463
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Microstructure and shear strength evolution of a lime-treated clay for use in road construction

, ORCID Icon &
Pages 1147-1158 | Received 08 May 2018, Accepted 11 Sep 2018, Published online: 20 Sep 2018

References

  • Abdi, M.R. and Wild, S, 1993. Sulphate expansion of lime-stabilized kaolinite: I. Physical characteristics. Clay Minerals, 28 (4), 555–567. doi: 10.1180/claymin.1993.028.4.06
  • Airò Farulla, C., et al., 2014. Field test of lime treatment of clayey soils for railways and road works. Ingegneria Ferroviaria, 69 (9), 729–752.
  • Airò Farulla, C., et al., 2015. Safeguarding historic towns on hilltops threatened by land sliding: the case of San Fratello in Sicily. Italian Geotechnical Journal, 49 (1), 7–28.
  • Airò Farulla, C. and Rosone, M., 2014. Modeling round Robin test: an uncoupled approach. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 9, 195–200. doi: 10.1016/j.proeps.2014.06.020
  • Al-Mukhtar, M., Khattab, S., Alcover, J.F, et al., 2012. Microstructure and geotechnical properties of lime-treated expansive clayey soil. Engineering Geology, 139-140, 17–27. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.04.004
  • Al-Rawas, A.A., et al., 2002. A comparative evaluation of various additives used in the stabilization of expansive soils. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 25 (2), 199–209. doi: 10.1520/GTJ11363J
  • ASTM D5298-16, 2016. Standard test method for measurement of soil potential (suction) using filter paper. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
  • Bell, F.G, 1996. Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Engineering Geology, 42 (4), 223–237. doi: 10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2
  • Bhattacharja, S., Bhatty, J.I., and Todres, H.A., 2003. Stabilization of clay soils by Portland cement or lime – a critical review of literature. Skokie, IL: Portland Cement Association. PCA R&D Serial No. 2066.
  • Boardman, D.I., Glendinning, S., and Rogers, C.D.F., 2001. Development of stabilisation and solidification in lime-clay mixes. Géotechnique, 51 (6), 533–543. doi: 10.1680/geot.2001.51.6.533
  • Celauro, B., et al., 2012. Design procedures for soil-lime stabilization for road and railway embankments. Part 1 – review of design methods. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 53, 754–763. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.925
  • Celauro, C., et al., 2014. An automated procedure for computing the packing properties of dense and locked sands by image analysis of thin sections. Granular Matter, 16 (6), 867–880. doi: 10.1007/s10035-014-0532-2
  • Celauro, C., et al., 2015. Environmentally appraising different pavement and construction scenarios: a comparative analysis for a typical local road. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 34, 41–51. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2014.10.001
  • CEN EN 13286-47, 2004. Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — part 47: test method for the determination of the California bearing ratio, immediate bearing index and linear swelling. Brussels: European Standards (EN) CEN European Committee for Standardization.
  • CEN EN 14227-11, 2006. Hydraulically bound mixtures — specifications — part 11: soil treated by lime. Brussels: European Standards (EN) CEN European Committee for Standardization.
  • Chakraborty, S. and Nair, S, 2018. Impact of curing time on moisture-induced damage in lime-treated soils. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 235, 1–13. doi:10.1080/10298436.2018.1453068.
  • Chandler, R.J. and Gutierrez, C.I, 1986. The filter-paper method of suction measurement. Géotechnique, 36 (2), 265–268. doi: 10.1680/geot.1986.36.2.265
  • Choobbasti, A.J. and Kutanaei, S.S, 2017. Microstructure characteristc of cement-stabilized sandy soil using nanosilica. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 9 (5), 981–988. doi: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.03.015
  • Choquette, M., Bérubé, M.A., and Locat, J, 1987. Mineralogical and microtextural changes associated with lime stabilization of marine clays from eastern Canada. Applied Clay Science, 2 (3), 215–232. doi: 10.1016/0169-1317(87)90032-9
  • Consoli, N.C., et al., 2012. Key parameters for tensile and compressive strength of silt–lime mixtures. Géotechnique Letters, 2 (3), 81–85. doi: 10.1680/geolett.12.00014
  • Cotecchia, F., et al., 2007. The mechanical behaviour of intensely fissured high plasticity clays from Daunia. Characterisation and Engineering Properties of Natural Soils, 3, 1975–2001.
