281
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Estimation of permanent deformation behaviour of crushed waste rocks using multistage repeated load triaxial and CBR tests

& ORCID Icon
Article: 2094923 | Received 07 May 2021, Accepted 22 Jun 2022, Published online: 05 Jul 2022

References

  • AASHTO T307-99, 2017. Standard method of test for determining the resilient modulus of soils and aggregate materials. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
  • Abid, A. N., Salih, A. O., and Nawaf, E. A., 2017. The influence of fines content on the mechanical properties of aggregate subbase course material for highway construction using repeated load CBR test. Alnahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences, 20 (3), 615–624.
  • Alnedawi, A., Nepal, K. P., and Al-Ameri, R., 2019. Effect of loading frequencies on permanent deformation of unbound granular materials. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 22 (8), 1008–1016.
  • Araya, A. A., 2011. Characterization of unbound granular materials for pavements. Delft, the Netherlands: Delft University of Technology.
  • Araya, A. A., et al., 2012. Investigation of the resilient behavior of granular base materials with simple test apparatus. Materials and Structures, 45 (5), 695–705.
  • ASTM C127-15, 2015. Standard test method for relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of coarse aggregate. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
  • ASTM C136/C136M-19, 2019. Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
  • ASTM D1557-12e1, 2012. Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kn-m/m3)). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
  • ASTM D1883-16, 2016. Standard test method for california bearing ratio (CBR) of laboratory-compacted soils. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
  • ASTM D2487-17e1, 2017. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
  • ASTM D854-14, 2014. Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
  • Barksdale, R. D., 1972. Laboratory evaluation of rutting in base course materials. In: Paper presented at the Third International Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements, Grosvenor House, September 11–15, Park Lane, London, England.
  • Bhattacharjee, S., and Bandyopadhyay, K., 2015. Evaluation of elastic modulus of fly ash embankment by repeated load CBR test. Geotechnical Engineering for Infrastructure and Development, 229–234.
  • Boudreau, R. L., 2003. Repeatability of the resilient modulus test procedure. resilient modulus testing for pavement components. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
  • Bussière, B., 2007. Colloquium 2004: hydrogeotechnical properties of hard rock tailings from metal mines and emerging geoenvironmental disposal approaches. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 44 (9), 1019–1052.
  • Collins, I., and Boulbibane, M., 1998. The application of shakedown theory to pavement design. Metals and Materials, 4 (4), 832–837.
  • Collins, I., and Boulbibane, M., 2000. Geomechanical analysis of unbound pavements based on shakedown theory. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 126 (1), 50–59.
  • El-Basyouny, M., Witczak, M., and Kaloush, K., 2005. Development of the permanent deformation models for the 2002 design guide. In: Paper presented at the 84th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research board, Available in TRB 2005 Annual Meeting CD-ROM.
  • EN 13286-7, 2004. Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures–cyclic load triaxial test for unbound mixtures. British Standard Institute.
  • Erlingsson, S., 2012. Rutting development in a flexible pavement structure. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 13 (2), 218–234.
  • Erlingsson, S., and Rahman, M. S., 2013. Evaluation of permanent deformation characteristics of unbound granular materials by means of multistage repeated-load triaxial tests. Transportation Research Record, 2369 (1), 11–19.
  • Erlingsson, S., Rahman, S., and Salour, F., 2017. Characteristic of unbound granular materials and subgrades based on multi stage rlt testing. Transportation Geotechnics, 13, 28–42.
  • Gidel, G., et al., 2001. A new approach for investigating the permanent deformation behaviour of unbound granular material using the repeated loading triaxial apparatus. Bulletin des laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées, 233, 5–21.
  • Golder, 2019. Environmental impact assessment and environmental management programme report for the proposed metsimaholo underground coal mine.
  • Haghighi, H., et al., 2017. A new approach for determining resilient moduli of marginal pavement base materials using the staged repeated load CBR test method. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 19 (8), 1848–1867.
  • Hao, S., and Pabst, T., 2021. Estimation of resilient behavior of crushed waste rocks using repeated load CBR tests. Transportation Geotechnics, 28, 100525.
  • Hicks, R. G., and Monismith, C. L., 1971. Factors influencing the resilient response of granular materials. Highway Research Record, 345, 15–31.
  • IS 2386, 1963. Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, part i: Particle size and shape.
  • James, M., Aubertin, M., and Bussière, B., 2013. On the use of waste rock inclusions to improve the performance of tailings impoundments. In: Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 18th International Conference soil mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Paris, France.
  • Korkiala-Tanttu, L., 2005. A new material model for permanent deformations in pavements. In: Paper presented at the Proceedings of the international conferences on the bearing capacity of roads, railways and airfields.
  • Laverdière, A., 2019. Effet de la granulométrie sur le comportement géotechnique de roches stériles concassées utilisées comme surface de roulement sur des routes minières. École Polytechnique de Montréal.
  • Lekarp, F., 1999. Resilient and permanent deformation behavior of unbound aggregates under repeated loading. Institutionen för infrastruktur och samhällsplanering.
  • Lekarp, F., Isacsson, U., and Dawson, A., 2000a. State of the art. I: resilient response of unbound aggregates. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 126 (1), 66–75.
