Scripting hate crimes: victim, space and perpetrator defining hate

References

• ABC 7 News. 2008, October 8. “Two Georgetown Students Target of Hate Crime.” Accessed December 1, 2008. http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/1008/559909.html.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, David M.2005. “Punishing Hate and Achieving Equality.” Criminal Justice Ethics24 (1): 19–30.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, Yaser. 2012. “Shariah and Citizenship: How Islamophobia Is Creating a Second-Class Citizenry in America.” California Law Review100 (4): 1027–1068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Civil Liberties Union. 2007. ACLU Statement on Hate Crimes Legislation before the Crime Subcommittee of the House Committee on the Judiciary. Accessed December 1, 2008.http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/discrim/29391leg20070417.html.
   Google Scholar
• Anti-Defamation League. 2006. State Hate Crime Laws. Accessed December 1, 2008. http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/state_hate_crime_laws.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Avery, Derek R., Michelle R.Hebl, Jennifer A.Richeson, and NaliniAmbady. 2009. “It Does Not Have to be Uncomfortable: The Role of Behavioral Scripts in Black-White Interracial Interactions.” Journal of Applied Psychology94 (6): 1382–1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittle, Steven. 2002. “Media Treatment of Hate as an Aggravating Circumstance for Sentencing: The Criminal Code Amendment and the Miloszewski Case.” Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal34 (1): 30–50.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chauncey, George. 1995. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Chibbaro, Lou, Jr. October 15, 2008a. “D.C. Police Make Arrest in Hunter Murder.” Washington Blade. Accessed December 1, 2008. http://www.washblade.com/thelatest/thelatest.cfm?blog_id = 21741.
   Google Scholar
• Chibbaro, Lou, Jr. 2008b, October 31. “Judge Reduces Charges in Gay Man's Death.” Washington Blade. Accessed December 1, 2008. http://www.washblade.com/2008/10-31/news/localnews/13506.cfm.
   Google Scholar
• Chibbaro, Lou, Jr. 2008c, November 13. “Man Pleads Guilty in G'town Gay Bashing.” The Washington Blade. Accessed December 1, 2008. http://www.washingtonblade.com/thelatest/thelatest.cfm?blog_id = 22388.
   Google Scholar
• Coombe, Rosemary J.2010. “Honing a Critical Cultural Study of Human Rights.” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies7 (3): 230–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, Kristen. 2007. “The ‘Bondi Boys' – Un/Australian?” Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies21 (4): 501–510.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, Michel. 1977/1995. Translated by AlanSheridanDiscipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fox 5 News. 2008, October 9. Possible Motive Revealed in High-Profile D.C. Murder. Accessed December 1, 2008. http://www.myfoxdc.com/myfox/pages/News/Detail?contentId = 7614320&version = 2&locale = EN-US&layoutCode = TSTY&pageId = 3.2.1.
   Google Scholar
• Gies, Lieve. 2005. “Law as Popular Culture: Cross-disciplinary Encounters.” Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies19 (2): 165–180.
   Google Scholar
• Harel, Alon, and GideonParchomovsky. 1999. “On Hate and Equality.” Yale Law Journal109 (3): 507–539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, Phillip Brian. 1997. “Gay Male Identities, Personal Privacy, and Relations of Public Exchange: Notes on Directions for Queer Critique.” Social Text52/53: 5–29.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, Keith Malone. 2008. Boys, Boyz, Bois: An Ethics of Black Masculinity in Film and Popular Culture. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hawes, Leonard C.2010. “Human Rights and an Ethic of Truths: Pragmatic Dilemmas and Discursive Interventions.” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies7 (3): 261–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, Sheena C.2012. “Intercultural (Mis)Communication: Why Would You ‘Out' Me in Class?” Sexuality & Culture16 (2): 118–133.
   Google Scholar
• Husselbee, L. Paul, and LarryElliott. 2002. “Looking Beyond Hate: How National and Regional Newspapers Framed Hate Crimes in Jasper, Texas, and Laramie, Wyoming.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly79 (4): 833–853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, Ronald, III. 2006. Scripting the Black Masculine Body: Identity, Discourse, and Racial Politics in Popular Media. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lynsen, Joshua J.2008, October 17. “Gay Victim Recalls Attack in Georgetown.” Washington Blade. Accessed December 1, 2008. http://www.washblade.com/2008/10-17/news/localnews/13431.cfm.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, Gail. 2007. “Hate Crime as a Moral Category: Lessons from the Snowtown Case.” The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology40 (3): 249–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, Gail. 2009. “The Penal Politics of Hatred.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology42 (3): 275–286.
   Google Scholar
• McCune, Jeffrey Q., Jr. 2008. “‘Out' in the Club: The Down Low, Hip-Hop, and the Architexture of Black Masculinity.” Text and Performance Quarterly28 (3): 298–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metropolitan Police Department. 2009a. Annual Report 2008. District of Columbia: Metropolitan Police Department.
   Google Scholar
• Metropolitan Police Department. 2009b. Annual Report 2008. District of Columbia: Metropolitan Police Department.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, Leslie J.2004. “The Emotional Dimensions of Lesbian and Gay Demands for Hate Crime Reform.” McGill Law Journal49 (4): 925–949.
   Google Scholar
• Najafi, Yusef. 2011, July 1. “Hannah Arrested Again: Community Reacts to Robert Hannah, Involved in 2008 Murder of Gay Maryland Resident, up on Charges Again.” Metro Weekly. Accessed November 1, 2012. http://www.metroweekly.com/news/?ak = 6396.
   Google Scholar
• Nakayama, Thomas K., and Judith N.Martin. 2007. “The ‘White' Problem in Intercultural Communication Research and Pedagogy.” In Whiteness, Pedagogy, Performance: Dis/placing Race, edited by Leda M.Cooks, and Jennifer S.Simpson, 111–137. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, Richard. 2010. “Reinventing Sexual Scripts: Sexuality and Social Change in the Twenty-First Century.” Sexuality Research & Social Policy7: 58–66.
   Google Scholar
• Quist, Ryan M., and DouglasM. Wiegand. 2002. “Attributions of Hate: The Media's Causal Attributions of a Homophobic Murder.” American Behavioral Scientist46 (1): 93–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloop, John M.2004. Disciplining Gender, Rhetorics of Sex Identity in Contemporary US Culture. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tomsen, Stephen, and KevinMarkwell. 2009. “Violence, Cultural Display and the Suspension of Sexual Prejudice.” Sexuality & Culture13 (4): 201–217.
   Google Scholar