  • Croft, J.B, 1968. The structures of soils stabilized with cementitious agents. Engineering Geology, 2 (2), 63–80. doi: 10.1016/0013-7952(67)90025-7
  • Cuisinier, O., et al., 2011. Microstructure and hydraulic conductivity of a compacted lime-treated soil. Engineering Geology, 123 (3), 187–193. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.07.010
  • Delage, P., et al., 2006. Ageing effects in a compacted bentonite: a microstructure approach. Géotechnique, 56 (5), 291–304. doi: 10.1680/geot.2006.56.5.291
  • Delage, P. and Pellerin, F.M, 1984. Influence de la lyophilisation sur la structure d’une argile sensible du Quebec. Clay Minerals, 19 (2), 151–160. doi: 10.1180/claymin.1984.019.2.03
  • Deneele, D., et al., 2016. Experimental assessment regarding leaching of lime-treated silt. Construction and Building Materials, 112, 1032–1040. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.015
  • Di Sante, M., et al., 2014. Time of reactions in a lime treated clayey soil and influence of curing conditions on its microstructure and behaviour. Applied Clay Science, 99, 100–109. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2014.06.018
  • Disfani, M.M., et al., 2015. Geotechnical characteristics of stabilised aged biosolids. Environmental Geotechnics, 2 (5), 269–279. doi: 10.1680/envgeo.13.00054
  • Eades, J. and Grim, R, 1966. A quick test to determine lime requirements of lime stabilization. Highway Research Record, 139, 61–72.
  • Estéoule, J. and Perret, P, 1979. Etude expérimentale des phénomènes de stabilisation des sols fins par la chaux. Bulletin de Liaison des Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées, 99, 99–109.
  • Gens, A., 1993. Shear strength. In: Proceeding of unsaturated soils: recent developments and applications. Civil Engineering European Courses. Spain: UPC Barcelona, 1–13.
  • Hilt, G. and Davidson, D, 1960. Lime fixation in clayey soils. Highway Research Board Bulletin, 262, 20–32.
  • Ho, L.S., et al., 2017. Strength development of cement-treated soils: effects of water content, carbonation, and pozzolanic reaction under drying curing condition. Highway Research Record, 134 (Supplement C), 703–712.
  • Jawad, I.T., et al., 2014. Soil stabilization using lime: advantages, disadvantages and proposing a potential alternative. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 8 (4), 510–520. doi: 10.19026/rjaset.8.1000
  • Kang, X., et al., 2015. Chemically stabilized soft clays for road-base construction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27 (7), 04014199. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001156
  • Koliji, A., Vulliet, L., and Laloui, L, 2010. Structural characterization of unsaturated aggregated soil. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 47 (3), 297–311. doi: 10.1139/T09-089
  • Lemaire, K., et al., 2013. Effects of lime and cement treatment on the physicochemical, microstructural and mechanical characteristics of a plastic silt. Engineering Geology, 166, 255–261. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.09.012
  • Liu, M.D., et al., 2012. Variations in strength of lime-treated so clays. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 165 (4), 217–223.
  • Locat, J., Berube, M.A., and Choquette, M, 1990. Laboratory investigations on the lime stabilization of sensitive clays: shear strength development. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27 (3), 294–304. doi: 10.1139/t90-040
  • Mandaglio, M.C., et al., 2016. Experimental study of a naturally weathered stiff clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 53 (12), 2047–2057. doi: 10.1139/cgj-2016-0175
  • Mavroulidou, M., et al., 2012. An investigation of the effects of cementation and suction on lime treated London Clay. In: A. Jotisankasa, et al., eds. Unsaturated soils 2011: theory and practice. Papaya: Kasetsart University Thailand, 527–532.
  • Metelková, Z., et al., 2012. Maturation of loess treated with variable lime admixture: pore space textural evolution and related phase changes. Applied Clay Science, 61, 37–43. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2012.03.008
  • Mosa, A. M., Taher, A. H., and Al-Jaberi, L. A, 2017. Improvement of poor subgrade soils using cement kiln dust. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 7, 138–143. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2017.06.005
  • Pomakhina, E., et al., 2012. 29Si solid state NMR investigation of pozzolanic reaction occurring in lime-treated Ca-bentonite. Cement and Concrete Research, 42 (4), 626–632. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.01.008
  • Puppala, A.J, 2016. Advances in ground modification with chemical additives: from theory to practice. Transportation Geotechnics, 9, 123–138. doi: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2016.08.004
  • Romero, E. and Simms, P, 2008. Microstructure investigation in unsaturated soils: a review with special attention to contribution of mercury intrusion porosimetry and environmental scanning electron microscopy. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 26, 705–727. doi: 10.1007/s10706-008-9204-5
  • Rosone, M., et al., 2016b. Suction controlled drying and wetting cycle effects on the volumetric behaviour of a lime-treated high plasticity clay. E3S Web of Conference, 3rd European Conference on Unsaturated Soils – “E-UNSAT 2016”, 9, 14020.
  • Rosone, M., et al., 2018b. On the reactivation of a large landslide induced by rainfall in highly fissured clays. Engineering Geology, 235, 20–38. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.01.016
  • Rosone, M., et al., 2018c. The residual shear strength of the shaly and sandy facies of the Opalinus Clay. In Ferrari A. Laloui L. (Eds). Energy Geotechnics. SEG 2018. Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. -, 426–433.
