution , 31 : 405 – 420 .
- Price , P. W. 1980 . The Evolutionary Biology of Parasites , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Raff , R. , Parr , B. , Parks , A. and Wray , G. 1990 . “ Heterochrony and other mechanisms of radical evolutionary change in early development ” . In Evolutionary Innovations , Edited by: Nitecki , M.H. 71 – 98 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Raikow , R. J. 1982 . Monophyly of the Passeriformes: test of a phylogenetic hypothesis . Auk , 99 : 431 – 445 .
- Raikow , R. J. 1986 . Why are there so many kinds of passerine birds? . Systematic Zoology , 35 : 255 – 259 .
- Raikow , R. J. 1988 . The analysis of evolutionary success . Systematic Zoology , 37 : 76 – 79 .
- Ricklefs , R. E. 1990 . Ecology , 3rd ed , New York, NY : W.H. Freeman .
- Ringo , J. M. 1977 . Why 300 species of Hawaiian Drosophila? The sexual selection hypothesis . Evolution , 31 : 694 – 696 .
- Rosenzweig , M. L. 1975 . “ On continental steady states of species diversity ” . In Ecology and Evolution of Communities , Edited by: Cody , M.L. and Diamond , J.M. 121 – 140 . Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press .
- Rosenzweig , M. L. and McCord , R. D. 1991 . Incumbent replacement: evidence for long‐term evolutionary progress . Paleobiology , 17 : 202 – 213 .
- Rosenzweig , M. L. and Taylor , J. A. 1980 . Speciation and diversity in Ordovician invertebrates: filling niches quickly and carefully . Oikos , 35 : 236 – 243 .
- Roughgarden , J. 1983 . Competition and theory in community ecology . American Naturalist , 122 : 583 – 601 .
- Russell , A. P. 1979 . Parallelism and integrated design in the foot structure of Gekkonidae and diplodactyline geckos . Copeia , 1979 : 1 – 21 .
- Ryan , M. J. 1986 . Neuroanatomy influences speciation rates among anurans . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 83 : 1379 – 1382 .
- Savage , H. M. 1983 . The shape of evolution: systematic tree topology . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 20 : 225 – 244 .
- Schaeffer , B. and Rosen , D. E. 1961 . Major adaptive levels in the evolution of the actinopterygian feeding mechanism . American Zoologist , 1 : 187 – 204 .
- Scheltema , R. S. 1971 . Larval dispersal as a means of genetic exchange between geographically separated populations of shallow‐water benthic marine gastropods . Biological Bulletin , 140 : 284 – 322 .
- Scheltema , R. S. 1977 . “ Dispersal of marine invertebrate organisms: paleobiogeographic and biostratigraphic implications ” . In Concepts and Methods of Biostratigraphy , Edited by: Kauffman , E.G. and Hazel , J.E. 73 – 108 . Stroudsburg, PA : Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross .
- Scheltema , R. S. 1978 . “ On the relationship between dispersal of pelagic veliger larvae and the evolution of marine prosobranch molluscs ” . In Marine Organisms: Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution , Edited by: Battaglia , B. and Beardmore , J.A. 303 – 322 . New York : Plenum .
- Schoener , T. M. 1983 . Field experiments on interspecific competition . American Naturalist , 122 : 240 – 285 .
- Schoener , T. M. 1991 . Extinction and the nature of the metapopulation: a case system . Acta Oecologica , 12 : 53 – 75 .
- Sepkoski , J. J. Jr. 1979 . A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. II. Early Phanerozoic families and multiple equilibria . Paleobiology , 5 : 222 – 251 .
- Sepkoski , J. J. Jr. 1984 . A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. III. Post‐Paleozoic families and mass extinctions . Paleobiology , 10 : 246 – 267 .
- Shuto , T. 1974 . Larval ecology of prosobranch gastropods and its bearing on biogeography and paleontology . Lethaia , 7 : 239 – 256 .
- Simpson , G. G. 1994 . Tempo and Mode in Evolution , New York : Columbia University Press .
- Simpson , G. G. 1953 . The Major Features of Evolution , New York : Columbia University Press .
- Skelton , P. W. 1985 . Preadaptation and evolutionary innovation in rudist bivalves . Special Papers in Paleontology , 33 : 159 – 173 .
- Slatkin , M. 1987 . Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations . Science , 236 : 782 – 792 .
- Smith , A. 1984 . Echinoid Palaeobiology , London : George Allen and Unwin .
- Stanley , S. M. 1968 . Post‐paleozoic adaptive radiation of infaunal bivalve mollucs: a consequence of mantle fusion and siphon formation . Journal of Paleontology , 42 : 214 – 229 .
- Stanley , S. M. 1974 . Effects of competition on rates of evolution, with special reference to bivalve mollusks and mammals . Systematic Zoology , 22 : 486 – 506 .
- Stanley , S. M. 1975 . A theory of evolution above the species level . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 72 : 646 – 650 .
- Stanley , S. M. 1977 . “ Trends, rates, and patterns of evolution in Bivalvia ” . In Patterns of Evolution as Illustrated by the Fossil Record , Edited by: Hallam , A. 209 – 250 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
- Stanley , S. M. 1979 . Macroevolution: Pattern and Process , San Francisco : W.H. Freeman .