  • Lekarp, F., Isacsson, U., and Dawson, A., 2000b. State of the art. II: permanent strain response of unbound aggregates. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 126 (1), 76–83.
  • Lekarp, F., Richardson, I. R., and Dawson, A., 1996. Influences on permanent deformation behavior of unbound granular materials. Transportation Research Record, 1547 (1), 68–75.
  • Lytton, R. L., et al., 1993. Development and validation of performance prediction models and specifications for asphalt binders and paving mixes, Vol. 357. Washington, DC: Strategic Highway Research Program.
  • Mishra, D., et al., 2013. Characterization of railroad ballast behavior under repeated loading: results from new large triaxial test setup. Transportation Research Record, 2374 (1), 169–179.
  • Mohammadinia, A., et al., 2020. Shakedown analysis of recycled materials as railway capping layer under cyclic loading. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 139, 106423.
  • Molenaar, A. A., 2008. Repeated load CBR testing, a simple but effective tool for the characterization of fine soils and unbound materials.
  • Molenaar, A. A., Araya, A. A., and Houben, L. J., 2011. Characterization of unbound base materials for roads using a new developed repeated load CBR test. In: Paper presented at the eighth International Conference on managing pavement Assets, Santiago, Chile.
  • Opiyo, T., 1995. A mechanistic approach to laterite-based pavements in transport and road engineering. MSc Thesis. International Institute for Infrastructure, Hydraulics and Environment Engineering. Delft, the Netherlands.
  • Qian, Y., et al., 2014. Effects of ballast degradation on permanent deformation behavior from large-scale triaxial tests. In: Paper presented at the ASME/IEEE joint rail conference.
  • Qian, J. G., et al., 2016. Experimental identification of plastic shakedown behavior of saturated clay subjected to traffic loading with principal stress rotation. Engineering Geology, 214, 29–42.
  • Rahman, M. S., and Erlingsson, S., 2015a. A model for predicting permanent deformation of unbound granular materials. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 16 (3), 653–673.
  • Rahman, M. S., and Erlingsson, S., 2015b. Predicting permanent deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 16 (7), 587–601.
  • Saberian, M., et al., 2020. Experimental and analytical study of dynamic properties of ugm materials containing waste rubber. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 130, 105978.
  • Salour, F., and Erlingsson, S., 2017. Permanent deformation characteristics of silty sand subgrades from multistage rlt tests. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 18 (3), 236–246.
  • Sas, W., Głuchowski, A., and Szymański, A., 2012. Determination of the resilient modulus mr for the lime stabilized clay obtained from the repeated loading CBR tests. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW. Land Reclamation, 44 (2), 143–153.
  • Sun, Q., Indraratna, B., and Nimbalkar, S., 2014. Effect of cyclic loading frequency on the permanent deformation and degradation of railway ballast. Geotechnique, 64 (9), 746–751.
  • Sweere, G. T., 1990. Unbound granular bases for roads. Delft, The Netherlands: University of Delft.
  • Tannant, D., and Regensburg, B., 2001. Guidelines for mine haul road design.
  • Tao, M., et al., 2010. Application of shakedown theory in characterizing traditional and recycled pavement base materials. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 136 (3), 214–222.
  • Tholen, O., 1980. Falling weight deflectometer. A device for bearing capacity measurements: Properties and performance.
  • Thompson, R. J., 2010. Mine haul road design and management best practices for safe and cost-efficient truck haulage. In: Paper presented at the society for mining, metallurgy and exploration 2010 conference proceedings pre-print.
  • Thompson, R. J., 2011. Mine haul road design, construction and maintenance management. Bentley, Australia: Curtin University.
  • Thompson, R., Peroni, R., and Visser, A. T., 2019. Mining haul roads: theory and practice. London: CRC Press.
  • Thompson, R. J., and Visser, A. T., 1997. A mechanistic structural design procedure for surface mine haul roads. International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 11 (3), 121–128.
  • Thompson, R. J., and Visser, A. T., 2007. Selection parameters for mine haul road wearing course materials. International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 14 (1), 1–17.
  • Touqan, M., et al., 2020. Static and cyclic characterization of fouled railroad sub-ballast layer behaviour. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 137, 106293.
  • Tremblay, G., and Hogan, C., 2001. Mend manual: Volume 1, summary.
  • Werkmeister, S., 2003. Permanent deformation behavior of unbound granular materials. Dresden: University of Technology.
  • Werkmeister, S., 2004. Permanent deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials in pavement constructions.
  • Werkmeister, S., Dawson, A. R., and Wellner, F., 2001. Permanent deformation behavior of granular materials and the shakedown concept. Transportation Research Record, 1757 (1), 75–81.
  • Werkmeister, S., Dawson, A., and Wellner, F., 2004. Pavement design model for unbound granular materials. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 130 (5), 665–674.
  • Wolff, H., and Visser, A., 1994. Incorporating elasto-plasticity in granular layer pavement design. In: Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport.
  • Woodrooffe, J., et al., 2010. Review of Canadian experience with the regulation of large commercial motor vehicles. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 671.
  • Zhang, X., Zhao, C., and Zhai, W., 2019. Importance of load frequency in applying cyclic loads to investigate ballast deformation under high-speed train loads. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 120, 28–38.
  • Zhou, F., Fernando, E., and Scullion, T., 2010. Development, calibration, and validation of performance prediction models for the texas me flexible pavement design system (No. FHWA/TX-10/0-5798-2).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.