  • Rosone, Marco, Airò Farulla, Camillo, Celauro, Clara, 2017. Volumetric behaviour of lime treated high plasticity clay subjected to suction controlled drying and wetting cycles. In: A. Ferrari, and L. Laloui, eds. Advances in laboratory testing and modelling of soils and shales (ATMSS), ATMSS 2017, Cham: Springer, 165–172. Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering.
  • Rosone, M., Airò Farulla, C., and Ferrari, A., 2016a. Shear strength of a compacted scaly clay in variable saturation conditions. Acta Geotechnica, 11 (1), 37–50. doi: 10.1007/s11440-015-0379-7
  • Rosone, M., Ferrari, A., and Celauro, C, 2018a. On the hydro-mechanical behaviour of a lime-treated embankment during wetting and drying cycles. Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment, 14, 48–60. doi: 10.1016/j.gete.2017.11.001
  • Russo, G., Dal Vecchio, S., and Mascolo, G., 2007. Microstructure of a lime stabilised compacted silt. Experimental Unsaturated Soil Mechanics (Physics, S. P. I. (ed)), 112, 49–56. doi: 10.1007/3-540-69873-6_5
  • Russo, G. and Modoni, G, 2013. Fabric changes induced by lime addition on a compacted alluvial soil. Géotechnique Letters, 3 (2), 93–97. doi: 10.1680/geolett.13.026
  • Seiphoori, A., Ferrari, A., and Laloui, L, 2014. Water retention behaviour and microstructural evolution of MX-80 bentonite during wetting and drying cycles. Géotechnique, 64 (9), 721–734. doi: 10.1680/geot.14.P.017
  • Solanki, P., and Zaman, M., 2012. Microstructural and mineralogical characterization of clay stabilized using calcium-based stabilizers. In: V. Kazmiruk, eds. Scanning electron microscope, Rijeka: In-Tech, 771–798.
  • Stoltz, G., Cuisinier, O., and Masrouri, F, 2014. Weathering of a lime-treated clayey soil by drying and wetting cycles. Engineering Geology, 181, 281–289. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.08.013
  • Stoltz, G., Masrouri, F., and Cuisinier, O, 2012. Multi-scale analysis of the swelling and shrinkage of a lime-treated expansive clayey soil. Applied Clay Science, 61, 44–51. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2012.04.001
  • Suthagaran, V., et al., 2009. Stabilisation of biosolids with admixtures for potential use as an embankment fill material. Australian Geomechanics Journal, 44 (3), 63–70.
  • Tang, A.M., Vu, M.N., and Cui, Y.J, 2011. Effects of the maximum soil aggregates size and cyclic wetting-drying on the stiffness of a lime-treated clayey soil. Géotechnique, 61 (5), 421–429. doi: 10.1680/geot.SIP11.005
  • Valore, C. and Ziccarelli, M., 2009. The evolution of grain-size distribution of sands under 1-D compression. In: M. Hamza, et al., eds. 17th international conference of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering vol 1, Alexandria: IOS Press, 84–88.
  • Valore, C., Ziccarelli, M., and Muscolino, S.R, 2017. The bearing capacity of footings on sand with a weak layer. Geotechnical Research, 4 (1), 12–29. doi: 10.1680/jgere.16.00020
  • Vitale, E., et al., 2017. Multi-scale analysis and time evolution of pozzolanic activity of lime treated clays. Applied Clay Science, 141, 36–45. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2017.02.013
  • Wang, Y., et al., 2015. Effects of aggregate size on water retention capacity and microstructure of lime-treated silty soil. Géotechnique Letters, 5 (4), 269–274. doi: 10.1680/jgele.15.00127
  • Washburn, E.W, 1921. The dynamics of capillary flow. Physical Review, 17 (3), 273–283. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.17.273
  • Zhang, X., et al., 2014. Application of a novel laser sensor volume measurement system to the triaxial testing of an unsaturated lime-treated soil. Acta Geotechnica, 9 (6), 945–957. doi: 10.1007/s11440-013-0254-3
  • Zhao, Y., et al., 2016. Effect of fines on the mechanical properties of composite soil stabilizer-stabilized gravel soil. Construction and Building Materials, 126 (6), 701–710. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.082
  • Ziccarelli, M, 2016. Evolution of grain-size distribution of pumice sands in 1-D compression. Procedia Engineering, 158 (6), 27–32. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.400
  • Ziccarelli, M., et al., 2017. Centrifuge tests on strip footings on sand with a weak layer. Geotechnical Research, 4 (1), 47–64. doi: 10.1680/jgere.16.00021

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.