- Stanley , S. M. 1985 . Rates of evolution . Paleobiology , 11 : 13 – 26 .
- Stanley , S. M. 1987 . Extinction , New York : Scientific American Library .
- Stanley , S. M. 1990 . “ Adaptive radiation and macroevolution ” . In Major Evolutionary Radiations , Edited by: Taylor , P.D. and Larwood , G.P. 1 – 15 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
- Stanley , S. M. and Newman , W. A. 1980 . Competitive exclusion in evolutionary time: the case of the acorn barnacles . Paleobiology , 6 : 173 – 183 .
- Stebbins , G. L. 1974 . “ Adaptive shifts and evolutionary novelty: a compositionist approach ” . In Studies in the Philosophy of Biology: Reduction and Related Problems , Edited by: Ayala , F.J. and Dobzhansky , T. 285 – 306 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Stebbins , G. L. 1982 . “ Plant speciation ” . In Mechanisms of Speciation , Edited by: Barigozzi , C. 21 – 39 . New York : A.R. Liss .
- Stiassny , M. L. and Jensen , J. S. 1987 . Labroid intrarelationships revisted: morphological complexity, key innovations, and the study of of comparative diversity . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology , 151 : 269 – 319 .
- Strong , D. R. , Lawton , J. H. and Southwood , T.R.E. 1984a . Insects on Plants: Community Patterns and Mechanisms , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
- Strong , D. R. , Simberloff , D. , Abele , L. G. and Thistle , A. B. , eds. 1948b . Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Taylor , P. D. 1988 . Major radiation of cheilostrome bryozoans: triggered by the evolution of a new larval type? . Historical Biology , 1 : 45 – 64 .
- Templeton , A. R. 1979 . Once again, why 300 species of Hawaiian Drosophila? . Evolution , 33 : 513 – 517 .
- Valentine , J. W. , Tiffney , B. H. and Sepkoski , J. J. 1991 . Evolutionary dynamics of plants and animals: a comparative approach . Palaios , 6 : 81 – 88 .
- Van Valen , L. M. 1971 . Adaptive zones and the orders of mammals . Evolution , 25 : 420 – 428 .
- Vermeij , G. J. 1973 . Biological versatility and earth history . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 70 : 1936 – 1938 .
- Vermeij , G. J. 1977 . Evolution and Escalation: An Ecological History of Life , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Vermeij , G. J. 1987 . The dispersal barrier in the tropical Pacific: implications for molluscan speciation and extinction . Evolution , 41 : 1046 – 58 .
- Vermeij , G. J. 1988 . The evolutionary success of passerines: a question of semantics? . Systematic Zoology , 37 : 69 – 71 .
- Vrba , E. S. 1980 . Evolution, species, and fossils: how does life evolve? . South African Journal of Science , 76 : 61 – 84 .
- Vrba , E. S. 1983 . Macroevolutionary trends: new perspectives on the roles of adaptation and incidental effect . Science , 221 : 387 – 389 .
- Vrba , E. S. 1984 . “ Evolutionary pattern and process in the sister‐group Alcelaphini‐Aepycerotini (Mammalia: Bovidae) ” . In Living Fossils , Edited by: Eldredge , N. and Stanley , S.M. 62 – 79 . New York : Springer .
- Vrba , E. S. 1987 . Ecology in relation to speciation rates: some case histories of Miocene‐Recent mammal clades . Evolutionary Ecology , 1 : 283 – 300 .
- Wainwright , P. C. 1991 . Ecomorphology: experimental functional anatomy for ecological problems . American Zoologist , 31 : 680 – 693 .
- Walker , T. D. and Valentine , J. W. 1984 . Equilibrium models of evolutionary species diversity and the number of empty niches . American Naturalist , 124 : 887 – 899 .
- West‐Eberhard , M. J. 1983 . Sexual selection, social competition, and speciation . Quarterly Review of Biology , 58 : 155 – 183 .
- Wiegmann , B. M. , Mitter , C. and Farrell , B. 1993 . Diversification of carnivorous parasitic insects: extraordinary radiation, or specialized dead end? . American Naturalist , 142 : 737 – 754 . (1993)
- Williams , E. E. and Rand , A. S. 1977 . Species recognition, dewlap function, and faunal size . American Zoologist , 17 : 261 – 270 .
- Williamson , M. 1981 . Island Populations , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Wilson , A. C. , Bush , G. L. , Case , S. M. and King , M.‐C. 1975 . Social structuring of mammalian populations and the rate of chromosomal evolution . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 72 : 5061 – 5065 .
- Wilson , R. W. 1951 . Evolution of the early Tertiary rodents . Evolution , 5 : 207 – 215 .
- Young , J. Z. 1962 . The Life of Vertebrates , 2nd ed , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Zeh , D. W. and Zeh , J. A. 1989 . Ovipositors, amnions and eggshell architecture in the diversification of terrestrial arthopods . Quarterly Review of Biology , 64 : 147 – 168 .
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia,6270 University Blvd.,Vancouve, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z4;
- Department of Anatomy, University of Wales, P.O. Box 900, Cardiff DF1 3YF, United Kingdom.